Ambiri amaganiza za kupanga kanyumba kakang'ono kosambira pa dacha. Mothandizidwa, mutha kumwa mankhwala ndikutsitsa mabatire anu, komanso kuchepetsa nkhawa.
Koma pa siteji ya kupanga ndi kumangika nyumba, ambiri amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu. Chimodzi mwa zofala kwambirizi ndi kusankha mfundo zabwino pa nyumbayi.
Pofuna kukuthandizani, tiyang'aniratu nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane, komanso tipeze ubwino ndi zopindulitsa za njira zosiyanasiyana zomanga zomangira.
Zofunika zoyenera kuti dziko lizisamba
Kukonzekera kwa kusambira, komanso zigawo zina, kumapereka kukhazikitsa malamulo omwe amadziwika bwino komanso zomangamanga. Komabe, nkhani yathu ndi yovuta ndi kufunika kokwaniritsa malamulo a moto otetezera moto.
Mukudziwa? Bath ndi mizu yake m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. er Panthawi imeneyi ku Igupto wakale, zipinda zapadera zamadzi zimapezeka kulikonse, zomwe zimapezeka kwa anthu onse.
Choncho, pofuna kukonzekera kusamba pa dacha molondola, muyenera kutsatira zotsatirazi:
- Kugwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zomangamanga: Malo opambana kwambiri opangira kusamba ndi akutali kwambiri kuchokera ku mitundu yonse ya malo. Komabe, muzinthu zamakono kuti akwaniritse kusowa kwathunthu kwa zomangamanga pafupi ndi kusambira sikudzakhala kophweka. Choncho, makonzedwe oterowo ayenera kukhala pamtunda wa osachepera 8 mamita kuchokera ku nyumba yokhalamo, osati pafupi mamita 8 kumalo oyandikana nawo ndi osachepera mamita 12 kuchokera pachitsime. Kuonjezerapo, malo omangako ayenera kumangidwe ndi malo onse, popeza kumwera kwasamba kudzasinthidwa kwambiri, ndipo m'madera otsika chaka chilichonse amavutika ndi madzi osefukira.
- Kugwirizana ndi miyezo yaumoyo: nyumbayo iyenera kukhala mpweya wokwanira komanso yokhala ndi madzi okwanira. Apo ayi, zidzatengera mpweya ndi chinyezi, ndipo izi - chitukuko cha bowa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Kutsata ndondomeko zoteteza moto: zigawo zonse zazomwe zikutentha zimayenera kupangidwa ndi zipangizo zopanda moto. Mbali ya nyumba yomwe ng'anjo yotentha imayikidwa iyenso iyenera kutetezedwa ndi zida zowonetsera kuti zisawonongeke.
- Zomangamanga zokongola: Bhati - malo okhala ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi, kotero zipangizo zomangidwira ziyenera kupangidwa kwazomwe zimakhala zachilengedwe komanso zopanda poizoni, popanda kuwonjezera mankhwala alionse.
Video: Zofuna moto kuti zisambe
Ndikofunikira! Ngati pafupi ndi gawo loyandikana nalolo silingalole kukonzekera kusamba, kutalika kwake kumatha kuchepetsedwa kufika mita imodzi, komabe izi ziyenera kuvomerezana ndi anzako, ndipo chilolezo chawo chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa mwalemba ndi alamulo.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kusamba kwa matabwa
Nthawi zambiri kusambira kumapangidwa ndi matabwa. Mtengo ndi wosavuta kugwira nawo ntchito, kotero mutha kulenga pafupifupi gawo lililonse la kapangidwe kawo, zonse zogwira zinthu, ndi zokuta.
Nyumba zoterezi zimakhala ndi mphamvu, ndipo zibwenzi zawo pansi zimayenda mofanana, popanda zochitika ndi ming'alu. Kuwonjezera apo, mtengowo umagonjetsedwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi kutentha, komanso umakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino otsekemera, omwe amachititsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yangwiro.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge momwe mungamangire ndi kukonzekera kusamba.
Komabe, ali ndi minuses yambiri, choyamba, ndi:
- chidutswa;
- Zosamba zamatabwa zimafuna makamaka kusamala molingana ndi moto;
- shrinkage imakhala nthawi yaitali ndipo ikhoza kukhala masentimita 10;
- kusamba kwa nkhuni kumafunikira zaka ziwiri kuti ziume bwino;
- Pambuyo kuyanika, nyumba zamatabwa ziyenera kusuta nthawi zonse.
Mukudziwa? Finland - mtsogoleri wa chiwerengero cha zipinda zamadzi. M'dziko lomwe liri ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu a iwo, alipo oposa 2 miliyoni mwa iwo.
Mtengo wa Pine
Pine ndi mtengo wambiri womanga, kotero n'zosadabwitsa kuti mabafa amamangidwa kuchokera kuzinthuzi. 
Pine ali ndi ubwino wambiri:
- Mtengo umakula m'zinthu zilizonse, choncho ndi chimodzi mwa zipangizo zotsika mtengo komanso zowonjezereka;
- Pine ili ndi yosalala komanso thunthu, yomwe imayambitsa kayendedwe kake;
- Mtengo uwu ndi wofewa koma wamphamvu, kawirikawiri ming'alu, kotero zowonjezera zimakhala zodalirika ndikupereka pang'ono shrinkage;
- Pine ili ndi zamadzimadzi ambirimbiri, kotero njira zamadzi m'madzi oterewa ndi othandiza kwambiri paumoyo waumunthu.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuŵerenga za zipangizo zomwe zili pa mpanda, komanso momwe mungapangire mpanda wa gabions, njerwa, mpanda wa chotala, maunyolo a unyolo ndi khola la matabwa la munda.
Pine ali ndi minuses yochepa, koma akadali pomwepo. Choyamba, izi zowonjezera kutulutsidwa kwazitsulo zamatabwa, choncho, m'madzi osambirawo, utomoni wochokera kumakoma uyenera kuyeretsedwa zaka zingapo zotsatira.
Komanso, mtengo wa paini suli wosiyana ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a mlengalenga, bowa ndi tizilombo, choncho mtengo umenewo umafuna ndalama zina zothandizira odwala. 
Spruce
Malo osambiramo a spruce amakhala ochepa kuposa apine, koma osachepera. Kuphatikizanso ndi mitundu yomwe imatchulidwa pamwambapa, spruce imakhalanso yophweka, yogwira ntchito komanso yotsika mtengo.
Kuonjezera apo, nkhaniyi, ngati pine, imapindula ndi mitundu yambiri yamadzimadzi omwe amatha kusamba ndi mafuta omwe amathandiza popuma.
Komabe, zojambula kuchokera ku spruce m'madera osatsekedwa ndizodziwika, chifukwa, kuwonjezera pa zomwe zimatchulidwa pamwambapa, conifer iyi imakhala yosiyana ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi fungus, ndipo imaperekanso kwambiri kuposa pine. Choncho, ziwalozi sizimangokhala chithandizo nthawi zonse ndi oteteza, koma ndizakhalitsa. 
Mkungudza
Mitengo ya mkungudza sipezeka m'madera onse, choncho matabwa a nkhuni amamangidwa ku Siberia, mumzindawu. Nkhaniyi ili ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi omwe ali pamwambawa, koma ali ndi ubwino wambiri.
Choyamba, ndi mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri a mawonekedwe. Cedar wood - ndipakati yofiira kwambiri ndi pinki ya golidi ya pinki ya kunja, imapangitsa kuti kusamba kuyang'ane kokongola.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mkungudza imakhala yotsutsana ndi mitundu yonse ya bowa ndi tizilombo tina tizilombo, komanso momwe zimakhalira mvula yambiri, choncho, zowonjezera zimakhala zotalika komanso zosawonongeka kuti zisunge kuposa pine kapena spruce.
Mavuto akuluakulu a nkhuni awa ndi awa:
- kutsuka kwakukulu kwa utomoni kumayambiriro kwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pomanga;
- mtengo wapamwamba.
Larch
Larch ndi mitundu yambiri yosaoneka, kotero mtengo uwu sungapezeke kawirikawiri ngati chinyumba. Koma ngakhale izi, ponena za abale a coniferous, nkhuni iyi ili ndi ubwino wambiri:
- Ndizowonjezereka, zodalirika komanso zowonjezereka, kotero kuti kusamba kumeneku kudzatha kuyima kwa zaka zambiri;
- Larch sagwirizana ndi mitundu yonse ya bowa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso chinyezi, choncho nkhuni iyi siimasowa chithandizo chowonjezera ndi zipangizo zoteteza.
Chosowa chachikulu cha larch chikhoza kutchedwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali, kotero kuti madzi osambira pamtengowu angapezeke kokha kumalo osungira misala a mtengo. Kuonjezera apo, nkhuniyi ili ndi mawonekedwe okhwima kwambiri ndipo sizimasiyana mogometsa. 
Oak
Mkaka umawoneka ngati wapadera. Mitengo yotereyi ili ndi mthunzi wabwino kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu, imakhala ndi mphamvu, imatha kutentha, kutentha, bowa ndi kuvunda kwa zaka zambiri.
Mwinamwake mukukhala ndi chidwi chodziwa momwe mungamangire chimbudzi, m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba ndi velanda, komanso momwe mungapangire maluwa kuchokera ku miyala, pergola, gazebo, malo osayeruzika a nyumba komanso konkrete ya konkire.
Komabe, nkhaniyi sichinthu chosavuta kuchitapo kanthu, chifukwa chimakhala ndi dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, mthunzi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, kotero mapangidwewa amapereka zowononga kwambiri. Musaiwale za mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa oak, kotero kusamba uku nkotheka pokhapokha ngati ndalama zowonjezera zimangidwe. 
Yambani
Kukhazikitsa ndi zinthu zochepa kwambiri zomangamanga, chifukwa chiŵerengero cha mtengo ndi ubwino wa nkhunizi ndizochepa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhuni. Si zophweka kupanga kapangidwe ka aspen, mtengo uliwonse uli ndi miyeso yake ndi mawonekedwe ake, choncho, kumanga nkhuni kumatheka pokhapokha atakonza bwinobwino.
Musaiwale kuti aspen silingagwirizane ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, choncho mtengo umakhala wamdima muzaka zingapo, ndipo nyumba yokhayo idzakhala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta zaka makumi angapo. Koma aspen ili ndi ubwino wake: Mtengowo umatengera varnishes ndi utoto; choncho, kumanga koteroko kungaperekedwe kwa aesthetics kunja popanda ngakhale luso lapadera.
Mukudziwa? Mu Rus Rus, aspen ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa malo osambira, popeza matabwa a coniferous monga chinyumba amatha kudziwa.
Zomwe zimamanga kumanga
Zomangamanga kuchokera pamabowo ndi njira zosakwera mtengo zogwiritsa ntchito nkhuni pokonzekera chipinda cha nthunzi payekha. Mfundoyi ikukuthandizani kuti muyambe mwakhama kukhazikitsa maziko olimba omwe amatha zaka zoposa chimodzi. Kuonjezera apo, mitundu yonse ya nyumba zomwe zimachokera pamabowo zimakhala zosavuta kulengedwa, komanso zosamalidwa, chifukwa chaka chilichonse akupeza kutchuka.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuwerenga za momwe mungapangire denga ndi chitsulo chamatope ndi ondulin, komanso momwe mungapangire nyumba yamatabwa.Zopindulitsa zazikuluzikuluzikuluzi:
- zotsika mtengo. Zopangira ngakhale mitundu yodula kwambiri yamatabwa ndi yotchipa kwambiri kusiyana ndi nyumba zopangidwa ndi zinthu zina;
- Kulemera kwa nyumba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono zisamaliro zonse zisamangidwe;
- mpumulo ndi liwiro la kuika, kotero zipinda zam'madzi zowonongeka zingapangidwe palokha, osakhala ndi chidziwitso chapadera.
Koma pali zinthu zoterozo komanso zovuta zake. Choyamba, ndi:
- Kupanda kukana kutentha kwapamwamba ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kusinthasintha, komwe kumachepetsa kukhazikika kwa zolemba nthawi zina;
- Zomwe zilibezo zimakhala ndi zotsika zamtundu wothandizira, kotero nyumbazi ziyenera kusungidwa;
- Nyumba zomangamanga zimafunikira maziko olimba, masentimita 70 (kumpoto - mamita 1);
- makoma onse akumkati ndi kunja kwa malo amenewa amafuna kumaliza.
Konkire yowonongeka
Konkire yowonongeka ndi konkire ya makina yopangidwa ndi simenti, mchenga wa silika ndi mawotchi apadera. Makina owuma a konkire yowonongeka imasakanizidwa bwino, ndikutsanulira mu mitundu yapadera ndi kuwonjezera madzi.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake, zimagwira ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, chifukwa cha zomwe zidafunika kupanga. Pofuna kulimbitsa mphamvu, mavitamini ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nthunzi mu autoclaves apadera.
Masiku ano, pali mitundu yambiri ya konkire yowonongeka pamsika, yosiyana mu khalidwe lawo ndi momwe amagwiritsire ntchito. Njira yabwino yosambitsira idzakhala DNS yamakina. Iwo ali ndi mphamvu zofunikira kuti apange malo osungirako okhazikika. 
Ubwino wa nkhaniyi ndi wambiri: kumasuka kwa kuika, kuchepetsa, kupirira, kutetezeka kwa moto. Koma palinso zochepetsetsa zochepetsetsa: zowonongeka kwambiri, mtengo wamtengo wapatali (mofanana ndi mitundu ina ya zomangamanga), kufunika kokhala ndi mtengo wapadera wokhala ndi matabwa.
Ndikofunikira! Posankha khonokiti yowonongeka, makondomu ayenera kuperekedwa kwa zinthu zomwe zakhala zikuchitidwa kale ndi mpweya wapamwamba mu autoclaves, popeza pokhapokha mabokosiwa adzakhala ndi mphamvu zofunikira komanso chinyezi.
Makina apamwamba kwambiri a konkire yowonongeka:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 5-20;
- Kutentha kwapadera, W / (m · K) - 0.15-0.3;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 200-600;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - 50-75;
- shrinkage, mm / m - 1.5;
- Kutentha kwa madzi,% - 45.
Gasi wosakaniza
Sitete ya gasi ingatchedwe kutengera kowonjezera kowonjezera ka konkire. Zidazi zimapangidwa motsatira chimodzimodzi, koma zili ndi mchenga wa quartz ndi katsulo kake ngati binder.
Mosiyana ndi konkire yowonongeka, kuti mupeze galasi yamtengo wapatali, mavitaminiwa amakhala ndi mankhwala otsika kwambiri. Zinthuzo zili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zomwezo monga konkire yowonongeka, koma kuchokera ku luso lalingaliro ilo limataya kwa ilo.
Pamene akukonza robot, ambiri akuyang'ana mayankho a mafunso ngati awa: kuchotsa pepala wakale kuchokera kumakoma, kusakaniza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zojambula, kusungira mafelemu a zowonjezera m'nyengo yozizira, momwe angayikitsire mawotchi, mawotchi, komanso momwe angakhazikitsire madzi otentha ndi madzi.
Popeza laimu ndi mbali ya mpweya wosasunthika, izi zimatulutsa chinyezi mwamsanga ndipo zimawonongeka mofulumira. Choncho, malo oterewa amafuna kuteteza madzi mosamalitsa komanso ndalama zonse zowonjezera. 
Zambiri zamakono zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mpweya wochepa wa mafuta:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 28-40;
- Kutentha kwapadera, W / (m · K) - 0.1-0.2;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 480-720;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - mpaka 50;
- shrinkage, mm / m - 0.3;
- Kutenga madzi,% - 47.
Phula konkire
Zojambulazo ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi serete konkire. Zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mchenga, simenti ndi madzi, zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi thovu kuchokera ku jenereta wapadera.
Pofuna kumanga chipinda cha nthunzi, ndi bwino kusankha zinthu zapamwamba pa D 600 kapena kuposa, chifukwa chakuti chithovu chokhazikika chochepa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chowotcha. Konyo ya konamiti imakhala yochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mafuta a konkire kapena mpweya wotchulidwa pamwambapa ponena za zida zamakono, koma phindu lawo lalikulu ndilo mtengo. 
Zida zamakono za chithovu konkire:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 10-50;
- kutentha kwapakati, W / (m · K) - 0.2-0.4;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 450-900;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - mpaka 25;
- shrinkage, mm / m - 0.6-1.2;
- Kutentha kwa madzi,% - 52.
Slag
Mwala wachitsulo ndi nyumba yomanga yomwe imapangidwa ndi maziko a simenti, kuphatikizapo slags - zonyansa zopangidwa ndi malasha ndi mafakitale ena. Izi ndizochepetsetsa, chifukwa zomwe zimapangidwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi cholinga chomwecho - kupititsa patsogolo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa slag.
Komabe, chotsatira chake sichiri chabwino chokonzera kusamba. Mitengo yotereyi imatha msanga ndipo imatenga nthawi yaitali kuyamwa chinyezi, komanso imasiyanasiyana ndipamwamba kwambiri, makamaka mu zikhalidwe za kuchuluka kwa chinyezi. 
Ngakhalenso ndi kusungunuka kwapamwamba, kusambira koteroko sikugwira ntchito kuposa zaka 15-20, pambuyo pake padzafunika kukonzanso kwakukulu.
Ndikofunikira! Mwala wotsekedwa saloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chinyumba pokhapokha atatha kupanga, chifukwa slags imatulutsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoopsa kwa nthawi yaitali. Choncho, musanagwiritse ntchito, iyenera kuikidwa kunja kwa chaka chimodzi.
Chiwombankhanga chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chigawo chachikulu pakupanga zitsulo zazing'ono; pamtundu uwu, nkotheka kupeza osati mtengo wotsika, komanso zakuthupi. Pofuna kupanga malo osungirako amodzi, zida zochepa zochepa kuposa M 75 zidzafunikanso, chifukwa zosankha zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati zotsekemera.
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamakalata oletsera:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 25-75;
- kutentha kwapadera, W / (m · K) - 0.3-0.5;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 500-1000;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - kufika 20;
- shrinkage, mm / m - 0;
- Kutenga madzi,% - 55.
Claydite
Zowonongeka zosawerengeka zatsala pang'ono kufika, koma mawonekedwe apamwamba apamwamba a zitsulo za cinder. Zinthuzi zimapangidwa ndi kusakanikirana kwa simenti, komanso udothi wochuluka - dongo la zidutswa zazitsulo zowonongeka pansi pazifukwa zina. Zowonjezera zidongo zadongo zili ndi ubwino wambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zomwe zatsala.
Choyamba, ndi chiyanjano cha chilengedwe, kuchepetsa thupi, komwe kumathetsa kwathunthu ngozi ya shrinkage. Кроме того этот материал имеет низкий процент водопоглощения, а также небольшую теплопроводность, что делает его практически идеальным вариантом для создания качественной, но недорогой парилки.
Если вы не знаете чем украсить свой участок, советуем почитать о том, как сделать водопад, альпийскую горку, фонтан, клумбы из камней и колесных шин, розарий, рокарий, сухой ручей.
Komabe, makonzedwe ochapa adzafuna zizindikiro za mtundu wa M100-M150, popeza kuti konkire yochepa yokhala ndi konkire imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chokhachokha. Zida zamakono za keramsit konkire:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 50-150;
- kutenthetsa, kutentha thupi, W / (m · K) - 0.15-0.45;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 700-1500;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - mpaka 50;
- shrinkage, mm / m - 0;
- kusakaniza kamodzi,% - 12.
Ceramic block
Ceramoblock sizinthu zofala mu zomangamanga zamakono, osati pamwamba, koma nthawi zambiri mumatha kusamba bajeti. Ma Keramoblocks ndi okonda zachilengedwe, monga amodzi, simche, ufa wa ceramic ndi madzi.
Ngakhalenso zipangizo zapamwambazi, zotchingazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtengo wotsika, mosavuta kugona, kuchepa, ndi kupirira. Zopweteka zazikuluzikuluzi ndizopamwamba zamtundu wothandizira. 
Kuonjezera apo, musayiwale za kufooka kwa nkhaniyi, choncho mukamaliza kuthira madzi a ceramic, onetsetsani kuti chiwerengero choyenera chiyenera kuwonjezeka ndi osachepera 5%. Ndicho chifukwa khalidwe la izi siliyenera kupulumutsa, chizindikirocho sichiyenera kukhala pansi pa M100.
Zida zamakono za ceramic block:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 25-175;
- kutentha kwapadera, W / (m · K) - 0.08-0.18;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 650-1000;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - oposa 50;
- shrinkage, mm / m - 0.3;
- Kutentha kwa madzi,% - 10-15.
Ndikofunikira! Mapangidwe amapangira zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera zitsulo ndi zitsulo zonse zowonjezera 2-3, mwinamwake kupirira kwa kapangidweko kwafupika kangapo. Chofunika ichi chiyenera kuganiziridwa panthawi yolenga chiwerengero.
Brick bath
Brick bath ndi njira imodzi yabwino yopangira chipinda cha nthunzi kunyumba. 
Pothandizidwa ndi njerwa, mukhoza kupanga chodalirika ndi chapamwamba chomwe chidzakondweretse eni ake kwa zaka zambiri. Ndicho chifukwa chiwerengero chochulukira cha okonda a banja lopereka moyo chimapatsa chidwi pa nkhaniyi.
Ubwino waukulu wa njerwa za njerwa ndi:
- kudalirika ndi kukhazikika;
- kuchepetsa madzi okwanira okwanira. Izi zimathandiza kuti zamoyo zisamangidwe bwino, komanso zimathandizira kukana nkhungu ndi mabakiteriya owopsa pamwamba pa makoma;
- kusinthasintha. Njerwa zimathandiza kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zilizonse: kuchokera kumangidwe kwa makoma, mpaka ku ng'anjo;
- zokha. Ndi chithandizo cha njerwa ndizotheka kupanga kapangidwe kake kamangidwe ndi kukula;
- kuphweka. Njerwa zimakhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusunga, pambali pake zimakhala zokongola komanso sizikusowetsa mkati ndizokongoletsera kunja;
- otetezeka kwambiri. Ngakhale pazitentha kwambiri, njerwa sizingathe kuzimitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera (kuchokera kumalo openya moto otetezeka);
- chiyanjano cha chilengedwe. Kuumba njerwa kumaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zigawo za chilengedwe.
- mtengo wapatali. Ngakhale zomangamanga zosavuta kwambiri zidzakhala zodula kwambiri kuposa nyumba iliyonse yomanga matabwa;
- mpweya wabwino. Izi zimakhudza mafuta, komanso kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa kusambira ndi kukwaniritsa kutentha kwabwino.
Mwachizoloŵezi, pofuna kumanga mabafa mu ntchito yamakono yamakono, njerwa yofiira imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pakuti kumanga zipinda zam'madzi kumagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo: ngakhale kuti amanyamula ntchito yofanana, amafunika kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati akufuna kwambiri.
Izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa chitoliro, mtundu wa ceramic ndi zosagwira moto. Kenaka, timalingalira mwatsatanetsatane zofunika ndi ntchito za zidazi..
Ndikofunikira! Njerwa yamoto yokhala ndi mafananidwe mumtundu wonse, ndipo ikamenyedwa ndi nyundo imakhala "mphete". Ngati palibe zizindikiro izi, nkhaniyo iyenera kutayidwa.
Chitoliro (mwachidwi)
Ntchito ya njerwa yamatope ndiyo kuchotsa mpweya wotuluka kuchokera ku moto wa mafuta pamoto woyaka moto. Izi ndi chimodzi mwa zipangizo zochepa zomwe zimatha kuthana ndi ntchito imeneyi popanda kuwonetsa zotsatira zovuta za kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha.
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku dothi lapadera ladothi, lopangidwa ndi mchere wouma. Chotsatira chake, n'zotheka kupeza chogwiritsidwa ntchito chokwanira kwambiri, zosalala ndi zolimba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikiza kwabwino kwa kuchotsa zowonjezera zowonjezera.
Masiku ano, pali mitundu yambiri ya njerwa pamsika, komabe, njerwa zokhala ndi njerwa zokha ndizo zoyenera kwambiri. Ngakhale mtengo wamtengo wapatali wosakhala wopanda dzenje, mu zikhalidwe za kutentha kwapamwamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zowonongeka sizitsimikiziridwa, chifukwa izi zingawonongeke. 
Komabe, zonsezi sizomwe zimapangitsa kuti chimbudzi chikhale chodalirika. Pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kutentha, mphamvu imasewera gawo lofunika kwambiri poteteza umphumphu wa mawonekedwe, motero, kusankha kopambana kungakhale njerwa osati yochepa kuposa kalasi ya M200.
Zofunikira zamakono za njerwa za mapaipi:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 75-300;
- Kutentha kwapakhosi, W / (m · K) - 0.3-0.8;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 1500 - 1900;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - zoposa 75;
- kutentha kutentha, ° C - mpaka 1000;
- shrinkage,% - 5;
- Kutentha kwa madzi,% - 10.
Ceramic (chitoliro)
Njerwa yamatope ya Ceramic ndi mtundu wa njerwa, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba siipamwamba kuposa 2-3 pansi. Zimapangidwa kuchokera ku dothi lapadera lomwe limatha kutenthedwa ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 1000 ° C.
Zomangamanga izi sizinali zosiyana ndi zojambula kuchokera ku njerwa ya ceramic yolimba ndipo ili ndi ubwino ndi zofanana zomwezo. 
Ntchito yamtengo wapatali ya njerwa ndi mtengo wotsika. Mitundu iliyonse yopanga zinthu ili ndi ziphuphu zazing'ono, zomwe zimapanga zida zojambula pa njerwa iliyonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zopangira, ndipo izi - mtengo wotsiriza mtengo.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kukhalapo kwa zikopa kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lopanda mphamvu, choncho chipinda chowotcha cha njerwa chimathamanga kwambiri mofulumira kwambiri kuposa zonse. Pali njerwa zoterozo komanso zovuta zambiri.
Mukudziwa? Chipinda chachikulu chotentha kwambiri chili mu tawuni ya Germany ya Sinsheim, dera lake ndi lalikulu mamita 160. mamita
Choyamba, ndizochepa mphamvu, komanso zimatha kugwa pansi chifukwa cha chinyezi. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wapamwamba wotsirizira ndi mpweya wothandizira, mwinamwake kupirira kwa kapangidweko kwafupika kwambiri. Mtengo wokongola kwambiri wa njerwa ya ceramic pomanga kusamba adzakhala wochepa kwambiri kuposa M200. 
Zida zamakono za njerwa ya ceramic.
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 75-300;
- kutentha kwapadera, W / (m · K) - 0.2-0.5;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 1300 - 1500;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - zoposa 75;
- kutentha kutentha, ° C - mpaka 1000;
- shrinkage,% - 5;
- Kutentha kwa madzi,% - 10.
Mukudziwa? Kalekale, kuti adziwe momwe njerwa zapamwamba zimakhalira, njerwa zokwana 600 zinayikidwa pamatabwa, ndipo pamapeto pake chipindacho chinakwezedwa pamtunda wa mamita awiri, kenako chinagwa pansi. Ngati osachepera limodzi, gawo lonse linakanidwa.
Zopsa moto (chamotte)
Moto wosagwira moto, kapena shamotny, njerwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati miyala, ndi mabotolo monga matabwa opangira ng'anjo. Ichi ndicho chokhacho chomwe chingathe kupirira zotsatira za moto. 
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku chisakanizo cha dothi lapadera ndi zowonjezera (coke, mafuta a graphite, maso akuluakulu a quartz, etc.), calcined kutentha kwa 1300 ... 1500 ° C. Amapereka mpata wolandila kusagwirizana ndi madontho otentha otentha ndi zakuthupi zolimba.
Pamsika wamakono pali mndandanda wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njerwa za moto (ShA, ShB, ShAK, ShUS, ShV, PV ndi PB). Kwa zomangamanga, zipangizo zopindulitsa kwambiri zidzakhala ShB-5 ndi ShB-8. Ichi ndi chomwe chimatchedwa njerwa yamoto ya m'kalasi B, yomwe imatha kupirira kutentha kwapakati pa 1,400 ° C.
Iyi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yochepetsetsa ya njerwa zosakaniza, koma ngakhale izi, chisankho ichi chidzakhala njira yabwino pamtengo ndi mtengo.
Zida zamakono za njerwa zosakaniza:
- mphamvu, kg / cm sq. - 100-150;
- Kutentha kwapadera, W / (m · K) - 0.6-0.9;
- mphamvu yolemera, kg / m 3 - 1800-2000;
- chisanu kukana (chiwerengero cha miyendo) - mpaka 50;
- kutentha kutentha, ° C - mpaka 1500;
- shrinkage,% - 5;
- Kutenga madzi,% - 5-8.
Ndikofunikira! Kuyika njerwa zozimitsa moto pogwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza kosakanikirana kapena kusakaniza dothi. Masentimenti amchere amatha kusokoneza ndi kugwa pansi chifukwa cha kutentha.
Madzi osambira: ubwino ndi chiwonongeko
Mwala kumangidwe ndi njira yabwino kwambiri kuti malo omwe mungapeze nkhuni si ophweka. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kusamba kwa mwala kukuwoneka kokongola komanso kosadabwitsa, komwe kumathandiza kuti pakhale chipinda chodziwika bwino cha nthunzi.
Ubwino wa mwalawu, pamwamba pa zonse, ndi:
- mtengo wotsika;
- chowoneka;
- chitetezo chachikulu cha moto;
- chokhazikika;
- zochepa zowonjezera.
Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- zovuta zamakono. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwa miyalayi, ndi kovuta kwambiri kumanga nyumba ya mawonekedwe abwino kusiyana ndi njerwa kapena nkhuni;
- mtengo wapatali. Ngakhale kusamba kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali kwambiri kumakhala wotchipa kwambiri kuposa miyala, monga chipinda cha steam chimafuna zipangizo zambiri zokhudzana;
- mpweya wabwino. Mwalawu umatentha kutentha, kotero kuti kutentha kwapamwamba kumatengera dongosolo la mafuta ochulukirapo kusiyana ndi zipinda zamoto zopangidwa ndi zipangizo zina;
- otsika mpweya permeability. Mwala wa miyala umakhala ndi dongosolo lapamwamba kwambiri la mpweya wabwino kuti tipeŵe kuchepa kwa mpweya;
- zovuta kwambiri kupanga. Makoma a bayalawa amamangidwa ndi makulidwe osachepera 75 masentimita, zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa malo omwe akufunikira kumanga.
Chisankho chabwino
Masiku ano, m'misika yamakono, kusankha mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa zinthu zosambira panyumba sikophweka, chifukwa ambiri ogula pakhomo funso loyenera la ndalama sikuti limangofunika kokha, komanso ndilofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera bajeti.
Tiyeni tikambirane zonsezi pamwamba ndi kupeza komwe kuli malo abwino oti tizisambira, ndipo ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingakhale bwino kukana. Kumanga kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi sauna yamatabwa (pine, spruce).
Kusamba kwa matabwa kudzayendetsa bwino ntchito zonse zomwe wapatsidwa, kudzakupatsani malingaliro abwino, komanso zosangalatsa. Kuphatikizanso, chipinda cha nthunzichi chimawonekera kwambiri ndipo chidzatha kwa zaka zambiri.
Video: momwe mungasankhire zipangizo zomanga mabafa
Ngati palibe ndalama zowonjezerapo, ndizotheka kumanga nyumba yosambiramo madzi kuchokera kumangidwe - muyenera kulipira kuwonjezera dongo konkire. Zinthuzi sizinangokhala zochepa zowonjezera mavitamini komanso zokhazikika, koma zimathandizanso kuti mwamsanga komanso mopanda malire pakhale chipinda cha steam chokwanira cha msinkhu uliwonse.
Komabe, pofuna kutsika mtengo, musasankhe zipangizo zotsika mtengo, popeza kumangidwe koteroko sikungokhala kwa zaka makumi angapo chabe, komanso kumabweretsa mavuto ochuluka. Chifukwa chake, kusamba kwa aspen, thovu kumalo kapena chingwe chopangira pa tsamba lanu sikoyenera.
Pachifukwa ichi, ngakhale potsata njira, pambuyo pa zaka 10-15, chipinda chanu cha mpweya chikhoza kukhala chosayenera. Kusamba bwino bwino - izi ndi zabwino zomwe zingasangalatse nyengo yozizira nthawi zina m'nyumba yawo ya chilimwe.
Lero, pali zipangizo zambiri zomwe mungapange madzi okwanira okwanira ndi manja anu mu miyezi ingapo chabe. Komabe, ngati mulibe ndalama zowonjezerapo, kumanga kusamba bwino kumapangidwanso kwa nthawi ina, chifukwa chipinda chosautsa posachedwa chidzakhala mutu waukulu.
Mayankho ochokera ku intaneti
