Tirigu ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zazikulu za chakudya padziko lapansi. Udzu uwu wakhala ukulima kuyambira kale ndipo tsopano ukugawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zachilengedwenso katundu wa kasupe tirigu, komanso makhalidwe mbali yake kulima.
Kufotokozera
Mbewu iyi ndi ya banja la tirigu ndi mtundu wa Tirigu. Ichi ndi chomera chokhazikika chaka ndi chaka, kufika mamita awiri ndi theka mu msinkhu. Inflorescence ndi khutu lomwe kutalika kwake kumatha kufika masentimita 15. Mbewu zimasiyana - malingana ndi zamoyo, zimatha kukhala zochepa, zimakhala zochepa, zimagwedezeka, zimazungulira, zimakhala zowonjezera. Iwo ali olemera mu mapuloteni (mpaka 24%) ndi gluten (mpaka 40%).
Kuwonjezera pa kasupe tirigu, banja la tirigu limaphatikizaponso: tirigu wachisanu, chimanga, balere, rye, mapira ndi manyuchi.
Zimakhulupirira kuti tirigu wokonzedwa anawonekera m'madera a masiku ano a Turkey, kum'mwera chakum'maŵa. Pakalipano akulima ku Europe, Middle East, Central ndi South Asia, Far East, m'madera ambiri a Africa, North ndi South America, Australia. 
Zida
Mbewu ya tirigu imafesedwa kasupe, m'miyezi ya chilimwe imakhala ikuyenda bwino, kumapeto kwa dzinja kapena kugwa. Kuwonjezera apo, mtundu uwu wa tirigu uli ndi zizindikiro zambiri zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe a chisanu:
- ndi chomera chokha;
- mizu siyinapangidwe kwambiri, mitundu ya masika imakhala ndi zakudya zina zambiri ndipo ndi zochepetsetsa za dothi la acidic;
- chitukuko chosiyana;
- Amadwala namsongole kuposa nyengo yozizira;
- Ndi chikhalidwe chosasinthasintha, chomwe chimatha kulekerera nyengo yochepa, pamene mitundu yofewa imakhala yowonongeka koposa kuzizira;
- Kulimbana ndi chilala, makamaka zovuta; Kukaniza kwa chilala kumawonjezereka pakupezeka kwa chinyezi m'nthaka;
- kutentha kwapadera kwa kucha kwapakati pa 22 ° С ... + 25 ° С;
- poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe a nyengo yachisanu, imakhala yovuta kwambiri pa nthaka, nthaka yakuda ndi dothi la msuzi zimayesedwa kukhala yoyenera kwambiri;
- Mbeu zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe a nyengo yozizira - kwa tizirombo, matenda, kutentha kochepa, kuyanika mofulumira kwambiri pamwamba pa nthaka;
- Zomera zowala zimatengedwa kuti ndizozikonzekera bwino.
Chifukwa cha tirigu wambiri, zowonongeka ndi nyemba, nyemba, mbewa nandolo, vetch, ndi lupins.
Mitundu
Mitundu yonse ya kasupe ya kasupe imagawidwa m'magulu awiri - ovuta ndi ofewa. Magulu awa ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mnzake. Taganizirani zochitika zawo. 
Okhazikika
Chifukwa cha kukula kolimba kasupe wa tirigu, nyengo yam'mlengalenga ndi yabwino kwambiri, ndiko kuti, ndi nyengo yochepa, koma yotentha ndi yowuma - izi, monga madera monga Orenburg dera, Altai kapena Northern Kazakhstan. Mitundu yovuta imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilala cha nthaka kusiyana ndi zofewa, koma zimalola kuti nyengo izikhala bwino.
Mukudziwa? Mu European Union, tirigu wolimba ndizokhazo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa msonkho.
Zokolola zawo ndi zochepa kuposa zokolola za zofewa mitundu. Nkhumba za Durum ndizolemera kwambiri mu gluten ndi mapuloteni. Nthanga za tirigu zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tirigu, pasitala wapamwamba, kuwonjezera, imasakanikirana ndi ufa wa mkate kuti ukhale wabwino. 
Mitundu yolimba ya Spring imasonyeza zambiri. Kusankhidwa kwa mitundu yobzala kumadalira nyengo zakuthambo, kuyambira kale, zikhoza kusankhidwa pa teknoloji yapadera yaulimi. Nazi mitundu yowonjezereka:
- "Kharkiv 39" - amadziwika ndi kutentha kwambiri (njere zimawoneka ngati zosaoneka bwino, ndipo kupweteka kwake kukufanana ndi kutsekedwa kwa galasi), chomwe chili chofunikira kwa olima mbewu ndi ufa wokhala bwino kwambiri;
- "Orenburg 10" - nyengo yapakatikati zosiyanasiyana, osagwirizana ndi chilala, kusweka ndi malo ogona;
- "Amberchuksky Amber" - zaka zapakatikati-nyengo zogonjetsa zosiyanasiyana zogonjetsedwa ndi malo ogona;
- Nashchadok - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi pakatikati, nyengo yololera, yomwe imasinthidwa kuti ikhale yolima kwambiri, imayimitsa mlingo waukulu wa feteleza mchere popanda kuperewera kwa galasi, koma nthawi imodzimodziyo imakhala yofuna chinyezi;
- "Bezenchukskaya steppe" - pakati pa nyengo, kusagonjetsa chilala, moyenera kusagwira ku malo okhala, pasitala yapamwamba imapangidwa kuchokera ku ufa.
Zofewa
Kasupe wa tirigu wofewa amafunika kukhala wamkulu m'madera okhala ndi chinyezi chotsimikizirika, chifukwa sichimalola chilala cha m'mlengalenga. Sikofunika kwambiri pa nthaka yachonde ndipo imakhala yosasamala namsongole.
Nkhumba zake zili ndi kuchepa pang'ono, ufa wothira ndi wochepa thupi komanso wochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ufa wa tirigu. Ufa wotere umagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa confectionery, komanso zakudya zamabotolo. Pakapanga mkate mu ufa wa mitundu yofewa kaŵirikaŵiri umasakaniza ndi ufa kuchokera ku mitundu yolimba, mwinamwake mkate umatha msanga ndi kutha. 
Mitundu yochepa ya kasupe kasupe ili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale zosiyana kwambiri ndi nyengo ndi dothi. Zina mwa izo ndizomwe zili m'munsimu:
- "Irgina" - kumayambiriro kofiira ndi okwezeka kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera akum'mwera, osagwira ku malo ogona;
- "Prioksky" - oyambirira kucha, ololera kwambiri, komabe moipa amapititsa chilala ndipo akudwala matenda a bakiteriya;
- "Lada" - oyambirira kucha, ololera, osagonjetsedwa ndi powdery mildew, komabe, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo ogona ndipo salekerera mvula yambiri;
- "Daria" - kumayambiriro kofiira, kukwera kwambiri, kukana malo ogona ndi powdery mildew ndipakati, koma nthawi yomweyo nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri la bulauni;
- "Dobrynya" - pakatikati pa nyengo, osagonjetsedwa ndi malo ogona, mosagonjetsedwa ndi chilala, makhalidwe abwino ophika mikate, koma amawoneka ngati fumbi komanso wovuta, komanso bulauni.
Kukula
Kukula kwa kasupe kasupe ndi nthawi yowonongeka. Sayansi yamalima yake imapereka mwatsatanetsatane malamulo ena, kuphatikizapo chidziwitso chapamwamba chanzeru.
Zingakhale zothandiza kuphunzira za momwe mungabzalidwe, kudyetsa ndi kusonkhanitsa tirigu wozizira.
Pre-Tillage
Ndibwino kuti mukhale ndi nthaka yokolola tirigu mwamsanga mutatha kukolola. Njirayi ikuchitika mu magawo awiri: autumn (autumn) ndi asanayambe kufesa (kasupe). Ngati chomera cham'mbuyocho chinali udzu wosatha, panthawi yozizira, nthaka imasokonezeka, ndipo patapita masiku 14 - kulima kulima.
Pankhani ya anthu ena oyendetsa ntchito, monga nyengo yozizira ndi nyemba, zamasamba zimakhala zofanana, koma m'madera omwe amatha kuwonongeka, kusowa kwa nthaka kumalowetsedwa ndi tundish. 
Kukonzekera koyamba kumayamba ndi kuvulaza - izi zimathandiza kuti madzi asamatenthe kwambiri ndipo zimathandiza kutentha kwa nthaka. Izi zimatchedwa "kutseka kwa chinyezi". Kenaka pitirizani kulima nthaka mozama masentimita 10
Ndikofunikira! Njira zenizeni za agrotechnical zimadalira oyambirira, nthaka ya nthaka, kukhalapo kwa malo otsetsereka, kukhalapo kapena kusowa kwa zipangizo zaulimi.
Kufesa
Kuti izi zitheke, nkofunika kukonzekera mbewu, nthawi ndi kukula kwa kufesa, komanso njira yobzala. Tiyeni tione izi zigawozi mwatsatanetsatane. 
Kukonzekera Mbewu
Ndondomeko yowonongeka kwa mbewu ndi chithandizo cha ogwira ntchito ndilololedwa. Pochita izi, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala monga "Vitavaks", "Fundazol." Kuonjezerapo, ndi zofunika kwambiri kutentha mbeu musanafese. Izi zimachitika kunja kwa dzuwa kwa masiku 3-4 kapena wouma ndi mpweya wabwino kwa maola 2-3 kutentha pafupifupi 50 ° C.
Ndikofunikira! Kufesa mofulumira kwa tirigu wa kasupe kumabweretsa kuleka kwa zokolola zake ndi osachepera kotala.
Masiku osambira
Nthawi yofesa imadalira nyengo ya chigawocho. Mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo ndi kummawa kwa Siberia, ili pafupi ndi May 15-25, m'madera ambiri a ku Russia ndikumapeto kwa April. Mulimonsemo, kufesa kasupe kumayambira mwamsanga pakutha kwa nthaka. 
Kufesa mozama
Izi zimadalira mtundu wa nthaka. Kwa dothi lowala, kuyala kwa masentimita 6, mu steppe akhoza kuwonjezeka mpaka 9 masentimita, chifukwa nthaka yolemera imachepetsedwa mpaka 3-4 cm.
Njira zogwirira ntchito
Kusankhidwa kwa njira yofesa kumadalira pazochitika zamkati. Njira yopapatiza ndi yofala kwambiri, ngakhale imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbeu, komanso imapereka zokolola za anthu awiri pa hekitala. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi. Msewu wa mtanda sungagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa cha kulimbitsa masiku, kubweretsa mafuta komanso kudula kwambiri nthaka nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chisamaliro
M'madera ouma, nthaka ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pofesa. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito zojambulajambula zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaphwanya ziphuphu ndikumangirira pamunda. Pamene kutumphuka kwa dothi kumapangidwanso mvula, kuvuta kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga. 
Chinthu chofunikira pa chisamaliro cha mbeu ndi kusamalira udzu, popeza zokolola za mbeuyi zimavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha izo. Zokwanira kwambiri zimapindula pamene nkhondoyi ikuchitika ndikuganizira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya namsongole, nambala yawo, ndi maonekedwe a nyengo.
Malingana ndi zinthu izi, mankhwala ambiri a herbicides angagwiritsidwe ntchito ("Mphepo yamkuntho", "Roundup"), kukonzekera za udzu wa tirigu ndi udzu wambiri ("Attribute"), motsutsana ndi chaka chimodzi chokha (2.4 D ndi 2M-4X), ndi zina zotero.
Pamene tizirombo tiwoneke, pambuyo poti chiwerengero chawo chikuposa chiwopsezo cha kuwononga, mbewu zimachiritsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala monga "Decis", "Decis-extra", "Sumi-alpha", ndi zina zotero. 
Matenda owopsa monga koriyose ndi spike fusarium, chifukwa cha tirigu wamasika amatha kuchitika. Amamenyana ndi fungicides - akhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, Rex Duo, Carbezim kapena Tilt.
Nthawi zina kumera tirigu kumalimidwa pansi pa ulimi wothirira. Kawirikawiri izi zimachitika polima mitundu yolimba. Njira yothirira imasankhidwa malingana ndi nyengo ndi khalidwe la nthaka. Kudiririra kuphatikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza kungathandize kwambiri kukolola mbewu.
Processing
Popeza kasupe wa tirigu ukufuna kuti nthaka ikhale yobereka, feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mmunda wake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka nayitrogeni kuphatikizapo fetereza phosphorous. Chiwerengero chawo chimasiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana - chimadalira dothi, zosiyanasiyana, nyengo, oyambirira.
Pamene kukula kasupe tirigu, nayitrogeni feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: ammonia madzi, calcium nitrate, nitrophoska, nitroammofoska ndi "Azofoska".
Pafupifupi, 35-45 makilogalamu a nayitrogeni, 17-27 makilogalamu a potaziyamu, ndi phosphorous 8-12 makilogalamu amathera pa tani ya zipatso za tirigu ndi tani ya udzu. Kuonjezerapo, feteleza zokhala ndi feteleza zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito: manyowa, kompositi, peat. Iwo amabweretsedwa mu kugwa, pamene nthaka imathandizidwa m'dzinja. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ammonia amadzi a feteleza amadziwika: ammonia madzi, anhydrous ammonia, ndi zina zotero. 
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, za matenda a chikhalidwe ichi, septoria ndi khutu la khutu ndizoopsa kwambiri. Sichimawoneka ngati powdery mildew, bulauni ndi tsinde dzimbiri, chisanu nkhungu, mizu yovunda. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fungicides imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana nayo (mukhoza kuwerenga za iwo mu gawo la "Care").
Pofuna kulimbana ndi matenda a tirigu, gwiritsani ntchito fungicides monga Prozaro, Alto Super, Bravo, Folicur, Fitolavin, Albit, ndi Tilt.
Pakati pa tizirombo, nkhumba yowononga, nthanga za mkate, nthanga za tirigu, thrips, ntchentche za Swedish ndi Hessian, etc. Zingathe kuwononga mbewu. Zida zotere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: "Decis", "Decis-extra", "Sumi-Alpha" ndi ena.
Agronomists akulimbikitsidwa kuti aphunzire momwe angatulutsire ma thrips.
Kukonzekera ndi kuyeretsa
Zizindikiro zowonjezera zimadalira kwambiri nyengo, nyengo, nyengo ndi mbewu, mitundu ya tirigu, kumamatira mosamala njira zamakono mu ulimi wonse wa mbewu.
Mukudziwa? Kudera la mbewu (pafupifupi mahekitala 215 miliyoni) tirigu ndithudi amakhala ndi malo oyamba padziko lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya mbeu za padziko lapansi ndi zofewa. Atsogoleri mu kulima chikhalidwe ichi ndi China, India, Russia, USA ndi France.
Mwachitsanzo, zokolola zambiri za mitundu yofewa "Daria" ndi 30-35 q / ha, ndipamwamba - 72 q / ha. Kawirikawiri zokolola za tirigu wolimba "Bezenchukskaya steppe" - 17-22 c / ha, chiwombankhanga chikufikira 38 c / ha. 
Ndikofunika kuyamba kukolola mwanthawi yake, pamene mbeu ya masiku 10-12 imachepetsa zokololazo ndipo zimachepetsa kwambiri ubwino wa mbewu. Pamene kukolola kungagwiritsidwe ntchito monga kulumikizana mwachindunji, ndi njira yosiyana. Chofunika cha njira yosiyana ndi yakuti okolola amawongolera tsinde, ndipo tirigu amasonkhanitsidwa m'mizere.
Mu mipukutu, imamera ndi kukula kwa masiku angapo, kenako mipukutu imachotsedwa ndi chophatikiza. Ngati nyengo ili yosakhazikika, gwiritsani ntchito molumikizana mwachindunji - ndi njira iyi, kutayika kwa tirigu kuchepetsedwa, koma udzu wake ukuwonjezeka. 
Mukatha kusonkhanitsa tirigu mukukonzekera pakali pano: kuyeretsa ndi kuyanika. Pachifukwa chimenechi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa mbewu zosiyanasiyana komanso kuyanika. Nthaŵi zina, kuyanika sikofunika, ndiye kumangoyamba kukonza njere.
Kuphatikizira, zikudziwika kuti kulima tirigu a kasupe kudzakhala kofunikira kwambiri kutsata teknoloji yaulimi. Kuwonjezera apo, chikhalidwe ichi chimagwirizana ndi khalidwe la nthaka ndi nyengo. Ngati zinthu zonsezi zimaganiziridwa ndipo nyengo imakhala yabwino, mukhoza kuyembekezera kukolola kwakukulu.
