Nkhunda ndi mbalame zokongola, mbalame zabwino, zomwe zimakhala pamodzi ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu ayesa kuzisamalira ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zodabwitsa kwambiri ndi zachilendo zomwe zidapangidwa ndi munthu zimatengedwa ngati nkhunda zouluka, zomwe kwa zaka zambiri zakhala ngati azitsamba ndi olemba, ndipo lero zimabweretsa chisangalalo chenicheni ndi "maonekedwe" awo ochititsa chidwi.
Chidutswa cha nkhunda zazikulu zotulukira
Nkhunda zapamwamba ndi mtundu wapadera wa mbalame, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kutalika kwapamwamba paulendowu ndi nthawi yake.
Mukudziwa? Mbiri ya dziko ya nthawi yonse ya ndegeyi inakhazikitsa nkhunda za British ku 1963. Ulendo wawo unali maola 20 ndi maminiti 10. Ngakhale kuti nthawi ya ndege yothamanga kwambiri ndi mbalame zapamwamba kwambiri ndi 2-Maola 6Kalekale, zofunika zofunika kwa mbalame zinali:
- kutha kwaulendo;
- kutalika
Masiku ano, chidwi chochuluka chimalipidwa kwa mtundu wa mbalame: mawonekedwe a thupi, mtundu wa nthenga, mawonekedwe a mutu, ndi zina zotero. Oimira a mtundu umenewu amadziwika bwino ndi machitidwe abwino, kusintha mofulumira ku boma, kusalongosoka ku zikhalidwe zomangidwa, zosavuta komanso zosavuta kudya. 
Nkhunda zazikulu zimasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe awo apadera, omwe mbali zonse zimatha kuthawa. Mbalame zimakhala ndizing'ono zofanana, thupi lopangidwa bwino, chifuwa chopangidwa bwino, mutu waung'ono, wamtali, mapiko amphamvu, mwamphamvu thupi.
Onetsetsani mitundu yamba ndi mitundu ya njiwa.
Mbalame "kuthawa" zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- zosavuta: Mbalame, zomwe zimasunga mikhalidwe yawo yothamanga mpaka pamtunda, ndizofanana ndi makolo awo akale. Iwo amadziwika ndi ndege zoposa komanso zautali kwambiri;
- mwatsatanetsatane: nkhunda, zomwe zimadziwika ndi makhalidwe apamwamba omwe ali pafupi ndi kukongoletsera, koma otsika kwambiri. Oimira awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutenga nawo mbali mawonetsero osiyanasiyana;
- nkhondo: ali ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha kuthawa kwachilendo-mbalame kwa nthawi yayitali mlengalenga, ndiyeno pafupi kukwera phiri.
Ponena za kutalika kwake, khalidwe ili ndilololera. Pali malamulo apadera omwe amalamulira oweruza pa mpikisano wapadziko lonse, pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwa kukula kwa nkhunda kumwamba:
- kutalika kwa belu nsanja - 80-120 mamita;
- mbalameyi ili ndi kukula kwa lark - 200-400 m;
- mpheta - 400-600 mamita;
- kukula ndi gulugufe - 600-800 m;
- malo ochepa kumwamba - 800-1000 m.
- simungathe kuona mbalame yopanda optics - pamwamba pa 1500-1700 m.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuwerenga za matenda omwe mungapeze ndi nkhunda, momwe mungadziwire za njiwa, komanso momwe nkhunda zimakhala kunja ndi kunyumba.
Njiwa zamakono sizimangokhala pamwamba pa "mfundo ikuwonekera kumwamba," chifukwa, chifukwa cha kusowa maphunziro ndi zosauka zachilengedwe, amatha kutaya katundu wawo pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zowuluka zimachepetsanso, zomwe zimakhala maola 2-3. 
Ndege yoyendetsa ndege
Mitundu ya nkhunda ya njiwa imadziwika osati kutalika ndi kutalika kwa ndege, komanso ndi kayendedwe ka ndege.
Kuyendayenda
Pokhala ndi mbalame yothamanga, nkhunda zimatuluka pamtunda kupita kumtunda ndipo zimakhalabe zovuta kwa nthawi yaitali. Ubwino wa kalembedwe ndi kuti mbalame imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake pang'onopang'ono ndipo, motero, ikhoza kukhala kumwamba kwa nthawi yaitali. 
Kukaniza
Ndondomeko yosasinthasintha imaphatikizapo kukwera popanda kuzungulira. Atatha kufika pamtunda wina, mbalameyo "imapachika" mumlengalenga, ndipo imakhala ikuima pamodzi. Ndondomekoyi imathandizanso kuti mukhale ndi nthawi yaitali kumwamba.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala
Pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhunda zouluka, zomwe zimasiyana moonekera, chiyambi, makhalidwe a ndege.
Main
Mitundu ya njiwa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi tanthawuzo la kumalo, lomwe limasonyezedwa mu dzina lawo. Madera ambiri ndi mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi amatha kudzitama ndi mbalame zawo zouluka.
Perm
Ngakhale kuti dzinali, mtundu wa Permian unalembedwa m'zaka zapitazi ku Yekaterinburg. Masiku ano, oimira ake apeza kufalikira kwambiri mumzinda wa Urals, Siberia, ndi Kazakhstan. 
Mbali yapadera ya mbalame ndi thupi lalikulu kwambiri, lokhazikika, laling'ono, laling'ono, lozungulira mutu ndi wachikasu maso ndi mulomo wokongola.
A Permians amadziwika ndi chifuwa cholimbikitsidwa, mapiko amphamvu ndi aakulu, mwamphamvu kwambiri. Mitundu ya mbalame ndi yosiyana: yakuda ndi nsalu ya bluish, buluu, bulauni kapena yoyera.
Nthawi yochulukirapo Permian kukhala mlengalenga ndi maola 6. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kalembedwe kake sikakhala kovuta kwambiri: iwo amangokwera kumwamba popanda kusintha chilichonse.
Sverdlovsk
Oimira a Sverdlovsk azitamanda amathamanga thupi lalitali, lamphamvu ndi lamphamvu mpaka 37 cm, mutu waung'ono ndi maso achikasu ndi kamphwa kakang'ono kakang'ono. Thupi liri lodzala ndi zofiira zoyera, zakuda kapena zowonjezereka, pamitu ina yomwe mungathe kuona pang'ono. 
Miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi yaing'ono, yopanda nthenga. Mchira uli waung'ono ndi wopapatiza. Ndege Zomba za Sverdlovsk zimapanga magulu, koma kumtunda ukuuluka kamodzi pamodzi. Nthawi yoyendetsa kawirikawiri sichitha maola 4-6. Pankhaniyi, amangochoka, popanda zizindikiro. Mbalame zambiri za Sverdlovsk zomwe zinkapezeka kwambiri zinapezeka ku Kazakhstan, Siberia, m'dera la Volga.
Mwinamwake mudzakhala wokondwa kuti muwerenge kumene mungathe kuona nkhunda nkhunda, komanso momwe mungakhumudwitse nkhunda kuchokera mu khonde.
Chiserbia
Mitundu yotchedwa Turkish turmans yomwe ili ndi maluwa okongola kwambiri pamutu mwawo ndi oimira nkhunda a ku Serbia. Malingana ndi zina, zinyamazo zinabzalidwa ku Belgrade, kuchokera komwe amadziwika ndi dzina lawo. Komabe, asayansi ambiri a buluu amanena kuti anthu a ku Turks anawatengera kudziko.
Mbalame zili ndi thupi laling'onoting'ono, kamene kali kumbuyo kwa mutu, khosi laling'ono kwambiri lamphamvu lomwe limangopitila mu chifuwa, mapiko aatali kwambiri, oyenerera thupi. 
Mphunoyi ndi yosiyana: kuchokera ku zoyera mpaka wakuda ndi buluu. "Masera" amatha kuyenda ulendo wa maola asanu ndi awiri ndi asanu ndi awiri. Zitsanzo zina zingakhalebe mlengalenga kwa maola oposa 10.
Budapest
Mbalame za Budapest, zomwe zimatchedwa "turmans" - ndi nkhosa, zimathawira m'magulu, ndipo zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri moti palibe munthu amene angachoke. Ulendowu umatha pafupifupi maola asanu ndikuwonekera ndipo osachepera ola limodzi kunja kwake.
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi thupi laling'ono, labwino, losalala, pomwe kamng'onoting'ono kakang'ono kamakhala kosalala, kam'mbali kakang'ono pampoto. Mphuno ya a ku Turmani ndi yosiyana - yoyera, sitirogi, yoyera ndi nkhata, ndi zina zotero. 
Miyendo yamphamvu ndi yaifupi. Iwo ali otanganidwa, amphamvu ndi opirira. Nthaŵi zina, mlengalenga ikhoza kuthera maola khumi.
Ndikofunikira! Zili ngati zopanda phindu ngati turman imathawa kuthawa pamene ikuuluka. Mbalame zoterezo zimachotsedwa.
Chi Hungary
Mbalame za ku Hungarian ndizo nyama zamtundu wa nyama, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kumanga kwakukulu, ndipo zimakhala zolemera makilogalamu 1, choncho zimasinthidwa kuti zisamalowe ndege.
Koma, panthawi imodzimodziyo, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi chibadwa chabwino cha makolo, zimamangirira ndi kudyetsa ana. "A Hungaria" ali ndi malo abwino, kumbukirani njira yomwe akubwerera, akhoza kubwerera, ngakhale mazana a makilomita kutali. 
Nkhumba Prikamye
Nkhunda za m'dera la Kama zimakhala ndi tizirombo tambiri zosiyana mkati mwa zinyama; komabe mbalame zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa thupi, mutu waung'ono ndi mutu wolimba. Zoopsa za mtundu wofiira, misomali - kuwala. Mbalame zimayendera bwino mlengalenga, zimakhala zosasamala komanso zimakhala zosasamala, zimakhala zosavuta kusunga, zimakhala ndi chibadwa cha makolo.
Zidzakhala zothandiza kwa inu kuti muphunzire kukhazikitsa njiwa yamunda komanso kumanga dovecap ndi manja anu.
Ndi chifukwa cha mtundu umene abulu ambiri omwe amawaika buluu adagwirizana nawo. Mbalame za mitundu ya dera la Kama zimadumpha m'magulu, zimakhala zosiyana-siyana - agulugufe ndi chikwakwa, chifukwa chifukwa amatha kugonjetsa mitsinje yatsopano mosavuta. 
Mordovia
Pa chiyambi cha mbalame za Mordovia, chokhacho chinali chakuti amadziwika ku Mordovia. Oimirira a mitundu imeneyi amadziwika ndi mtundu woyera kapena wosiyana, waung'ono, wopangika pang'ono, mutu waung'ono ndi mphumi wozungulira ndi maso ang'onoang'ono a mthunzi wachikasu.
Ndikofunikira! Mbali yapadera ya njiwa za Mordovia ndizoyanjana kwawo ndi nyumba. Iwo amatha kukhala m'nyengo yozizira pamalo atsopano, ndiye kumapeto kwa kasupe amapita kukafunafuna malo awo akale.Mbalame zimaoneka zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Amauluka m'magulu, amadziyang'ana modabwitsa, amathera maola asanu ndi awiri kumwambamwamba.
Bugulminskie
Bugulma kapena Chistopol nkhunda ndi atsogoleri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya mbalame zakuuluka. Iwo ali ndi mvula yoyera, koma kumbuyo kwa mutu pali mdima wakuda. Ndi chifukwa cha mtundu umenewu omwe amatchedwa grivnas. Grivunas amadziwika ndi chisomo chapadera, chikhalidwe chabwino cha malo, chipiriro, ndi malamulo apamwamba.
Mphungu imayamba kuthawa m'magulu, kenako mphamvu zamphamvu ndi zamphamvu kwambiri kukwera, ndipo zofooka zimatsala kapena kugwa pansi. Mlengalenga, akhoza kukhala nthawi yaitali, maola 7-10. Hryvunas amamangidwa kwambiri ku nyumba, pafupifupi samazika mizu m'magulu a anthu ena, nthawi zonse amapeza njira yawo ku malo awo. 
Nikolaevsk
Nkhunda ya nkhunda ya Nikolaev inalembedwa koyambirira kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo kugawo la Ukraine, mzinda wa Nikolaev. Oimira a mtunduwo ali ndi thupi lalitali, kukula pang'ono, chifuwa chokonzekera bwino, mutu wabwino ndi maso a bulauni ndi mulomo wautali, woonda kwambiri.
Werengani zambiri za nkhunda zomwe zimadya pakhomo, momwe mungadyetse nkhunda, ndi mavitamini omwe ndi bwino kupereka njiwa.
Pali mbalame zokhala ndi zosiyana kwambiri: zoyera, zachikasu, zakuda, zofiira, chitumbuwa. Nkhunda zouluka zimapanga popanda kupanga mzere woongoka, mwamsanga kupeza mpweya. Amakwera kumwamba ngati mapiritsi kapena agulugufe. 
Bocky
Nkhunda za nkhondo, monga ngati omenyana ndi nkhondo, zimapanga maulendo ambiri paulendo wawo, potsegula mapiko awo. Zozizwitsa zoterezi zimakopa ndikudabwa. Komabe, mbalamezi zisanakonde ndege zoterezi, zimafunika kuphunzitsidwa nthawi yaitali. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri imabwera kuchokera ku Turkey Republic, Caucasus, Central Asia.
Dziwani zambiri za njiwa za nkhondo.
Pakistani
Nkhunda za Pakistani kapena Indo-Pakistani zimakhala ndi thupi louma, lochepa, koma chifuwa champhamvu komanso champhamvu. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi wosiyana: marble, wakuda, woyera. "Pakistani" ali ndi malingaliro abwino, akhoza kukhala mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali. 
Mmene ndege yawo ikuyendera imayesera: mbalame imasiya, imafalikira mchira wake ngati firimu, kenako imafulumira kufika pamwamba, panthawi imodzimodziyo ikugwedeza mapiko ake. Masewera odabwitsa amenewa amatha kuyenda ndi maulendo ozungulira, omwe amatha maola 5-7.
Mbalame n'zosavuta kusamalira osati chakudya chofuna. Komabe, kuchoka kwawo kumatenga mphamvu zambiri, kotero menyu ayenera kukhala bwino.
Baku
Oimira nkhunda za Baku amadziwika kuti ndi okongola kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zouluka kwambiri. Zili ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu, ophatikizidwa, mutu wochepa, mutu woonda kwambiri, utsi wonyezimira ndi khosi lokongola. Mtundumitundu - woyera, wakuda, wothira. 
Koma maonekedwe a mbalame alibe kanthu. Chipangizo chawo chachikulu chikupita ku chipilala panthawi yopulumukira komanso kumenyana kothamanga, komwe amasonyeza, akuwuluka mozungulira. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mbalame zinalengedwa ku Baku, ndipo kenako zinafalikira ku mayiko ambiri a malo a Soviet.
Werengani zambiri za nkhuku za Baku.
Pugachev
Ngakhale kuti iwo anali akale, nkhunda za Pugachev akadalibe udindo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame imapangitsa kukhala kosatheka potsiriza kuzindikira makhalidwe awo ndi kumanga kwapadera.
Zina mwa mitundu yomwe mungapeze oimira mitundu yosiyana siyana ndi malamulo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini, kayendetsedwe ka ndege, ndi zina zotero. Ngakhale zili choncho, mbalamezi zimakhala zokopa kunja, zokongola kwambiri m'chilimwe, zimakhala zosavuta komanso zosasamala kuti zisamalire, osati zozizwitsa. Iwo ali ndi chidwi chodabwitsa mlengalenga. 
Iran
Nthanga ya Iran ya nkhunda ndi imodzi mwa yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Oimira onse a mbalame za Irani ali ndi thupi lokhalitsa, lokha lolimba, lopanda mutu wopanda nthenga kapena ndi tinyumba kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Mukudziwa? Zoyamba za mbalame za ku Iran zimatulutsa zaka zikwi zikwi, zomwe zinanenetsa kuti obereketsa a ku Persia wakale anadula njiwa zosiyana siyana, zomwe sizinakondwere ndi malingaliro awo okongola, komanso ndi kukongola kwakukulu kwa kuthawa.Mlomo wa mbalame ndi wautali, wokhotakhota pang'ono pampoto. Mtundu wa mbalame ndi wosiyana: mungathe kukumana ndi mbalame zakuda kapena zoyera, amondi, imvi, chikasu, ndi zina zotero. Mchira uli wautali, uyenera kukhala nthenga 12.
Pouluka, mbalamezo zimachedwa komanso zimakhala zofatsa. Zinthu zofunikira paulendowu zimaganiziridwa: kupita ku mthunzi kwa masekondi pang'ono ndi nkhondo yomwe ingamveke, ngakhale pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuuluka kwa nkhunda kumatanthawuzidwa ndi nthawi ya kuthawa, ziyenera kukhala maola atatu. Zitsanzo zina zimatha kupita kumwambako kwa maola 10.
Nkhunda zimatenga
Nkhunda za mtundu wa Takla zimakhala zodabwitsa chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi chipiriro chawo. Amakhala othamanga kwambiri, amakonda kukomoka, amakhala kumlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimadzaza ndi kutayika, zomwe zingawonongeke.
Werengani malongosoledwe ndi zochitika zomwe zili mu Takla nkhunda.Anthu ena amtunduwu akhoza kukhala mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa msonkhano wawo wapafupi, maola oposa 10.
Tehran (Persian)
Nkhunda za Tehran zimagunda mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maonekedwe akuwoneka ngati nyanga, ali ndi lamulo lofanana, ali ndi chifuwa cholimba, mutu waung'ono, mulu wautali koma wamphamvu, mapiko aatali, amphamvu, omwe amatha kufika mpaka masentimita 70.
Mbali yeniyeni ya kuthawa kwa mbalame za Perisiya imaonedwa ngati nkhondo yogwira ntchito ndi kuchoka kwina pamtengo. Ndiponso njiwa zimatha kukwera pamwamba pa "ntchentche" ndipo zimakhala pamenepo kwa mphindi zingapo. "Tehranians" ndi subspecies ya mapepala a Iran. 
Zimakhala zazikulu, zazing'ono, zoyera, zoyera, zoyera kapena zowoneka bwino - mbalame zothamanga ndi mbalame zodabwitsa zomwe anthu ambiri amakondwera nazo ndi maulendo okondweretsa komanso "mawonetseredwe" apadera.
Mbalamezi, ngakhale kuti zimakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso zokhoza kusonyeza chiwerengero chamthambo, zimakhala zosasamala pakusamalira ndi kukonza, sizikusowa chakudya chapadera, mwamsanga zizoloŵera ku boma ndikukhalabe okhulupirika kwao kwamuyaya.
