Tikukudziwitsani kuti mudziwe bwino mtundu wa ng'ombe zomwe zimapezeka ku Altai Territory. Zina mwazo ndi Simmental, Red Steppe, Kazakh woyera, Black-and-white ndi ena. Ng'ombe zoberekera zimakonda kwambiri pakhomo komanso pa mafakitale. Posankha mtundu, muyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi cholinga chofuna kulera nyama - kupanga mkaka kapena mankhwala.
Altai ndi mmodzi mwa atsogoleri omwe amapanga mkaka ndi zakudya za nyama ku Russia
Altai ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha zomera zake, madzi abwino ndi mpweya. Nthaka pano siyikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mchere wothandizira ndi mankhwala oopsa. Mankhwala ambiri azachiritso amakula m'mayiko otere a Altai.
Mukudziwa? Panthawi ya Kuletsedwa ku US, bootleggers, ogulitsa mowa mopanda lamulo, ankavala nsapato zapadera kuti akalandire apolisi. Anamangiriridwa kumalo okhawo a nkhuni, omwe amasiya zochitika pansi, chimodzimodzi ngati za ng'ombe za ng'ombe.Zakudya za mkaka, nyama ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe zimatuluka m'dera lino. Makulu 50 a mkaka ndi ng'ombe za Simmental. Ng'ombe zadyera ku Altai Territory zimatha kupeza mkaka wapamwamba, wolemera mu zinthu zakuthupi, zofunika zamamino acid ndi mchere. Zakudya zamakono kuchokera kwa alimi akumeneko zimakhala zokoma kwambiri ndipo zimayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi ogula.
Ndi mitundu iti ya ng'ombe yomwe imapezeka mu Altai Krai
Kutsogozedwa ndi ndondomeko zotsatirazi, zofunikira ndi zithunzi, mudzatha kusankha mtundu wochuluka komanso wolimba kwambiri wa nyama kapena mkaka.
Samalani ndi kuchuluka kwa mkaka ndi kupha nyama. Ndifunikanso kuganizira makhalidwe abwino a mkaka, makamaka mapuloteni ayenera kukhala osachepera 3%, ndipo mafuta ayenera kukhala osachepera 3.4%.
Mukudziwa? Ku India, mungagule mkodzo wamakona wa ng'ombe (nyama zopatulika mu Chihindu). Amakhasimende amamwa madziwa, amawaza pakhungu, kusamba anawo.
Simmental
Mtundu uwu ndi umodzi mwa akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, unalengedwa ku Switzerland. Chiyambi cha mtunduwu chinachitika panthawi zingapo - makolo a mitunduyo adalandiridwa ku Switzerland kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo anathera kokha pakati pa theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20. Mitunduyi inkapezeka popyola ng'ombe za Scandinavia ndi mitundu ya ng'ombe zakutchire. 
Maonekedwe:
- kulemera kwa mwana wamkulu - 550-870 kg, ng'ombe - 900-1300 kg;
- Zinyama zimadziwika ndi malamulo abwino, minofu yabwino komanso thupi lokhazikika;
- Kutalika kwafota ndi 135-140 masentimita, kutalika kwa thupi - 160-165 cm;
- mutu waukulu, wawukulu kumbali yapambali. Nyangazo ndizowala kapena zoyera ndi malekezero achikasu;
- mpiritsi wa mphuno ndi maso a maso a pinki kuwala (chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za mtundu woyera);
- khosi ndi lalifupi, ndi minofu yabwino kwambiri. Imafota kwambiri, imagwirizanitsa ndifupi;
- chifuwa chakuya (mu ng'ombe zamphongo)
- khungu la ng'ombe liri lakuda;
- kawirikawiri wamkazi amakhala ndi udder wambiri, nkhono ndi zazikulu;
- Zithunzi za simmentals zimasiyanasiyana ndi fawn yotchedwa red-motley; Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imakhala ndi suti-variegated suti.
Muyenera kukhala ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri za ng'ombe za Simmental.
Mitundu ya ku Swiss ndi ya mtundu umodzi. Kutchuka kwake kumabwera chifukwa cha mkaka wapamwamba wa mkaka ndi khalidwe labwino la ng'ombe yamphamvu kwambiri.
Makhalidwe abwino:
- Mtengo wa mkaka chaka ndi chaka ndi 4000-5000 makilogalamu pachaka; Pali milandu pamene ng'ombe yaikazi inapereka mkaka wokwana 10,000-14,000 makilogalamu pachaka;
- Mafuta a mkaka ali pafupifupi 3.9-4.1% (mpaka 6%); Ali ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri, amadziwika ndi mapuloteni (pafupifupi 4%) ndi nkhani youma, koma otsika maselo osokonezeka;
- mlingo wa kulemera kwalemera ndipamwamba (ndi zaka za chaka chimodzi munthu amafikira makilogalamu 430 wolemera);
- Kupha nyama - 55-62%.
Ng'ombe yofiira
Mapangidwe a mtundu uwu anali aatali ndi ovuta, mbiriyakale ya zamoyo zinayamba m'zaka za zana la XVIII. Ng'ombeyo inapezeka ku Ukraine chifukwa cha kudutsa kwa Red German, Angeln, Simmental, Red Ostfrislyand ndi ng'ombe za steppe.
Asayansi a Chiyukireniya anatha kupanga mtundu umene umakonda kwambiri pakati pa oweta ziweto padziko lonse - pakati pa ziweto, ng'ombe yotchedwa Red Steppe ng'ombe imakhala yachiwiri pa nambala.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge za ng'ombe zofiira.
Maonekedwe:
- Zinyama za mtundu uwu zimapatsidwa malamulo owuma ndi owopsa. Mzimba sikula bwino;
- kulemera kwa miyendo ya anthu akuluakulu ndi 800-900 makilogalamu, ndi azimayi, 450-550 kg;
- kutalika kwa nyama yomwe ikufota ndi 126-129 cm, kutalika kwa thupi - kutalika kwa 155-160 cm;
- thupi limapangidwira, limangokhala. Mutu ndi waung'onong'o, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono;
- nyanga zimatsogoleredwa, ziri za kukula kwapakati ndi kuwala kofiira;
- khosi ndi loonda, lalitali, ndi mapepala ambiri. Akufota;
- chifuwa chakuya, mwakachetechete, osati chachikulu. Mafilimu osamalidwa sakula bwino;
- ziuno zamkati, kutali. Mimba ndi yochuluka, koma osati kugwedeza;
- miyendo molunjika, yamphamvu;
- udder wodzaza, kukula kwapakati, phokoso;
- Sutiyo ndi ofiira, koma pali malo oyera.
Nkhumba yofiira ndi mtundu wa zokolola za mkaka. Chikhalidwe cha nyama chinayamba bwino.Makhalidwe abwino:
- Nthawi zambiri, ng'ombe zimabweretsa mkaka kuchokera ku 3,000 mpaka 5,000 makilogalamu (mkaka wa mitundu yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ikudalira nyengo ya chilengedwe - m'madera otentha, mkaka wambiri ndi 3000-3500 makilogalamu, m'madera ena zokolola ndi 4500-5000 makilogalamu a mkaka pachaka);
- mkaka uli ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri; mafuta ake ndi 3.6-3.7%, mapuloteni ndi 3.20-3.58%;
- ubwino wambiri ndi wamtali (ng'ombe zimakhala ndi makilogalamu 6-180 ndi miyezi 6, ndi kulemera kwabwino, phindu lolemera tsiku ndi tsiku ndi 600-900 g);
- Kupha nyama - 53% (zokolola zambiri zophera mafuta).
Ndikofunikira! Ng'ombe yamtundu wofiira idzafunikira bedi la udzu ndi malo aakulu. Dyetseni ndi kumwa madzi ayenera kukhala 3 pa tsiku, chakudya ndi madzi ziyenera kukhala kutentha. Pansi pa zochitika zonse za nyumba, ng'ombe yanu idzabala ana 4 nthawi zitatu.
Ng'ombe zofiira ndi zoyera
Mitunduyi inkapezeka popita ku Black-motley Swedish, mtundu wa Ostfrizian ndi ng'ombe zakutchire. Lero ndilo lofala kwambiri komanso lopambana kwambiri padziko lapansi. 
Maonekedwe:
- Kulemera kwa ng'ombe zazikulu zoposa 450-650 makilogalamu, kupanga ng'ombe - 850-1200 kg;
- oimira mitunduyo ali ndi malamulo abwino. Mbalameyi imakhala yofanana;
- kutalika kwa thupi - 158-162 masentimita. Zinyama zikuluzikulu zimakhala zazikulu (kukula kwa ng'ombe pakufota ndi 128-135, ng'ombe - 138-156 cm);
- chifuwacho ndi chopakatikati, kuya kwake ndi 70-75 masentimita. Kumbuyo kuli kosalala, chiuno chimakhala cholunjika;
- mutu wopangidwa ndi sing'anga. Nyanga ndi imvi, ndi mapeto a mdima;
- zotanuka khungu, buku udder;
- Tsatirani wakuda ndi motley, nthawi zina mungapeze mtundu wofiira ndi motley.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti mudziwe zambiri za ng'ombe za mtundu wa black-motley.
Makhalidwe abwino:
- Ng'ombe imatenga pafupifupi 3,700-4,500 makilogalamu a mkaka pachaka (kubzala, mkaka umawonjezeka ndi 30% ndipo ndi 7,000 kg ndi zina);
- Zakudya za mkaka zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kokoma, kosangalatsa, kolemera;
- mafuta a mkaka amasiyana ndi 2.5 mpaka 4.8%, mankhwalawa ali ndi mapuloteni 3.1-3.4%;
- anthu amawonjezera mwamsanga nyama (ndi kudya kwambiri kwa miyezi 16, ana amphongo amafika 450 kg kulemera);
- kupha nyama yotulutsa - mpaka 50%.
Whitehead ya Kazakh
Mutu woyera wa Kazakh unapezeka ku Kazakhstan mwa kudutsa ng'ombe za Hereford ndi ng'ombe za mtundu wa Kazakh ndi Kalmyk.
Maonekedwe:
- ng'ombe zazikulu ndi 850-1000 makilogalamu, ndi ng'ombe - 500-560 makilogalamu;
- Kutalika kwafota kumafikira 123-130 masentimita, thupi la oblique kutalika - 150 cm;
- Ng'ombe imatchula mtundu wa nyama - yaying'ono ndi mafupa amphamvu ndi minofu yabwino. Thupi ndilosalala ndi lalikulu, mapewa ndi aakulu, akulu;
- pafupi ndi nyengo yozizira, chovala chokongola, chokongola chimakula. Sutiyo ndi ofiira ndi mawanga oyera;
- Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi chizindikiro cha mtunduwu ndi mutu waukulu wa mtundu woyera, wovekedwa ndi nyanga zazikulu, wopatulidwa.
Ndikofunikira! Zoipa za mutu wazungu wa ku Kazakh ndi monga kutayika kwa nyama yowonongeka, kupweteka kwa ng'ombe ndi ana akudyetsa, ndi mafupa opapatiza, omwe amalepheretsa kuthekera kwa ziwetozo.Makhalidwe abwino:
- Mkaka wambiri wa mkaka ndi ng'ombe 3000-3500 kg;
- Ng'ombe ikupereka mkaka wokoma (4,3% mafuta) ndi mapuloteni apamwamba (pafupifupi 4%);
- Ng'ombe zimapindula kwambiri tsiku ndi tsiku (zowonjezereka kwambiri ndi zaka ndi theka, kulemera kwa moyo kufika pa 450-480 makilogalamu);
- Kupha nyama kuchokera ku ng'ombe zamphongo zonenepa ndi 55-65% (ng'ombe ziri ndi makhalidwe abwino, nyama yowonongeka imakhala ndi mafuta pakati pa minofu).
Aberdeen-Angus
Ankaweta ng'ombe ku England, m'chigawo cha Aberdeen, kumpoto kwa Scotland.
Maonekedwe:
- ali wamkulu, akazi amalemera 550-600 makilogalamu, ng'ombe - 850 makilogalamu;
- Ng'ombe za Aberdeen-Angus zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe abwino a nyama - thupi lozungulira, lozungulira, lakuya, ndi miyendo yochepa;
- kutalika kwa thupi ndi 132 cm. Msinkhu umafota - 118-120 cm;
- mbali yaikulu ya Anguss ndi kusowa kwa nyanga;
- mutu ndi wawung'ono, ndi mbali yochepa ya nkhope. Khosi ndi lalifupi, ndi kukula kwa minofu;
- Kuuma, kubwerera, kutayika ndi kuthamanga molunjika, kwakukulu, kumutu;
- Zizindikiro za mkaka wa ng'ombe sizikula bwino;
- mafupa ndi ofooka ndi amphamvu. Khungu sali wandiweyani, ndi minofu yopangidwa bwino yopangidwa pansi;
- Nthawi zambiri nyama zimakhala ndi suti yakuda, anthu a mtundu wofiira kapena wofiirira amawoneka mocheperako.
Werengani zambiri za ng'ombe za Aberdeen-Angus.
Makhalidwe abwino:
- kukolola mkaka kwa ng'ombe ndi kochepa - kawirikawiri mkaka wokwanira wa chaka ndi 1,400 kg pachaka;
- mkaka uli ndi khalidwe lokoma, lokhala ndi mapuloteni (pafupifupi 4%), mafuta opezekawo ndi 4%;
- kulemera kwa kulemera kulemera ndikutalika (kulemera kwa ng'ombe kumaliseche kufika kwa makilogalamu 200);
- kupha nyama ya nyama zonenepa ndi 65-70% (ng'ombe zikudziwika ndi nyama yapamwamba).
Ng'ombe za Ayrshire
Ng'ombe za Ayrshire zimachokera ku Scottish county ya Ayr (yomwe inabadwa mu 1862). Ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe za ku Scottish, omwe makolo awo anali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - Thewater, Dutch ndi Alderney, anagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza Ayrshires.
Dziwani zambiri za ng'ombe za Ayrshire.
Maonekedwe:
- Nkhumba ya ng'ombe - 400-480 makilogalamu, ng'ombe - 700-800 kg;
- kutalika kwafalikira masentimita 125, kutalika kwa thupi - 155 cm;
- thupi lofanana. Thupi ndilofupika;
- mutu ndi waung'ono, koma umawoneka wogwirizana. Nyanga zazikulu zoyera zimayikidwa kumbali ndi pamwamba (mwa mawonekedwe a lyre);
- khosi ndi lakuda, lalifupi. Kumbuyo kuli kofiira, kosalala. Chifuwa chophweka ndi dewlap;
- miyendo yofupika, minofu, ndi ziboda zolimba;
- udder ndi wooneka ngati chikho, wawukulu, ndi zotupa zowonda; zikopa zimakhala zosiyana, mitsempha ndi yolemekezeka kwambiri;
- chovala ndi chachifupi. Nyamayo imakhala ndi mtundu wabwino kwambiri wofiira wofiira ndi mawanga oyera kapena zoyera ndi mawanga ofiira.
Ng'ombe za Ayrshire zimakhala zothandizira kukolola mkaka. Mtunduwu umasiyana ndi zokolola za mkaka nthawi zonse. Nyama zimalandiranso nyama zamtengo wapatali. 
Makhalidwe abwino:
- kwa chaka, ng'ombe imapereka malita 7000 a mkaka (zokolola zimapitirira zaka zambiri);
- mafuta a mkaka - 4-4,6%, omwe amapezeka pafupifupi 3.5% mapuloteni;
- mkaka ndi wokoma kwambiri, wathanzi, nthawi zambiri chakudya cha mwana chimapangidwira;
- Ng'ombe zamphongo zimachepa msanga (kumayambiriro kwa chaka chimodzi zimayambira mkati mwa makilogalamu 400);
- Kupha nyama - 55%.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati mukufuna kukonza mkaka, sankhani mitundu ya ng'ombe ndi zokolola zazikulu. Mbali yaikulu ya ng'ombe izi ndi udder waukulu.
Pomalizira, tikuwona kuti palibe mitundu yoipa, popeza kuti zonsezi zinalengedwa mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zina. Choncho, posankha ng'ombe kuti mukhale pakhomo lapakhomo, yesetsani kuyang'ana ubwino wake ndi kuipa kwake, komanso mosamala mosamala zokhudzana ndi kusunga ndi kudyetsa.
