Padziko lonse lapansi, mitundu yambiri ya ng'ombe za mkaka ndi Holstein, kapena Holstein-Friesian. Kuphatikizapo kuti zimapereka, mosamala, chiwerengero cha mkaka wapamwamba kwambiri, ng'ombe zamtundu uwu, chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya chambiri chokhala ndi zakudya zambiri.
Mbiri yamabambo ndi kufotokozera
Malo omwe mtundu uwu umayambira, muzinthu zosiyana zotchedwa Holland ndi America. Izi ndi zoonadi, chifukwa mbiri ya kusankha ng'ombe za mkaka wa Holstein-Frisian imayamba kwambiri. 
Ntchito yosankha
Anabweretsedwa kudera la Frisia ndi olamulira achijeremani m'zaka za zana la 1 BC. Ng'ombe zakuda, kuphatikizapo Frisian woyera wakuderalo, zinayamba kupanga mtundu wapadera, womwe unadzatchedwa Holstein-Friesian.
Werengani za mitundu ina ya ng'ombe za mkaka, monga Dutch, Jersey, wakuda ndi motley, Ayrshire.
M'zaka za m'ma 1200, dziko la Frisia chifukwa cha machitidwe a geological linagawanika ndi nyanja yayikulu, chiwerengero cha ng'ombe zinagawidwa ndipo nthambi za Holstein ndi Friesian zinapitiliza kukhazikika. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XVIII, chifukwa cha zochitika zakale za anthu, adagwirizananso ndipo mtunduwu unalandira dzina lachiwiri lamakono. 
M'zaka za zana la 19, mtunduwu unasinthika ndi obereketsa a America omwe anatsogoleredwa ndi Winston Chenery, womwe unatha mu 1872 ndikufalitsa buku la stud.
Ndikofunikira! Kuwonjezera pa zosafunika zosawerengeka, kusankhidwa kwa mtundu wa Holstein-Friesian kunali koyera. Kuphatikizana ndi mitundu ina kungapangitse ana ofooka opanda ungwiro ndi zofooka kapena zochepa zokolola. Choncho ng'ombe za Holstein ndizokhazikika, zokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso zotheka.
Zomwe zili kunja
Ngakhale kuti a Holstein amapezeka makamaka ng'ombe zazikulu za mkaka, ndizokulu kwambiri: kulemera kwake kwa ng'ombe ndi 6-7 oposa, ng'ombezo ziri pafupifupi 9 okwana. Pothandizidwa ndi zakudya zowonjezera, ziwerengerozi zikhoza kuwonjezeka ndi anthu awiri oposa 100.
Pa zowola ng'ombe zikufika 145-150 sentimita mu msinkhu, ng'ombezo ziri pafupifupi masentimita 160 wamtali. Chifuwa cha zinyama za mtundu umenewu chili ndi masentimita 83-86 ndi mamita masentimita 64, chifuwacho chimafikira masentimita 62. 
Kunja kwa nyama kumagwirizana ndi kayendedwe kake ka mkaka:
- mutu si wolemetsa, umawoneka wokoma;
- thupi - lozama, lopaka mphete, lalitali;
- kugwedeza kolunjika;
- mapewa aatali ndi aakulu;
- chiuno chikwanira mokwanira;
- miyendo yaifupi ikhale yoyenera;
- Ng'ombe, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake kwakukulu, ali ndi udzu wofanana ndi mbale, umene mitsempha ya mkaka imadziwika bwino.
Phunzirani zambiri zokhudza kubereka ng'ombe kuzipatala: mimba ya mimba, kusunga ng'ombe zatsopano, kudyetsa ng'ombe kuti zikule mofulumira; kusankha ng'ombe yabwino mukamagula; mayina a ana a ng'ombe; Nanga ndi nthawi zingati kuti mukamwe mkaka.
Chofala kwambiri pakati pa mtundu uwu chimawoneka ngati suti yakuda-ndi-pie. Nyama za mtundu uwu zimakhala ndi mkaka waukulu wa mkaka. Mtundu wofiira wa piebald umene umayambitsa matenda ovuta kwambiri siukufala ndipo unakanidwa kale, koma panopa uli wotalikirana ngati mtundu wosiyana. Zokolola za nyamazi ndizochepa, koma mkaka ndi mafuta. Zimatengedwa kukhala zosavuta kukhala ndi mtundu wa bluish-pagay, womwe umapezeka posakaniza tsitsi lakuda ndi loyera la ubweya.
Ndikofunikira! Ng'ombe yamkaka, enieni omwe amadziŵa bwino amadziŵa mtundu wa udder, komanso mitsempha ya mkaka. Ngati ili lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale mowirikiza, mwayi ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuti nyama imapatsa mkaka pang'ono.
Makhalidwe othandiza
Ng'ombe za Holstein zimakhala ndi thupi labwino, zimapatsa chakudya chabwino, zowonjezera zowonjezera, zowonongeka komanso zosavuta. Kusankhidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kwachititsa kuti matumbo ndi m'mimba ziwononge chakudya chambiri, komabe gawo la mkango limatengera mtundu ndi zakudya zochuluka: kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwambiri ndi zokolola zazikulu zidzakupatsani chakudya chabwino, kuchepetsa chakudya chabwino sichingachedwe kuchepa. 
Nazi zizindikiro zina za zokolola za ng'ombe za Holstein:
- Lactation imatenga masiku 305. Kukula kwa mkaka wa mkaka kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi moyo, umoyo wa chakudya ndi chiwerengero cha zopweteka zakale. Momwemo ng'ombe ngati zimenezi zimatha kupanga makilogalamu 7.5,000 a mkaka ndi mafuta 3.8%. Dutch-pieballed Dutch amapereka mkaka wocheperapo kusiyana ndi wakuda-piebalized - mpaka makilogalamu zikwi zikwi, koma ndi mafuta, chiwerengero cha mafuta chikufika 3.9;
- Ng'ombe za Holstein sizifulumira, kutha msinkhu kumabwera pa zaka chimodzi. Mimba yoyamba imatenga miyezi 24, ndiye mosamala ng'ombe yoteroyo ikhoza kukhala ndi ana a ng'ombe awiri kwa zaka 4, podziwa kufunika kozipatsa zinyama kubwezeretsa zowonjezera, zomwe zimatchedwa nkhuni zakufa, zomwe zimatenga masiku 50 mpaka 70, malinga ndi msinkhu wa nyamayo akuti. Zokwanira zawo zimakhala zokhutiritsa kwambiri: amapereka kuchokera pamapiri 83 mpaka 90 pa 100 azimayi;
- poyerekeza ndi mizere yodyera nyama yokolola ndi yochepa, 50-55%, nthawi zina - mpaka 60%Komabe, izi zikutsutsana ndi kukula kwa ng'ombe zamphongo ndi ubwino wa ng'ombe zomwe zimapangidwa. Ng'ombe yatsopano ilemera makilogalamu 38-50 ndipo mkati mwa miyezi khumi ndi 15 ndi kusamalidwa bwino ndi zakudya zowonjezera zimatha kuwonjezeka nthawi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Panthawiyi, phindu limachepetsedwa ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusunga chinyama kwa nthawi yaitali. Nkhosa zonse, osati zolinga zobereka, zimatumizidwa kukaphedwa. Nyama ya ng'ombe zamphongo izi ndi zachifundo, imakhala ndi maonekedwe abwino ndi mafuta ochepa, ng'ombe iyi imatengedwa ngati chakudya.
Zabwino ndi zamwano
Mtundu uwu ulibe mwayi wopindulitsa:
- mkaka wamtundu waukulu umapatsa malo a Holsteins pamalo oyamba okhudzana ndi mkaka, ngakhale kuti mkaka wa mkaka umawonetsa mtengo wamtengo wapatali;
- kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwamtundu wa abambo ndi awiri amachititsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukwera kwa ng'ombe imodzi ndi ng'ombe imodzi kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi wophedwa;
- zaka zosapindulitsa ndizochepa chifukwa chakuti kutha msinkhu kumayambira pa zaka chimodzi;
- Oimira a mtundu umenewu amatha kukhala m'madera osiyanasiyana a nyengo, kusinthasintha zochitika zapanyumba;
- ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira chabwino ndi chisamaliro chosayenera sangapange mwiniwake wa vuto linalake lomwe likugwirizana ndi mankhwala owona zanyama.
Kuipa Zili choncho kwa amlimi ang'onoang'ono omwe alimi ndi alimi, komwe kuli kovuta kupanga zofunikira pa ng'ombe za Holstein:
- Zinyamazi ndizoyera, zomwe zili zokhazokha, koma zolakwika pa chisamaliro ndi kuphwanya miyezo yaukhondo zidzakhudza zokolola zawo;
- Kuphwanya malamulo a kusungirako, monga kuyeretsa, kutentha, kusowa kojambula, kumayambitsa matenda opatsirana;
- Ng'ombe za ku Dutch zimafuna chakudya chambiri chokwanira, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, pamene malingana ndi chilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mkaka kumabala mwachibadwa;
- Nyama zimenezi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha zochitika zanyama, zowonjezera ndi zina zomwe zimayambitsa nkhawa. Kupanikizika kwambiri kumachepetsa zokolola;
- poyerekeza ndi mizere ya nyama ya mtundu wa Dutch, pali zochepa zokolola za nyama;
- Holshtinki sizimazika mizu m'madera ndi nyengo yowawa.
Ndikofunikira! Ndi bwino kupewa kugula ng'ombe yaikulu ya Holstein, komanso kayendetsedwe kake ndi kusamukira kumalo ena. Chifukwa chovutika maganizo, akhoza kuchepetsa thupi ndipo amachepetsa kwambiri zokolola zake, zomwe zidzasokoneza zowonjezera.
Kusamalira ndi kusamalira
Polimbikitsidwa ndi mkaka wa mkaka, mlimi akhoza kusankha kuti vuto la ng'ombe za Holstein likhoza kuthetsedwa, ndipo ndiloyenera. Komabe, si aliyense amene angathe kupanga zofunikira zinyama izi zomwe zingathe kupititsa patsogolo zomwe angathe. Kunena zoona, ng'ombe yoteroyo silingakwanitse ku minda yaing'ono. Monga lamulo, izi ndi ng'ombe zakampani zazikulu zamalonda zamakampani. 
Iwo amafuna kwambiri zinthu zomwe sizili zosavuta kulenga ndi kusunga, komanso kuvutika maganizo, osati njira yabwino yothetsera zokolola.
Mukudziwa? Ng'ombe zili ndi nzeru zambiri, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi galu: anthu amatha kusiyanitsa zizindikiro 11 mu cow mooing, zinyama zimatha kuphunzira kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake, zimakonda ena ndi kusonyeza chikondi kwa iwo.
Malo oyenda m'nyengo ya chilimwe
Ng'ombe za Holstein sizingatheke kudyetserako msipu, ngakhale kuti zimafuna mpweya wabwino ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kuti zikhale bwino komanso zimapangidwe bwino. Njira yabwino yoyenera kudyetsa mpweya wabwino ndiyo zida zoyendamo.
Paddock yofunika kukonzekera ndi denga, pansi pa zomwe ng'ombe zonse zidzapatsidwa. Muyenera kupewa kutentha - izi ndizovuta kwa thupi la nyama, kutentha kumatha kupha imfa yake. Ngati palibe kukwanira kukhetsa, panthawi ya kutenthedwa, nyama zimakhala zowawa, chilakolako chawo chichepa, ndipo ngakhale kukula kumachepa. Ndi bwino kupanga denga losaloledwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala, chinyezi ndi mafinya, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ngozi ya ng'ombe ndi mastitis. 
Kuti akhale ndi liti lapamwamba komanso polimbana ndi kuthetsa kutentha, ng'ombe ziyenera kukhala kupeza madzi atsopano opanda zopanda pake. Masana, ng'ombe zimamwa pafupifupi 50 malita pa tsiku pa tsiku.
Ng'ombe za Holstein ziyenera kupatsidwa maulendo 4-6 tsiku lonse kuti zikhale zapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kukonza malo odyetserako ziweto kusiyana ndi malo oyenda.
Kukonzekera kwa nkhokwe
Gome ayenera kukhala ofunda, makamaka njerwa kapena yamatona, matabwa sangathe kuchitidwa. Ndikofunikira kutentha chipinda, kukonzekera ndi mawindo a kuunikira ndi mpweya wabwino, ndi dothi kapena dothi pansi.
Ndikofunikira! Sentiyo silingapangidwe m'khola: ikhoza kuwononga ziboda ndi miyendo ya nyama, zimayambitsa zowawa ndi hypothermia.
Malo osunga ng'ombe za Holstein ayenera kuphatikizapo:
- malo osungirako bwino ndi ma nyumba;
- malo osangalatsa;
- mipando yapadera yokwirira;
- malo owona za ziweto.
Odyetsa komanso oledzera ayenera kupangidwa ndi zipangizo zomwe sizimatulutsa fungo, sizimakhudza kukoma, ndizosavuta kuyeretsa ndi kupiritsa mankhwala.
Phunzirani zambiri pa kupanga nkhokwe yanu (mpweya wokwanira, mpweya, omwa), komanso nyumba zowononga ng'ombe.
Zomwe amangidwa
Zikukhulupirira kuti ng'ombe za ku Dutch zimasinthidwa bwino kuti zikhale zotentha komanso zimakhala zozizira, ngakhale kuti nyengo yovuta siyikugwirizana nayo.
Kutentha kwabwino kwa ng'ombe za Holstein ndi 5-20 madigiri pamwamba pa zero, kutentha m'khola kumakhala pafupifupi +20, koma osati kuposa madigiri + 30. Ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu kapena kotsika, zinyama zili ndi nkhawa, zomwe zimakhudza zokolola.
Chojambula ndi choopsa kwambiri ku Holshtinki, chifukwa ali pachiopsezo cha mastitis. Gome ayenera kukhala ndi mawindo akuluakulu kuti atsimikizire kuwala kwake masana. 
Pofuna kuti asatuluke zinyama pangozi ya matenda opatsirana, iwo, mbale zawo ndi chipinda kumene akukhala amafunika kuyeretsedwa nthawi zonse.
Ndikofunikira! Ng'ombe za Holstein ndizokhazikika komanso zosangalatsa, koma khalidwe lawo likhoza kuwonongeka ngati likusungidwa moyenera.
Kukonza nkhokwe
Ng'ombe za Holstein zimapereka chithandizo kukonza nthawi zonse malo awo. Izi ndi nyama zoyera kwambiri, ndipo khungu lawo silikhala lodetsedwa, komabe limafunikira kusamba nthawi zonse, limafunikanso kutsuka, kudula ziboda ndi zina zoyera.
Pofuna kuthetsa manyowa, groove imapangidwa pa khola pansi, komwe kuli kosavuta kusonkhanitsa ndi kutaya zinyalala. Lili pafupi kwambiri momwe mungathere kuchokera ku nkhokwe. Zimayenera kuti nthawi zonse zisalowe m'malo mwa zinyalala kapena zonyansa. 
Kumwa mbale ndi zikhomo zimayenera kusambitsidwa kawirikawiri komanso nthawi zonse, kupeŵa mkhalidwe umene uli ndi chakudya kapena zinyama zosafunikira. Musanayambe kusamutsa nyama m'nyengo yozizira ku khola mu chipinda, kuyeretsa kwakukulu kuyenera kuchitidwa ndipo malo ndi mbale ziyenera kutetezedwa.
Mukudziwa? Kwa anthu ambiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri, komanso kwa ena mpaka posachedwapa, ng'ombeyo inali njira yobwezera, komanso ndalama zowonjezera, pamodzi ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zitsulo ndi akapolo.
Kudyetsa chakudya
Chakudya ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amadya ndi ng'ombe chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwa mkaka wopangidwa. Azimayi achi Dutch akudandaula kwambiri kuti adye chakudya, sangathe kudyetsedwa chakudya chokhazikika, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ziweto zina zonse. Ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira, munthu ayenera kusamalira chakudya chokwanira pa nthawi ino, ngati ng ombe ikhoza kuchepetsa kukolola kwake.
Chakudya cha ng'ombe yowonongeka ili ndi mitundu yambiri ya chakudya:
- chomera ndi nyama;
- zopangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi njira zowonongeka;
- chakudya ndi zosakaniza;
- mavitamini ndi mchere zowonjezerapo.
Zakudya zili ndi mapuloteni okwana 10% ndi mapuloteni, kusowa kwawo kumaphatikizapo kudutsa kwa chakudya ndi kuleka kwa zokolola.Mukudziwa? Pogwiritsa ntchito chisinthiko, ng'ombezo, popanda kupatsidwa zida, nkhungu ndi njira zina zodzitetezera, zinapeza kuti zimatha kutenga chakudya ndikuthawa, ndiyeno zimakhala zotetezeka kuti ziwotche.
Nthawi zonse za chaka, a Holshtin amafunika:
- silo;
- hay;
- tirigu;
- mizu masamba;
- udzu wa nyemba - vetch, clover, nyemba, ndi zina zotero.
Pofuna kulimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito, muyenera kuwonjezera mavitamini ku zakudya zake. Ngati ng ombe imapereka makilogalamu osachepera 20 a mkaka mkaka wa mkaka, imakhala ndi magalamu 105 a mapuloteni pamtundu uliwonse wa chakudya, ngati makilogalamu oposa 20, amafunikira magalamu 110.
Choncho, ng'ombe ya Holstein imafuna:
- kudya ndi mapuloteni - pafupifupi 30 kilograms;
- nyemba udzu - pafupifupi makilogalamu 20;
- udzu wobiriwira - mawu opanda malire.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kutanthawuza kuti chakudya chimapatsa thanzi, chomwe chingapereke chinyama ndi mphamvu zosiyana, pali lingaliro logwirizana la "feed unit", lomwe limafanana ndi kilogalamu ya oats.
Chilimwe chikuyenda msipu
M'nyengo ya chilimwe, nkhuku zimayenera kudyetsa udzu, koma kusintha kosavuta kwa masamba atsopano kuyenera kupewa kupeŵa matenda osokoneza bongo. 
Musanayambe kutulutsa nyama kumalo odyetserako ziweto m'mawa, imathirira madzi ndi kudyetsedwa ndi phala. Amalimbikitsidwanso kudyetsa ndi kudyetsa ng'ombe kuti idye msipu ndi chakudya, ndikudyetsa madzulo atayikidwa m'khola.
Mosiyana ndi akazi odyetsa, amuna amtundu uwu amakhala osungidwa bwino, ndipo amadyetsa bwino ndi kulemera popanda kuwononga mphamvu pachabe. Kudya kalori komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, zinyama zoterozo zimapanga tsiku lililonse kufika pa kilo imodzi ndi theka la kulemera kwake.
Mukudziwa? N'zotheka kukopa ng'ombe kuti ifike masitepe, koma simudzamukakamiza kuti abwerere pansi.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo yozizira
Nthawi ya chilimwe itatha, ndi nthawi yosuntha ziweto ku khola. Kawirikawiri, akazi amamera mu kasupe, m'chilimwe ali ndi mwayi wolandira zakudya zabwino kwambiri, komanso kubereka kwa Chaka Chatsopano ndi nyengo ya Khrisimasi.
Nthaŵi imene akazi opindulitsa kwambiri amasamutsidwa ku khola ndilolunjika. Pofuna kupeŵa zovuta m'thupi, ng'ombezo zimapititsidwa pang'onopang'ono kupita ku zakudya zopanda mphamvu. Kuonjezera apo, m'pofunika kulengeza zakudya zowonjezera mchere, makamaka magnesium. 
M'nyengo yozizira, a Holshtinkas ayenera kukhala oyenera kudya:
- nyemba udzu;
- tirigu wambewu;
- chakudya cha soya.
Ndikofunikira! Mwamwayi, ng ombe siikhalanso yowonjezera ngakhale kuti zolephereka kukhale zochepa, choncho, kudyetsa ng'ombe zobala bwino kumayenera kukonzekera bwino. Nkhumba zoyamba chifukwa cha matenda odyetsa zimadwala nthawi zambiri. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zakudya zambiri zimachotsedwa mthupi ndi mkaka, womwe ndi katundu wambiri pa thupi.
Zakudya m'nyengo yozizira zikuwoneka ngati izi:
- chakudya chochepa - 38%;
- chakudya chamadzimadzi - 34%;
- zakudya zowonjezera - 28%;
- Kwalemera kwake konse, pali makilogalamu asanu a zinthu zowuma.
Video: Nkhokwe ya Holstein-Friesian ya ng'ombe
Ng'ombe za Holstein kuzungulira dziko lapansi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani akuluakulu ogulitsa mafakitale kuti apange mkaka wambiri wambiri. Pa famu yayikulu pali mwayi wodzetsa zakudya zabwino komanso kusamalira nyama zosadziwika, zofuna komanso zodula. Zilinso zosavuta kukonzekera zonse zopanga ndi njira zamakono, kuti akope akatswiri oyenera ndi ndalama. M'magulu apadera ndi pa famu yaing'ono, chiopsezo cholephera kupirira ndi kubweretsa zoperewera zambiri ndizokulu kwambiri.
