Pali zosankha zingapo pakupanga tchire la mphesa: fan, azmana, osathandizidwa, gazebo, opanda manja, lalikulu-nested, Kakheti, etc. Malangizo ambiri amadziwika ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira nthawi zakale. Mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe a malgari amatchulidwabe ndi olemba akale. M'zaka zaposachedwa, aku France adakhazikitsa kamvekedwe; kumadera awo kumene mphesa zimadzalidwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa zotchuka. Wolemba chidutswa chotchuka kwambiri ndi Jules Guillot. Ndi njira yake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti onse oyambira ayambe, ndipo nyengo yoyenera kwambiri kudulira kwakukulu ndi yophukira.
Pa chiyambi cha dongosolo lokolola ndi mfundo yolowa m'malo
Omwe amapanga vinyo omwe amalankhula zabodza ponena za kupanga ndi mfundo yolowa m'malo, ponena kuti uku ndi zaka zomaliza, akhala akuchita zolakwika kuyambira pa nthawi ya ma Soviet 50s. A Jules Guillot, dotolo wachifalansa komanso katswiri wasayansi yemwe amakonda mphesa zomwe zimakonda kupesa mphesa, adati kudulira. Buku lake "Vine Culture and Vinification", lomwe limafotokoza za chidwi chodulira, lidasindikizidwa mu 1860. Chifukwa chake, otsutsana ndiukadauloyu akulakwitsa kwa pafupifupi zaka zana.
Chiwembu choyimira cha Guyot: pakatikati pake pali cholumikizira cha zipatso (mfundo yolowa ndi mkondo wa zipatso); kumanzere kuli kulumikizana komweko kwa zipatso, koma mu chirimwe (muvi udayesedwa, mfundo yolowera m'malo mwake idakhala yotsika), kumanzere kuli mpesa womwewo mu kugwa, mutatha kudulira iwo udzakhalanso ulalo wazipatso, monga pakatikati
Mwina mapangidwe a Guyot achikale, njira zopitilira patsogolo zawonekera. Amati dongosolo la Chablis ndilodziwika bwino ku France lero. Anayamba kuyeseza ndi wamaluwa aku Russia. Koma pali zambiri zochepa zodulira Chablis, zitha kumveka, akatswiri okhawo omwe angaganize ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito kwina. Ndikwabwino kuti oyamba kumene ayambe ndi ndondomeko yotsimikiziridwa kale, pomwe pali ndemanga, makanema ndi malingaliro ambiri. Ndipo pazoyambira zosavuta, mutha kupitilizabe ku zamakono komanso zamakono. Nokha, mutawerenga nkhani zambiri ndikuonera kanema pamutuwu, kudula Guyot kumawonekerabe kovuta. Mwinanso kumvetsetsa komaliza kumadza ndi ntchito pomwe ineyo ndikadzala mpesa wobala zipatso zanga zobzala pachaka.
Kanema: Kusintha kopanda pake, kusintha kwa njira ya Chablis
Mulinso kudulira mphesa m'dzinja ndi masika
Kudulira kokhazikika kumatha kuchitika kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yophukira, popanda masamba pamtengowo, ndiye kuti masamba asanatseguke kapena masamba atagwa. Kusankhidwa kwa nyengo ya mwambowu kumapangidwira poganizira zosayembekezereka za nyengo yozizira. Palibe amene akudziwa momwe adzakhalire, momwe mphesa zake adzapulumutsire. Chifukwa chake, pali malingaliro awiri othandiza kwambiri:
- Chitani chomaliza, kukonza kuduliraku mchaka, pomwe minda ya mpesa itawoneka kale: kuchuluka kwake komwe kumatuluka, kuwonongeka ndi mbewa kapena kusungidwa kwathunthu.
- Chitani kudulira kwakukulu mu kugwa, koma ndi malire ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mukufuna kupanga malaya awiri, kusiya mphukira 3-4 za izi, muyenera kudula masamba a masamba 5-7, kusiya 8-10. Dulani owonjezera mphukira kumapeto kwa kasupe, ndikuchotsa impso kapena kufupikitsani mipesa yomwe mukufuna.
Lamulo lofunika: simungadule pakagwa thukuta, pomwe masamba ake akutuluka kale ndipo akukula. Mipesa imalira kwambiri ndipo imatha kupukuta kwathunthu.
Kulira mphesa chifukwa cha kuperewera kosakwanira
Maupangiri ena othandiza ochokera kwa akatswiri opanga vinyo:
- Dulani mphukira kuchokera ku nthambi yayikulu kuti isakhale mphete, koma mtengo.
- Mukafupikitsa mphukira ndi impso ziwiri, ndiye kuti simudzapezeka zipatso. Chowonadi ndi chakuti masamba atatu oyambira kuchokera ku nthambi yayikulu kapena tsinde amayikidwanso mu June, pomwe palibe kutentha kokwanira kupanga maluwa.
- Siyani kukongoletsa mphukira yomwe ikulira kutali (kumtunda) kuchokera kumunsi kwa chitsamba, ndipo mfundo yoti ikalowe m'malo iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pansi pa muvi wopatsa zipatso. Chitsamba cha mphesa chimapereka mphamvu zonse ku masamba akutali. Ngati muli ndi mfundo yolowera pamwamba pa muvi wazipatso, ndiye kuti timadziti tonse tithandizira. Mitu yamphamvu idzamera, ndipo muvi wazipatso udzakhala wopanda mphamvu ndi wosabala.
- Zilibe kanthu kuti mfundo yobwezeretsayo yalunjikitsidwa kuti: mmwamba, pansi, kapena mbali. Komabe, chaka chilichonse yesani kumeta mfundo kuti iwoneke "chimodzimodzi" chaka chatha, mwachitsanzo, chotsika kapena chokweza. Amakhulupilira kuti ngati chaka chilichonse mumapanga magawo kuchokera kumanja osiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti kutuluka kwa madzi kumatha kusokonezeka. Chakudya cha mphukira ndi Magulu chimakhala chofooka, chomwe chingakhudze zipatso.
Manja ndi gawo losatha la mphesa. Ngati tijambula fanizo ndi mtengo, ndiye kuti awa ndi nthambi za m'mimba. Chaka chilichonse, zolumikizira zipatso zimapangidwa pamanja kuchokera pa mphukira za chaka chatha. Malinga ndi Guyot, kulumikizana kwa zipatso ndi mpesa wautali (muvi) ndi mfundo yayifupi. 5-10 masamba atsalira pa muvi wazipatso, mphukira ndi zipatso zimamera kuchokera kwa iwo. Chovala cholowa m'malo chidadulidwa posachedwa, chifukwa cha masamba atatu, ndiye kuti mphukira zosabala zimaphukira kuti zikhale cholumikizira zipatso chaka chamawa.
Kudula mphesa m'dzinja molingana ndi chiwembu cha Guyot (fomu yophimba)
Ulalo wazipatso, mfundo yolowa m'malo mwa muvi, ndiye gawo lalikulu la chiwembu cha Guyot. Amatchedwa njerwa, momwe mungapangire mitundu yosiyanasiyana, chifukwa zitsamba zam'mphesa zimamera m'modzi, awiri, atatu, manja anayi. Ziwerengero zawo zimatengera nyengo ndi nyengo.
Mutaphukira, mpesawo umadulidwapo kolumikizira zipatso: pamwamba pali mfundo yolowererapo, pansi pali muvi wazipatso
Pogula mbande, yesani kuphunzira zambiri zamtunduwu. Iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake mwapangidwe. Mwachitsanzo, oyambirira a Violet amakula m'malaya anayi, kusiya mpaka masamba 7 pa mpesa uliwonse, ndi Novocherkassk Anniumphasi - m'mikono iwiri yokhala ndi masamba 8-10. Chiwerengero chonse cha masamba opendekera pazipatso za zipatso nthawi zambiri sichidutsa 20-30, kumpoto kapena kumtunda zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono, ziyenera kukhala zochepa, kum'mwera pamitundu yamphamvu - zambiri. Ngati atapangidwa m'mikono iwiri, ndiye kuti impso zotsika mpaka mpaka mpaka 10-15 zimasiyidwa pa muvi uliwonse, ana a impso a 5-7 m'mikono inayi.
Dongosolo la Guillot lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusiyanasiyana ndi manja osiyanasiyana. Chachikulu ndikumvetsetsa mfundo yopanga ndi kukhazikitsa ulalo wazipatso. Chifukwa chake, timatenga ngati maziko kupendekera kosavuta kwambiri kwa mphesa mu manja a 1-2 ndi ulalo umodzi wazipatso zilizonse.
Chaka choyamba mutabzala
Fomu yophimba ya Guyot imatanthawuza kupangika kwa mphesa popanda tsinde, kotero kuti ndizotheka kupindika mipesa ndikuwadzaza ndi nyengo yachisanu, udzu, mabango ndi zida zina. Chifukwa chake, mutabzala, mudzala mbande mpaka gawo loyambirira, ndiye kuti, tsinde lonse liyenera kukhala pansi panthaka, ndipo mipesa ikhale pomwepo pamwamba pake. Ndikwabwino kubzala zodula pakona, ndikutengera komwe mukufuna kukabzala mitengo yazipatso pakugwa.
Kuti apange fomu yopanda sitampu, mbandezo zimayikidwa m'manda kuti nthambi yoyandikira ili pafupi ndi nthaka
M'chaka choyamba mutabzala, mphukira imodzi yayitali ikula pofika nthawi yophukira. Kuti mupange kulumikizana kwa zipatso, mumangofunika impso ziwiri zokha. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuwerengera masamba awiri kuchokera kumunsi ndikudula gawo lalitali, koma izi zitha kuchitika mu April. Mukugwa, chepetsa ndi malire - woposa masamba atatu. Pambuyo pakupambana nyengo yachisanu, siyani awiri okhawo, chotsani ena onse. Zaka zotsatila, musaiwale kupanga gawo lomaliza la impso pachaka chilichonse.
Kumanzere, kudulira chitsamba ndi mphukira imodzi, kumanja - ndi awiri
Ngati munagula mmera ndi mphukira ziwiri, ndiye kuti zonsezo ndikukula ndikuzidula zokha. M'tsogolomu mudzakhala ndi chitsamba chokhala ndi manja awiri. Njira ina: yikani mmera wanu ngati chitsamba chaka chimodzi. Kubala kumayambira chaka chimodzi zisanachitike.
Mapangidwe azaka ziwiri chitsamba
Pa masamba awiri otsalawo pachilimwe, mphukira ziwiri zimakula. M'dzinja, pokumbukira maupangiri a odziwa zambiri, wapamwamba amafunika kudulidwa ngati muvi wazipatso, ndi wotsikira, womwe uli pafupi ndi tsinde, ngati mfundo yobwezeretsa. Mfundo yolowererapo nthawi zonse imadulidwa kukhala masamba 2, pakugwa - ndi malire. Muvi wazipatso wazaka 2-3 zaka zambiri amafupikitsidwira 6 masamba.
Mmera wazaka ziwiri mutadulira, ulalo woyamba wazipatso wapangidwa kale - mfundo yolowa m'malo mwa muvi wazipatso
Kupanga kutengulira tchire la zaka zitatu
Nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri ikubwera, masamba oyamba a mphesa azioneka pa mbande zanu. Chapakatikati pa chaka chachitatu, mangani muvi wazipatso (mpesa) molunjika. Mphukira zobala zipatso zimayamba kukula kuchokera pa masamba ake, kumangirira ndikuwatsogolera motsatira trellis kumtunda. Mphukira ziwiri zimamera pamtengo wolowa m'malo, koma wosabala. Mukugwa, masamba atagwa, gwiritsani ntchito masamba odulira.
Mphesa za mphesa kwa zaka zitatu, mphukira zosabereka zimawonetsedwa ndi stroko, koma zidzabala zipatso chaka chamawa
M'chaka chachitatu, mumapatsidwa zosankha zingapo kuti mupangire zina:
- Kokani muvi wonse wa zipatso kuti mukhale mfundo yolowera m'malo mwake, kutalikirana kwa 2 cm kuchokera kumapeto awiri, ndikupanganso ulalo wazipatsozo, kapenanso ngati mmera wazaka ziwiri zokha. Zotsatira zake, mudzakhala ndi yunifolomu yosavuta imodzi ndi yolumikizira chipatso chimodzi.
- Fupikitsani, osadula muvi wonse wazipatso, kusiya pazomwe mphukira ziwiri zapafupi kwambiri. Fomu lamanja awiri limakhazikitsidwa, ndiye kuti, mphukira ziwiri pamivi ndi ziwiri pa mfundo yolowera. Chepetsa iwo mozungulira, ngati mwana wazaka ziwiri zakubadwa: oyandikana kwambiri ndi maziko - mpaka mfundo zoyambira, kutali - kumivi wazipatso.
- Chaka chilichonse chitsamba chimakupatsirani nsonga zopota - mphukira zomwe zimamera kuchokera muzu kapena tsinde. Mutha kuzigwiritsa ntchito kupanga mikono yowonjezera kapena kusintha wakale, kudwala, kusweka, kuzizira, etc. Dulani iwo kukhala impso ziwiri ndikukula mfundo yolowa m'malo ndi muvi.
Mikono iwiri imapangidwa kuchokera muvi wofupikitsidwa wazipatso ndi mphukira zomwe zalumikizidwa kuchokera ku mfundo yobwezeretsa; mkono uliwonse (phewa) limatha ndi ulalo wazipatso
Chofunikira pakudulira mphesa ndi mitsempha yanu yachitsulo. M'chilimwe, unyinji wobiriwira wobiriwira uzikula. Zonsezi ziyenera kudulidwa kuti zigawike impso. Ndikudziwa ndekha momwe zimakhalira zomvetsa chisoni kuti masamba opatsika pamodzi ndi chikondi amatipanga. Ndimakhala ku Siberia ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba chaka chatha ndidabzala mitengo iwiri ya mphesa. M'chilimwe chonse ndinali wokondwa momwe mphukira zimakulira mwachangu, ndikumata tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuti tithandizire. Wodikirira pansi pa 2 metres. Ndipo tangolingalirani, izi zonse ziyenera kudulidwa kumiyendo iwiri kuchokera pansi! Koma sindinadule mu kugwa. Anaika zonse zomwe zinali pansi, anazikuta ndi nthambi, zokutira, ndi filimu. Chapakatikati ndidzaona momwe mphesa zanga zinapulumukira nthawi yozizira, ndikuyamba kupanga. Ngati mumanong'oneza bondo ndikusiya zoposa zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi ambuye, ndiye kuti zophukira ndi mphukira zambiri zimakula, zipatsozo zimakhala zazing'ono komanso zowawasa.
Kanema: Kusintha malaya 4 okhala ndi mfundo yolowa m'malo
Kudulira kumapeto kwa chaka chachinayi komanso pambuyo pake
M'chaka chachinayi, mudzakhala kale ndi chitsamba chopatsa zipatso chomwe chimafunika kudulidwa, malingana ndi zoyambitsa mtundu wina. Mphukira ziwiri zimayenera kumera pa mfundo zotengera, ndipo zipatsozo zimatulutsa, kutengera mitundu ndi manja a manja, kusiya kutalika kofunikira. Mukamvetsetsa momwe mungapangire kulumikizana kwachipatso chimodzi, mudzatha kupanga baka m'matumba a 2-4.
Mphukira zitatu nthawi zina zimasiyidwa pa mfundo yolowera m'malo mwake ndipo mphukira zitatu zimakula: imodzi ndi mfundo yotsatira chaka chamawa ndi mivi iwiri yazipatso. Chilumikizachi chimatchedwa kuti cholimbitsa. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa masamba pa mivi yonse iwiri kuyenera kukhala kochepera ngati mukukula kulumikizana kwa zipatso ndi muvi umodzi. Kapenanso kupanga manja ochepa. Kupatula apo, kuchuluka kwa mphukira ndi Magulu a chitsamba chimodzi popanga mapangidwe azikhala kosalekeza.
Maulalo azipatso: a - cholumikizira chosavuta ndi muvi umodzi (2), b - cholumikizira cholimbikitsidwa ndi mivi iwiri (2); manambala 1 amatanthauza mfundo zoyimira
Pakupita kwa zaka, mkono uliwonse (phewa) limatalika ndikukula. Akakafika patchire loyandikana, limakhala chifukwa chakukulira, muyenera kudula malaya onse mpaka chitsa, kenako ndikubwezeretsa, kuyambira kumtunda, kukulanso watsopano. Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zina zobwezeretserani malaya: zachikale, kukhala osabereka, kusweka, kuwonongeka ndi matenda, ndi zina. Pang'onopang'ono ndikusintha malaya akale, mutha kusinthanso chitsamba.
Kanema: choti muchite mutapeza chiwembu ndi mpesa wakale
Alimi a mpesa ati omwe ali ndi zaka zinayi zamtchire siabweranso, koma akatswiri. Zoyambira zimaphunziridwa, pochita mudzawona kale momwe mpesa umakulira, momwe timango timapangidwira, momwe gawo la malaya omwe amatulutsa zipatso zambiri, etc. M'manja mwaluso, mphesa zimapereka zipatso zoyambirira mchaka chachiwiri. Zachidziwikire, izi ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi nyengo komanso mawonekedwe a mitundu.
Fomu yovuta kwambiri: malaya a 2 ndi zolumikizira 4 za zipatso, zopangidwa zaka ziwiri
Mphesa kwambiri zopangira oyambira
Amakhulupirira kuti mapangidwe oyenera ndi othandiza kwa zigawo zakumwera zokha, m'madera azigawo zam'misiri, komwe mphesa nthawi yachisanu sizigwada kapena pogona. Komabe, pali alimi omwe adaphunzira kugona pansi ndi mitundu ya mphesa izi. Mfundo za mapangidwe a ulalo ndizofanana - ndi mfundo yolowa m'malo, koma maziko ake a mipesa sanakhale pafupi ndi dziko lapansi, koma pamwamba pake. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa tsinde ndi 0.8-1.2 m, ndipo kwa mitundu ndi ma hybrids omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yakukula - 1.8 m. Ndiye kuti thunthu limakula mpaka kutalika uku, masamba onse amachotsedwa mmalo mwake, omwe okha ndiwo omwe ali otsala. Zachidziwikire, ma puloti oyenera, mitengo kapena mitengo yayikulu ndi yofunika.
Mphesa za tsinde zimapangidwa m'mikono iwiri, iliyonse imakhala ndi zolumikizira zitatu
Kudulira mphesa zamtundu umodzi ndikuthekera kuphimba nyengo yachisanu
Fomuyi ndi yoyenererana ndi malo aang'ono komwe mukufuna kudziwa mitundu yambiri. Mipira ingabzalidwe pamtunda wa 50 cm kuchokera kwa wina. Kuphatikiza apo, malamulowa ndi osavuta kumvetsetsa ndipo atha kukhala maziko a mitundu ina yokhazikika.
- Chaka choyamba mutabzala. Mukugwa, dulani mmera mu 3 masamba. Pakatikati, chotsani pansi awiri, ndipo kuchokera pamwamba, kukulani mphukira yokhazikika, kumangiriza pamtengo.
- Chaka chachiwiri. M'dzinja, kufupikitsa mphukirayo kufikira kutalika komwe mukufuna. Chapakatikati, chotsani masamba onse, siyani awiri apamwamba okha.
- Chaka chachitatu. Ndi kugwa, mphukira ziwiri zimakula ndikukula. Amodzi amadula kukhala mfundo yolowa m'malo, wina kukhala muvi wazipatso. Mangani chipatso cha mpesa molimba kwa trellis, ngati mawonekedwe osalala.
- Chaka chachinayi. Dulani mtengo wonse wa mpesa kukhala chitsa, kuchokera kumamphukira awiri pamtengo wolowererapo ndikupanga ulalo watsopano wachipatso.
Kanema: Kudulira kosavuta kwa mphesa mu yophukira pazithunzi
Zaka zoyambira kupanga shaft iyi ndizosinthika, ndikosavuta kuchichotsa pachithandizo ndikuchiyika pansi. Ikakhala yakhuthala komanso yosasunthika, imani mphukira kuchokera pakampeni kuti mulowe m'malo. Kumagawo akum'mwera, simungathe kuchotsa mphesa pazopangira ndipo simukuphimba. Koma nthawi zonse pamakhala chiwopsezo cha nyengo yozizira, kotero kuti wamaluwa ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphukira yaying'ono, yomwe imayikidwa pansi ndikufundidwa m'dzinja. Ngati chitsamba chinapulumuka nyengo yachisanu bwino, mtengo wamphesa sunali wothandiza, umadulidwa kuti ukhale wolowererapo kenako ndikuwombera wachinyamata watsopano. Mwanjira ina, sikofunikira kuchotsa masamba onse ndi mphukira kuchokera zero, kusiya kokha kumtunda kosavundikira nyengo yachisanu. Chifukwa chake muyika chiopsezo chotaya chitsamba chonse.
Osangokhala ozizira kwambiri, komanso mvula yozizira koopsa ndiyowopsa mphesa. Mipesa imakutidwa ndi ayezi wosalala, pomwe ikulemera, imatha kuthyoka. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi amalowa pansi pamiyala ya impso, pomwe imayamba kugundana, amasintha kukhala makhiristo ndikuwawononga kuchokera mkati.
Ntchito yopanga akatswiri: tchire limasiyana kutalika kwa ma boles, mikono ili pamiyeso yosiyanasiyana, iliyonse ili ndi magawo angapo a zipatso
Kapangidwe ka mitundu yosiyana kumasiyana ndikulima kopanda chaka chokha, pomwe m'malo awiri, imodzi yasiyidwa kuti ikulutse thunthu. Kupanda kutero, chilichonse chimachitika molingana ndi dongosolo la Guyot kapena lina lililonse. Kapangidwe ka masitampu ndi kamodzi komwe kumabwezerako (ndikosavomerezeka pogona nyengo yachisanu), lili ndi zabwino zingapo:
- Nthaka imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri konse bwino monga zitsamba zingabzalidwe nthawi zambiri - 50-70 masentimita pakati pa tchire m'malo mwa 1-1.5 m.
- Palibenso chifukwa chomangira mphukira zopindulitsa, zimakhazikika pansi momasuka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zantchito zimachepetsedwa, trellises zosavuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Kucha kwa zipatsozo kumakhala bwino, chifukwa masamba samakhala ochepa, mphukira sizokhazikika, zikuyenda mumphepo.
- Ndikwabwino kukula m'malo omwe herbivores imatha kulowa m'minda yamphesa.
- Chophimba masamba chimapezeka mita kuchokera pansi ndi pamwamba, zomwe zimathandizira kulimbana ndi namsongole.
- Kutalika kwa masamba ndi matambalala kuchokera pansi, mwayi wocheperako wowoneka ngati wa mafangasi.
Kudulira mphesa mu kugwa, kumbali imodzi, kumangoyambitsa ntchito. Chapakatikati, muyenera kusintha impso. Komabe, mpesa wodulidwawu suvuta kugona pansi ndikusungirako chisanu. Inde, pamitengo yopanda zipatso imamera mpaka 40 mphukira. Kuchuluka kumeneku kudzafunika mphamvu zambiri, malo ndi zofunda zogona. Ndipo mbande za chaka chimodzi zitha kupatsidwa nyengo yachisanu yonse. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito chiwembu chodziwika bwino komanso chodziwika bwino pakupanga, mutakhala ndi chidziwitso, mutha kusintha ndikusankha yanu.
