Chokoma (Chibulgaria) tsabola - masoka a mavitamini, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mchere wa mchere, zinthu zowonjezera, chakudya chokhazikika chokha.
Ichi ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali chotetezera, komanso maziko a zakudya zokoma ndi zathanzi.
Mlingo wa kutchuka kwake umangofanizidwa ndi kuyesedwa kwake kwa Zinthu za kukula - nthaka, yozungulira kutentha, kuwala, chinyezi.
Kusamalira pepper pansi
Tsabola wobiriwira kuti mutsegule: Kuti mutenge zipatso zabwino, zamaluwa, zamaluwa, muyenera kuyandikira njira zonse za kulima mbewuyi ndikudziŵa makhalidwe awo.
- Pepper amapereka zokolola zabwino kwambiri pa loamy chernozem ndi mchenga.
- Izi zikufunikanso kuti kasinthasintha mbeu: ndi zofunika kuti zikule pamalo amodzi kwa chaka chimodzi. Monga otsogolera ayenera kusankha masamba ndi masamba oyambirira.
- Ground ya tsabola wokoma ndi okonzeka kumapeto kwa munda wamtunda, kumasula nthaka kuti masentimita 30, ndikutsatiridwa ndi 3-4 kg / m² wa manyowa odzaza kwambiri.
- Malo oti chodzala akukonzekera kuganizira momwe akukhalira pazithunzi za miyambo yapamwamba. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa zotsatira zolakwika za kutentha kwa kutentha kwa tsabola, komanso kuteteza mphepo.
Kukula mbande tsabola tsabola njira
Kodi mungapange bwanji tsabola?
Ambiri kuswana chikhalidwe mbande njira. Tikulimbikitsanso kukula mbande mu humus - miphika yadothi kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwa mizu yochepa ya mbewu.
Kusakaniza kwa iwo ndikokonzekera motere: pa magawo 8 a humus, tengani mbali ziwiri za turf ndi 1 gawo la mullein ndi kuwonjezera kwa 40 g ya superphosphate, 10 g wa urea ndi 5 g wa potaziyamu sulphate pa chidebe. Mtengo woyenera wa mphika uliwonse ndi 60x60 mm.
Kukonzekera Mbewu
Pa nthawi yomwe aikidwa mu kusakaniza, mbeu iyenera kukhala yokonzeka.
- Choyamba, mbewu zodzala kwambiri zimasankhidwa: zimatsanulidwira mu chidebe ndi madzi, zimagwedezeka, zimaloledwa kuthetsa, mbewu zowonongeka zimachotsedwa, madzi amatsanulira mumsambo wabwino.
- Zotsalirazo zouma, zimatetezedwa ku disinfected mu njira yofooka ya manganese, imamera pa minofu yothira nthawi yambiri asanayambe.
- Mbeu yokonzedweratu ya zidutswa zitatu mpaka 4 imayikidwa mu miphika yowuma, kenako imadetsedwa ndi nthaka yosanjikiza 10 - 20 mm.
Ufulu wa chithunzicho umasonyeza mbewu za tsabola wokoma.
Kusamalira mmera
Pofulumira mbewu kumera, mabokosi omwe ali ndi mbande zam'tsogolo amakaikidwa pamalo okongola ndi kutentha:
- 25 - 30 ° С (Zingakhale zenera zowonongeka m'nyumba kapena wowonjezera kutentha) isanayambe mphukira;
- pambuyo poonekera 10 - 15 ° С sabata lonse;
- 20 - 25 ° С musanadzale mbande pansi.
Kuthirira mbande patapita masiku awiri, ndikupewa chinyezi chambiri pansi. Kuthira tsiku ndi tsiku kumafunika pamene maonekedwe a masamba anayi ndi asanu oona.
Mbande ziyenera kudyetsedwa. 50 g wa superphosphate, 20 g wa urea ndi 15 g wa sulfate ya potaziyamu amatengedwa pa ndowa. Kuyambira organic feteleza ntchito nayonso mbalame zitosi kapena slurry. Kugwiritsa ntchito organic ndi mchere feteleza alternate. Kudyetsa koyamba kumachitika mu gawo la maonekedwe a tsamba loyamba loona, kubwezeretsedwanso mu gawo la masamba 4 mpaka asanu.
Kubzala mbande pansi, kuthirira ndi kudyetsa
Njira yofunika kwambiri ya agrotechnical yakukula tsabola ndi kubzala mbande pansi.
- Pakatha masabata awiri musanadzale mbande Yambani kutseka kwake: kuchepetsa kutentha, kuchepetsa kuthirira, kuti muwone kuwunikira; Ngati palibe chiopsezo cha chisanu, tengani zomera kunja.
- 5 - masiku 10 musanadzalemo tsabola pansi iwo amapopedwa ndi 0,5% yothetsera mkuwa wa sulfate kuti ateteze motsutsana ndi matenda a fungal.
- Tsabola, yoyenera kubzala pansi, ili ndi masamba 5 - 6 enieni, phesi lamphamvu, yomwe inayamba mizu.
- Asanadzalemo, mbande zili bwino.
Anabzala kumadera akum'mwera kumapeto kwa April. Kumadera okhala ndi kutentha kwa nthawiyi, ndibwino kuti asankhe kuyamba kwa June pa nthawi yoyenda.
Kawirikawiri, kuzungulira kwa mbeu mpaka kubzala kwa tsabola pansi kumatenga masiku 45 mpaka 55 poonetsetsa kuti kutentha kwake kumakhala koyenera, kutsogolo kwafupipafupi, komanso ubwino wothirira ndi kudyetsa. Kubzala kumachitika mwa njira yamba ndi chakudya cha 70x15 masentimita mu chomera chimodzi kapena 70x30 cm mu zomera ziwiri pazomwe.
Muzitsime zamadzi zisanayambe kumayika zomera pamodzi ndi dothi la earthy 1 - 1.5 masentimita mozama kuposa mzere wa mizu, kenako kuwawaza ndi nthaka youma. Tsiku lotsatira pambuyo pa kubwereka kwa tsabola m'nthaka ayenera kuthiriridwa kachiwiri. Panthawi yonse ya kulima kufikira nthawi yokolola, kuthirira kumabwereza nthawi zonse, kuteteza dothi kuti liwume.
Ndikofunikira! Kuperewera kwa chinyezi m'nthaka kumabweretsa:
- kugwa kwa maluwa ndi losunga mazira;
- kumangidwa kwa zomera;
- matenda a fetus;
- kwambiri zokolola kuchepetsa.
Pambuyo kuthirira, nthaka imasulidwa, ndipo iyenera kuchitidwa mosamala, yopitirira mozama osati kuposa masentimita asanu, ndikuyang'anira malo apadera pafupi ndi tsinde.
Ndikofunikira! Manyowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyengo yokula, malingana ndi nthaka ya zomera, kupeŵa feteleza zamchere zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa vegetative mphukira ndi kuchepetsa mapangidwe a zipatso.
Koma Kudyetsa koyamba kumafunikanso masiku 10 - 15 kutuluka: Chisakanizo cha 15 g wa ammonium nitrate, 20 g wa superphosphate ndi 5 g wa potaziyamu mchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 1 mamita.
Mbande zotero mwamsanga ndi bwino kuzika mizu, zimapereka zokolola zabwino komanso zam'mbuyomu.
Mukhoza kudziwa zambiri za momwe mungabzalitsire mbande za tsabola wokoma pamalo otseguka, mungathe kuwonetsera pazithunzi zotsatirazi:
Kukula tsabola ku mbewu zomwe zili pansi
Kodi mungakonde bwanji tsabola wokongola ku Bulgaria?
Pamene mukukula tsabola wokoma pamalo otseguka mwa njira yopanda mmera, choyamba nthaka yochotsedwa bwino ndi yodulidwa imafunika kwa tsabola wokoma.
Mbewu ya tsabola ya ku Bulgaria yotseguka ndi yotetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma siidamera. Nthaŵi yoyenera yobzala mbewu ndi khumi ndi awiri a April.
Ngati simukukondana, kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu, pamene mbeu yobzala idzasinthidwa, mbewuzo zimayamba kumera musanayambe.
Mmene mungamere mbewu za tsabola ku Bulgaria?
Mu nthaka yosamalidwa bwino ndi nthaka mumapanga masentimita 8 - 10 pa 1 mamita. Mmodzi mwa iwo, mofulumira kumera, mbeu 4-5 zimagwidwa, ndi kuyera kwakukulu kwa 3-4 masentimita ndipo kenako mulching.
Pambuyo pa kuphuka kwa mbande m'zitsime, kawirikawiri zomera zotsalira 1 mpaka 2 zatsala. Ndi njira imeneyi yowonjezera chisamaliro cha zomera, kuthirira, kumasula, ndi malamulo omwewo ndi nthawi yofanana ndi njira yakukula mbande za tsabola.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Kulimbana ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga kumathandizanso polima tsabola. Matenda oyenera a matendawa komanso zomwe zimachitika nthawi yake zimathandiza kusunga mbewu komanso kupewa imfa yake.
- Causative agent verticillary wilting ndi bowa omwe amakhala m'nthaka. Amalowa m'mabala a mizu ikadzabzala pansi kapena kumasulidwa kwambiri.
Kuwonetsa kwa matendawa kufota mu zilonda zamtunduwu, kufota, tsamba lakugwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa internodes. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, zomera sizimapanga mazira ambiri, ngati matendawa achitika mu gawo la zipatso zopangidwa ndi zipatso, zipatso zimawomba ndipo sizidzadzaza. Njira zothandizira- kuteteza dothi, kusabzala bwino mbande pamodzi ndi nsalu ya nthaka, mosamala kwambiri kutsegula nthaka.
- Kuwonongeka kochedwa komanso chifukwa cha bowa. Malo okhudzidwa ngati mabala a bulauni ndi utoto wobiriwira wotchedwa halo uvunda mu nyengo yamvula. Njira zothandizira - Kubzala nthawi ya mbande panthawi yamadzulo popanda kukhazikitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa usana ndi usiku kutentha ndi mapangidwe amphamvu condensate ndi mphepo pa zomera.
- Vuto loyera (scleroteniosis). Matenda a fungal omwe amayamba muzu wa tsabola. Zizindikiro zimakhala pachimake pamwamba pa tsinde, ndi mkati mwake - zida zakuda zakuda zomwe zimateteza kuyamwa kwa mchere ndi mchere m'nthaka.
Vuto loyera limatsogolera ku imfa ya chomera. Njira zothandizira komanso zothandizira: kuyeretsa nthawi yeniyeni ya zomera zakufa, kumwa madzi okwanira, kupukuta ndi phulusa kapena choko ndi zilonda zazing'ono, kutentha kwapansi kwa nthaka.
- Grey kuvunda. Zomera zomwe zimalima m'mphepete mwa zomera zimakhala zowonongeka. Brown, madontho ozizira ndi imvi pachimake amaonekera pa tsinde ndi masamba pamwamba kwambiri ndipo amachepetsa kutentha kwa 10 ° C. Njira zothandizira - kumatsatira kutentha ndi chinyezi, zofunika pa kusinthasintha kwa mbeu, kupalira.
Ngati nkhungu yakuda imadziwonetsera yokha, chotsani zipatso zonse. Mukhoza kuchotsa imvi zowola mwa kupopera mankhwalawa: 30 g wosweka adyo kwa masiku awiri akuumirira pa chidebe cha madzi. Kupopera mbewu kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi mafakitale okonzekera zochitika zofanana.
- Vertex zowola. Komanso matenda a wowonjezera kutentha zomera, mabakiteriya kapena osapatsirana. Mtundu woyamba wa matendawa umakhala ndi maonekedwe a imvi, mtundu wachiwiri ukuwonetsedwa ngati mawonekedwe ofiira amtundu pa chipatso. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa zipatso zomwe zimabala sizimapsa, ndi kuvunda. Calcium nitrate ndi bwino kuthandiza ndi zizindikiro zoyamba. Zipatso zosonkhanitsidwa zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonongedwa.
- Msolo wakuda. Kuwonongeka kwa gawo la tsinde la mbande pamtunda wotsika ndi chinyezi. Zifukwazi ndizoletsedwa kwa mbewu ndi kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a kufesa pa mbande. Zomera zimayambira, nthaka imachizidwa ndi mkuwa sulphate. Monga njira yowonetsera, mbande zingapangidwe ndi mankhwala "Phytodoc".
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri amakhala othandiza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Aphid kusonkhanitsa pa ziwalo zonse za chomera, kumayamwa zakudya ndi chinyezi kuchokera m'matumba. Chotsatira chabwino chimaperekedwa mwa kupopera mankhwala a phulusa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kuwonjezera sopo pa 10 malita a madzi, 1 chikho cha phulusa ndi 30 g sopo. Mmalo mwa phulusa, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito fodya - 100 g pa 10 malita a madzi. Njira zoterezi zimagwiritsa ntchito nyemba za tsabola kangapo m'mawa.
- Kangaude mite amapanga madera kumunsi kwa tsamba la zomera. Kugonjetsedwa kwa nkhuku kumabweretsa chisokonezo cha ntchito zofunika ndi zopindulitsa. Kuwononga nkhupakupa, tsaya masamba ndi sopo kuchokera pansi.
- Slugs perekani kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chipatso, kukwera mkati mwawo. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito slugs ndizokusonkhanitsa ndi kuwononga. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yowonjezera mungu ndi phulusa, yopaka ndi mandimu kapena mpiru wa mpiru. Monga choletsera cha tizirombozi, parsley ikhoza kufesedwa pafupi ndi tsabola.
- Chipatala cha Colorado. Mphutsi, yowonongeka ndi tizilombo akuluakulu, idyani masamba. Ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, izi zingachititse kuti chiwonongeko ndi imfa ya mbewu ziwonongeke. Nyongolotsi, mphutsi ndi mazira zimakololedwa ndi manja. Pepper chomera amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena celandine tincture.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi matenda otheka ndi tizirombo ta tsabola wotsekemera mungapeze pa kanema pansipa:
Kukolola ndi kusungirako
Kololani pamene zipatso zakupsa: zimatsanulidwa, zimakhala ndi mtundu ndi kukula, zimayikidwa pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Za kuphulika zikhoza kuweruzidwa ndi mkokomo wa khalidwe pamene mukukhudza chipatsocho. Msonkhano woyamba ukuchitika pakati pa mwezi wa July - oyambirira a August. malingana ndi nyengo yolima kulima.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti yabwino kuwombera chipatso mu nyengo youma, kotero kuti chinyezi pa tsabola chokolola sichitha kuwonongeka panthawi yosungirako. Tsabola amachotsedwa popanda kudula tsinde, zomwe zimapangitsa khalala zake kukhala moyo popanda kutaya kukoma kwake.
Kwa nthawi yonseyi amathera ndalama zisanu. Pofotokoza frosts kusonkhanitsa zipatso zonse zotsala pa tchire kuti zipse m'nyumbamo.
Kodi mungapulumutse tsabola wa ku Bulgaria?
Kusunga zokolola tsabola analimbikitsa pa chinyezi cha 80 - 90% ndi kutentha kwa 8 - 10 ° C. Kulephera kwa zolephereka ndi kuwonongeka kwa chipatso kumawonjezera moyo wawo wa alumali. Tsabola wobiriwira akhoza kusungidwa mu refrigerators ndi zipinda zapansi kwa mwezi. N'zotheka kufalitsa tsabola ngati njira yotetezera.
Kupeza mbewu
Pamene mukukolola, muyenera kusamalira ma geni pa nyengo yotsatira, chifukwa kumera kwa mbeu kuchokera pawekha, kumatsatira malamulo onse a zomera kumafikira pafupifupi 100%. Kuchokera kumsankhulidwe wokhawokha, wokongola kwambiri ndi waukulu tsabola, amachotsedwa, mbewu zimasiyanitsidwa. Mbewu zouma mwachibadwa ndi kusungidwa mu matumba a thonje kwa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi.
Ndipo pang'ono ponena za kuswana.
Ndikofunikira! Ngakhale tsabola ndi chomera chokha chokha, pollination samatulutsidwa. Choncho, pamene mukukula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tsabola wokoma, ndikofunikira kudzipatula zomera zomwe zatsalira pa mbewu.
Pano pali, tsabola wa Chibulgaria - mwatsatanetsatane, wosadziwika, nthawi yowonongeka. Koma ndi malamulo onse, wakula mosamala komanso mwachikondi, ndithudi amapereka chipatso chokongola, chowawa komanso chokoma.
