Kwa nthawi yaitali, ng'ombe ya ku Russia idatchedwa namwino wonyamwitsa, ndipo chuma cha banja lachilendo chinatsimikiziridwa ndi chiwerengero cha zinyama zodabwitsa izi.
Kuyambira pamenepo, zambiri zasintha, koma Kuweta ng ombe za mkaka kumakhalabe chitukuko cha zinyama.
Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuzindikira mtundu wakuda ndi woyera, wapezeka m'madera ambiri m'dziko lathu, ku Ukraine ndi Moldova.
Mbiri yamabambo
Mu USSR kuyambira 1931 Ntchito inayamba pa kubereketsa ng'ombe zazikulu. Maziko adatengedwa ndi ng'ombe zakuda zakutchire motley bwino. Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Mitundu ya Simmentalsky ndi Dutch, Swiss, Ostfrizian nyama. Zotsatirazo zinali zabwino.
Mu 1959 Ng'ombe za mkaka zakuda ndi zakuda analandira udindo wa mtundu wosiyana, 53% Ng'ombe ya dziko lathu ndi pestrus.
Palinso Mitundu ina ya mkaka wa ng'ombemonga: Jersey, Simmentalskaya, Ayshirskaya, Yaroslavskaya, Kholmogorskaya, Red Steppe.
Zizindikiro za Black Pestroy
Oimira abambo ali mtundu wakuda ndi motley, munthu aliyense payekha, thupi lochepa, mutu wapakatikati ndi gawo la nkhope lalitali, nyanga zawonetsa mdima wamdima, udder ndi wofanana ndi chikho, mkaka wa mkaka umakhala pafupi kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo kwake, khungu la udder ndi losalala ndi zotanuka, miyendo ndi yamphamvu.
Dziko lathu ndi lalikulu kwambiri ndipo nyengo ikukhala yosiyana kwambiri, chifukwa cha izi, ntchito yobereketsa yokhala ndi zoweta zimadalira mtundu wamtundu umene umasinthidwa.
Pa chifukwa ichi mtundu wakuda ndi woyera umagawidwa m'magulu atatu: Central Europe, Ural, Siberia.
- Mu gawo lapakati mayiko Yaroslavl, Kholmogory, mitundu ya Kostroma inayambitsidwa ntchito yozala.. Iwo amasiyana ndi kukula kwakukulu ndi zokolola zambiri, chotero, powoloka ndi nyama za Dutch ndi Switzerland, mtundu watsopanowu walandira makhalidwe apadera, kukolola kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa misa.
Bull akhoza kulemera 1000 kg, ng'ombe mochepera - mpaka makilogalamu 650., ng'ombe zimabadwa zazikulu ndikulemera mpaka 1000 magalamu. tsiku. Mapaiti okhutira opangira kuchokera 4 mpaka 6,000 malita panthawi yopuma, index index: 3.5-3.7%;
- Kwa kuswana Ural gulu maziko adatengedwa Mitundu ya Tagil yakuda ndi yoyera, Baltic wakuda variegated ndi nyama za Ostfrizian. Kunja kwa nyama kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ku Ulaya. Chiwerengero cha chaka chilichonse chokolola cha makilogalamu 5500, koma mafuta - mpaka 4%;
- Mitundu ya Siberia mtundu wakuda ndi motley womwe unachokera Mitundu yakuda yakuda ndi ma Dutch. Chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta, oimira mtunduwo ndi ochepa, koma zokolola zonsezo zofanana kwambiri - mpaka makilogalamu 5000. pachakandi mafuta okhuta - 3.9-4%.
Chithunzi
Chithunzi "Black Motley" Ng'ombe:
Zomwe amangidwa
Mtunduwu uli ndi thanzi labwino ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa zikhalidwe zatsopano.koma pali zigawo zomwe zili, zomwe sizingakhoze kunyalanyazidwa:
- Chipinda kwa ng'ombe ayenera kukhala owumakhalani ndi mpweya wabwino;
- M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kwa mpweya sikuyenera kugwa pansi madigiri asanu;
- Kuunikira bwino imathandizira zinyama zamtundu muyimbi yogwira;
- Leash sayenera kulepheretsa kusunthira ndi kusokoneza nyama;
- Kuyeretsa mwakanthawi - chofunikira choyenera.
Chenjerani! Chojambula sichiloledwa.
Njira ndi kudyetsa
Kukula koyenera, chitukuko ndi kukula, kukhala ndi zokolola zambiri sikofunikira zikhalidwe zomangidwakomanso ndondomeko yoyenera. Kudyetsa ndi kuyamwitsa kumafunika nthawi yomweyo.. Kuphwanya ulamuliro kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mkaka.
Pali mawu oti mkaka wa ng'ombe uli pa lilime lake, mwa kuyankhula kwina, mkaka wa zakudya umatengera ngati ng'ombe yathu yodzala. Zakudya za chinyama ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala. M'nyengo yozizira ng'ombe imafunika 3.5 makilogalamu. udzu pa makilogalamu 100. zolemera. Pa zokolola zazikulu mumayenera kudya chakudya chokwanira pa mlingo wa 2 kapena 3 makilogalamu. la lita imodzi ya mkaka.
Chenjerani! Kudyetsa zitsamba kumabweretsa kudzikuzaNthawi zambiri zimakhala imfa ya nyama.
On litafuna zina za mkaka zokolola zidzafuna 150-200 magalamu. ufa kapena chinangwa, musaiwale za mchere - ndizofunika, ndipo kuwonjezera pa zakudya mu mawonekedwe osweka sizowoneka bwino.
Mphuno ndi mchere zimaphatikizidwa mu zakudya za chilimwe. - Zimathandiza kwambiri mkaka. M'chilimwe, ng'ombe imapeza zonse zomwe mukufunikira kuchokera ku zomera, kuphatikizapo mavitamini oyenera.
Mu nyengo yozizira Zakudya za mavitamini mu zakudya zimacheperachepera, chifukwa ndalama zomwe amalonda amapanga zimakhala zochepa vitamini zovuta zakudya zowonjezera.
Pofuna kukhalabe ndi mkaka wolimba musamawasamalire. Kwachibadwa chimbudzi chimbudzi amafunikira madzi ambiri.
Ngati madzi okwanira osakhalapo, nyama ziyenera kuthiriridwa m'mawa ndi madzulo ndi madzi otentha kutentha kapena pang'ono kutenthedwa.
Matenda
Osachepera kamodzi pa sabata Afunika kutsuka ng'ombe ndi botolo lapadera lachitsulo. Izi ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zivundikiro zikhale zoyera, kuti ziwononge ziphuphu zomwe zingatheke. Mkhalidwe wathanzi wa chinyama umadalira momwe zimakhalira., ndikofunika kuti muzidula nthawi. Chenjerani! Zomwe zingatetezedwe panthaŵi yake komanso zowonongeka zidzachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda.
Ng'ombe za ng'ombe zakuda ndi zoyera wolemekezeka ndi thanzi labwino lachirengedwe. Ichi ndi khalidwe lofunika - nthawi zambiri zinyama zofooka zopanda mphamvu zimatha kusunga mkaka pamwamba, koma kupewa matenda ambiri sizingatheke.
Kusamalira bwino, kudya zakudya zomveka bwino, katemera wa panthawi yake umachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda. Kupewa matenda ndi otsika mtengo, kumatenga nthawi yochepa ndi khama poyerekeza ndi chithandizo.
Matenda a ziweto angagawidwe m'magulu awiri: opatsirana komanso osapatsirana.
- Kuti wothandizira tchulani Matenda opatsirana opatsirana ndi mavairasi, mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi zoopsa zomwe zimayambitsa nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.;
- Kuti osasinthika Matenda akuphatikizapo matenda a nyama zazing'ono, poizoni, matenda a ziwalo ndi machitidwe omwe ali a chikhalidwe cha munthu aliyense.
Zoopsa kwambiri chifukwa ng'ombe ziri: matenda osokoneza bongo, matenda opatsirana odwala matenda opatsirana, chiwindi cha mphepo yamkuntho, chiwindi cha nodular, nthenda, phazi ndi pakamwa.. Ngati mliri wa matenda, kupatulidwa kwaokha kumalengezedwa.
Kufalikira pakati pa zinyama TB, salmonellosis, leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, khansa ya m'magazi, brucellosis, dermatofibrosis. Ntchito yamakono ya zinyama imayambitsa zitsanzo za magazi kuti zizindikire nyama zakuthupi, izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha mliri ndipo zimateteza ogulitsa mkaka kuti athe kubwereranso.
Chenjerani! Musayesetse kudzifufuza nokha ngati simuli veterinarian. Fufuzani katswiri.
Kuswana malamulo
Kuti mupeze ng'ombe zabwino kwambiri ndi mkaka wabwino komanso kunja kwabwino, khalidwe labwino la mtunduwo, ana a zinyama ndi mikhalidwe yokonzedweratu amasankhidwa.
Makhalidwe onsewa a ziweto akufalitsidwa bwino kudzera mu mzere wamayi. Ngati pali nyama zochepa, n'zosavuta kusankha bwino.
Ndipo m'minda yayikulu, zolemba zimasungidwa nthawi yomweyo. Ng'ombe zimasankhidwa ndi thanzi labwino, ndi zinyama zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala ndi zizindikiro za makolo komanso abambo omwe amapindulitsa kwambiri amaloledwa kubereka.
Inbreeding ndi yosafunika; kumaonjezera chiopsezo chofooka ana.
Kutchuka kwa mtundu wa ng'ombe zakuda ndi zoyera kuli koyenerera, zinyama zatsimikiziridwa zokha m'magulu akuluakulu, Nyama zam'mlengalenga zimatengera ziweto zosabereka. Mitundu yabwinoyi ili ndi tsogolo labwino.
