Chosankha chabwino cha mtundu wachinsinsi kapena ng'ombe - "Simmental"

Pestrus ya ku Russia yofanana ndi yochokera ku gulu la mlimi wina wa ku Austria kapena ku Belgium akufotokozedwa kuti makolo amtundu wotchuka ku Russia ndi ku Ulaya amadya pamphepete zonunkhira za Swiss Alps.

Chiyambi cha mtunduwu

Dzina loti "Simmental mtundu" ndi la ng'ombe zokha zomwe zili nazo kulumikizana kwa mitundu yobadwa ndi nyanga zazikulu zochokera ku Oberland ya Bernese.

Zizindikiro zoberekerazi zinapangidwa kuchokera ku ziweto za ng'ombe za Gothic chifukwa cha zaka mazana ambiri za kudutsa pakati ndikusankha zachilengedwe.

Zotsatira zazitsulo ofunika zofanana ndi zomwe zikuchitika panopa komanso chizindikiro cha mtunduwu:

• ochepa, olemera kwambiri ndi miyendo yochepa;
• mkaka (60%);
• kukwanitsa kusintha;
• mkwiyo;
• kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, kukaniza matenda.

Zimabereka anabadwira m'madera 84 ndipo amapanga kotala ya ziweto zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mabuku olembetsa.

Ng'ombe za mtundu umenewu zinabwera ku dziko lathu zaka 2 zapitazo kupyolera mu minda ya "anthu apamwamba" omwe amafalitsa kwambiri mtundu umenewu m'madera a Tula, Smolensk ndi Voronezh. Ng'ombe za Simmental zinakhala maziko a ntchito yobereketsa pa ulimi wa mbeu zokhudzana ndi mkaka.

Zizindikiro

1. Zowonongeka za zochitika za mitunduyo nthawi zonse zimayambira ndi sutiyi. Chikopa cha Simmental ndi chokweranthawi zambiri mtundu wa udzu wokhala ndi pinki, m'madera akulu oyera. Nthawi zambiri, ng'ombe zimakhala ndi mbali zofiira-motley. Imatanthauzira mtundu:
   • chilengedwe;
   • mikhalidwe yosunga ndi kudyetsa;
   • kubala chiyero.
2. Mutu ndi waukulu, wamtali, pamutu wandiweyani (wautali). ndi nyanga zowala (zamakono zamakono, ngakhale ng'ombe zamphongo, nthawi zambiri - zopanda malire); chodziwika ndi galasi loyera kapena pinki yamkati;
3. Thupi liri lolemetsa, koma laling'ono, pa mafupa olimba; ndi mawere akuya koma aakulu (ng'ombezo zimakhala zochepa). Ng'ombe zazikuluzikulu (pamene zikufota) ndi 1.35, ng'ombezo ndizitali mamita 10;
4. Kuphulika ndi minofu kumathamanga molimba kumapuma pa miyendo yoongoka, yochepa. Mbali ya mitunduyo ndi "njovu" ya miyendo yamapazi;
5. Udder wa ng'ombe ndi waukulu, wowoneka bwino, ndi zosiyana zowoneka kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo ndi kutsogolo; mbozi ndi yaitali, ndizitali.

Ndizosangalatsa: Chinthu chopangidwa ku Switzerland kuchokera ku mkaka wa ng'ombe za Simmental chinakhalanso ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu monga Emmental tchizi. Bwalo lake lilemera makilogalamu 75, kapena 130. Ichi ndicho chinthu chachikulu cha Swue fondue.

Chithunzi

Chithunzi "Ng'ombe za Simmental":

Kukonzekera

Ng'ombe zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti nyama ndi mkaka ndizopindulitsa - 100%:

• mbuzi ya nyama yaikulu - kuyambira makilogalamu 400 mpaka 700; ng'ombe zamphongo zamtunduwu, zowonjezera kuphedwa, zilemera makilogalamu 350, ng'ombe - zosakwana 50 kg; Kudyetsa mafuta kumagwira ntchito m'moyo; Minofu ya minofu imakhala ndi mafuta ochepa kumbuyo, komabe, zokolola za nyama yoyera poyerekezera ndi kuchuluka kwa mafupa ndizochepa;
• ndi mkaka wapadera, zokolola pamtunda wa 5-6 lactation zikuwonjezeka kufika pa malita 3-6,000 (zolembedwa zinalembedwa: 10-12 malita 1000 pachaka); kukhazikika kwa mkaka zokolola pa 2-3 osakwatira milking amakhala mpaka Zaka 14;
• Mkaka wa simmental uli ndi mafuta ambiri (3,7-4,2%), pokhala ndi kukoma kokoma;

Palinso Mitundu ina ya mkaka wa ng'ombe, monga: Kholomogorskaya, Yaroslavl, Jersey, Ayshirskaya, Red Steppe.

• Kusintha kosasinthika kwa katswiri (mkaka kupita ku nyama) kungakhale ngati zifukwa zomveka: mawonetseredwe a zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa, chilema, chovulala;
• njira yoberekera ikudziwika ndi kukula msinkhu wa kugonana (mu nkhuku kuchokera pa miyezi 8, mu ng'ombe kuchokera zaka 1.5);
• mimba - kupitirira kwa calving popanda zovuta, ana amakhanda amakhala okonzeka kusuntha mayiyo;
• Mimba ina imapezeka pakapita masabata angapo mutatha kubereka;
• calving yoyamba imagwera Mwezi wa 31 wa moyo;



• Pofuna kusunga zizindikiro za mtunduwu, amagwiritsa ntchito ng'ombe zomwe zimapanga zoweta zawo komanso kubereketsa ana a ku Austria;
• Zinyama zimakhala zosayamika ku zikhalidwe zomangidwa, kudyetsa chakudya, kusinthasintha bwino chakudya chatsopano, nyengo ya chikhalidwe chilichonse;
• Komabe, mtundu umenewu ukufuna kudya, kudya moyenera kuti ukhalebe ndi zokolola;
• pokhala wolemetsa ndi malamulo, ngakhale ng'ombe za Simmental zimakhazikika mwakachetechete, kusonyeza mkwiyo wokondweretsa.

Ndikofunikira: Posakaniza zofanana simungadziwe kuti mbadwo wotsatira udzawoneka wopanda zopanda kanthu kunja. Nthenda zamtunduwu sizikutaya zizindikiro za mtunduwu ndi magazi zosakwana 50%.

Kusamalira ndi kudyetsa machitidwe

Malamulo oweta ng'ombe ndi awa:

1. Zosowa zoweta ng'ombe:
   • nkhokwe yotentha (t◦ = 4◦ mpaka 20◦С) popanda ming'alu;
   • mpweya wabwino;
   • malo osungira madzi (nkhuni, njerwa);
   • kusamba madzi;
   • Kuyala kwa udzu, peat kapena utuchi (chiŵerengero 2 pa tsiku);
   • nyengo yozizira yokhala ndi mpanda wozengereza;
   • chilimwe (lotayirira, chosasinthika) kudyetsa ndi denga kuchokera mvula ndi dzuwa;
   • Ng'ombe zikhoza kuthiriridwa ndi kutentha kwa madzi;
   • Ng'ombe tsiku ndi tsiku amatsuka ubweya wawo ndi kusamba malo awo ndi madzi ofunda;
   • Kuchita tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyang'ana nthawi yofanana, kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa, kudyetsa, kudyetsa (chifukwa cha mtundu uwu wa mkaka wa mchere 4 kumalimbikitsidwa m'nyengo ya chilimwe ndi 3 m'nyengo yozizira).

Ndikofunikira: Kwa kumpoto, pali kufalikira kwakukulu kwa ng'ombe pa bedi lodzaza ndowe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyengo yachisanu ikhale yachitsulo cha microclimate.

Pachifukwa ichi, kuyeretsa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa manyowa kumalowetsedwa ndi malo ogona, ndipo m'chaka chonse kusonkhanitsa kumachotsedwa ku khola.



2. Kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri zinyama za mtundu uwu ziyenera kupangidwa zakudya zabwino kwambiri:
   • zosiyana;
   • zofanana ndi nyengo;
   • kuswana malangizo;
   • nyengo ya chitukuko.

Ikuwerengedwa:

• Zakale: 1 chakudya chokwanira - 1414 kcal (zakudya zokwanira 1 kg ya oats);
• mwa njira yatsopano: pa 1 ECE (energy feed unit) - MJ 10 a mphamvu zowonongeka (4.2 J = 1 cal).

Kwa zinyama zopatsa thanzi zimadyetsa osankhidwa payekha. Chakudya cha ng'ombe za Simmental chimapangidwa ndi:

• chakudya chokoma (udzu wodyetsa kapena kufesa udzu; kusakaniza - kusakaniza kwachitsulo chosakaniza; masamba ndi mbewu zakuzu);
• Kudyetsa chakudya (udzu, udzu, kupunthira zinyalala za zomera ndi zamasamba);
• Njere imayika (chimanga, keke, chakudya);
• mavitamini (E, D, A), mchere - Ca, M, P, Z, Na, Se, NaCl; zonse zopweteka komanso zopitirira izi ndi zofunika.

Ndikofunikira: Ng'ombe za pakati ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiwindi ndi 25%, kusowa kwa mapuloteni kumawonjezeka, omwe amadya nyemba, nyemba, ndi haylage. Mapuloteni owonjezera angapangitse kubereka.

Thanzi

Ng'ombe zili ndi matenda omwe amapezekapo okha:

• tympania (matenda opweteka ndi mabakiteriya omwe amalowa mkati mwa thupi la ng'ombe ndi chakudya cha chilimwe);
• Kutsekedwa kwa mimba (ndi kudya mwadyera wa mizu yosadziwika ndi ng'ombe);
• kupweteketsa mtima reticulitis (kutupa kwa mauna owonongeka ndi zinthu zakunja chakudya);



• nthendayi (matenda a fungal; amakhudza mutu ndi miyendo);
• necrobacillosis (minofu ya necrosis, chifukwa cha matenda m'mapangidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana, chiwombankhanga, pamlomo);
• mastitis (kutupa kwa mammary glands wa udder).

Komabe, kwa mtundu wa Simmental mastitis yekha ndi owopsa, chifukwa chake chingakhale:

• udder zolakwika;
• thupi lochepa;
• kumenyetsa malamulo kumaphwanya malamulo;
• kuvulala ndi matenda a udder;
• kumangidwa kwa pambuyo;
• Kusokonezeka kwa endocrine mu thupi.

Kuphatikiza ndi chithandizo chamankhwala kumagwira ntchito yofunikira kupewa matenda:

• chithandizo;
• kuchotsedwa kwa kuvulala, matenda;
• kutsatira malamulo a kudyetsa ndi kusamalira.

Ng'ombe za Simmental ndizosankha zabwino pa ulimi wachinsinsi kapena waulimi. Ngakhale kuphatikiza ndi mitundu ina, iwo amalamulira, kupatsira ana awo makhalidwe abwino a chilengedwe chonse.