Kuposa aliyense amadziwa zomwe mapira ali. Millet - Ichi ndi mbewu ya pachaka yambewu ya banja la chimanga. Chikhalidwe chili ndi zikho zofanana ndi chikhomo ndi nambala yaikulu ya nthambi kuchokera muzu. The inflorescence ndi paniculata, aliyense spikelet ali ndi maluwa awiri - amuna ndi akazi okhaokha.
Khutu la chomera ndilolumikizira mbali imodzi, lopindikizidwa pamzake. Zipatso za zomera ndi tirigu wa mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena oblong. Masiku ano, alimi akuluakulu a mapira ndi China, India, kawirikawiri - Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan.
Mukudziwa? Millet imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mbewu ya chitetezo. Ngati mutabzala mbewu zozizira pazifukwa zina sizinapulumutse, gwiritsani ntchito mapira.
Zosowa za nthaka
Njira yabwino yopangira mapira ndi nthaka yakuda kapena msuzi wa msuzi. Momwe zimakhalira kumera pa dothi lina, ndilofunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mchere wapadera, chifukwa mizu ya chikhalidwe sichimawunika zinthu zabwino.
Millet silingalole dothi la acidic, yabwino kwambiri kulima - nthaka yopanda ndale. Millet ikufuna malo aeration. Pamtunda wandiweyani ndi zowonjezereka zimamera.
Otsatira abwino ndi oipa
Kulima mapira kumachitika bwino pamtunda mutatha kusonkhanitsa nyemba, clover, fulakesi, mbewu kapena mbewu zosowa. Ndi osafunika kubzala mapira pambuyo kasupe mbewu, mpendadzuwa, Sudanese. Mkaka mu kusinthasintha kwa mbeu sungagwiritsidwe ntchito monga monoculture, chifukwa pali chiopsezo cha matenda a fungal.. Mbewu imakhala ngati chithunzithunzi chosayenera, chifukwa imatulukanso ndi matenda a moth.
Ndikofunikira! Kuzama kwa mizu ya mapira ndi mamita awiri. Choncho, ndibwino kuti tizilimbikitse kumadera osagonjetsa chilala.
Nthaka fetereza ya mapira
Kuonetsetsa kuti mbeu yapamwamba imakula, nayitrogeni ndi feteleza feteleza zimayambitsidwa. Mosiyana ndi zikhalidwe zina mapira, feteleza ndi feteleza osakaniza, mmalo mwa zobiriwira zobiriwira zimapereka zokolola zambiri. Pakulima, ammonia-nayitrogeni feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa kulima koyamba kokhala ndi nitrate. Zamagulu chifukwa cha kukula kwa namsongole akulimbikitsidwa kuti azipanga pamene akukula oyambirira.
Chithandizo cha mbande ndi micronutrients chomwe chikusowa panthaka chidzakhala chogwira ntchito. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokula, phosphorous substances zimayambitsidwa kuti zithandize kukula kwa mizu. Pofuna kupanga mbeu imodzi, mlingo wa feteleza unatengedwa: nitrogen - 1.5 makilogalamu; phosphoric - 2.0-3.5 kg; potashi - 1.0 makilogalamu.
Kusankhidwa kwa mitundu ndi kukonzekera mbewu za kufesa
Kusankha mosamala ndi kukonzedwa kovuta kwa mbeu asanayambe kufesa ndi chitsimikizo cha kukolola bwino. Pali mitundu yoposa mazana asanu ya mapira. Mukasankha nyemba, m'pofunika kuganizira maonekedwe ndi zochitika za kukula kwa mbeu. nthaka yosakaniza, mvula, nthaka yobereka, udzu wamera, mbewu kumera, nthawi yobzala, kutentha.
Millet iyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kulima malingana ndi malo ako. Ku Ukraine, pali mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi iwiri ya mapira, omwe Veselopodolyanskoe 176, Veselopodolyanskoe 16, Kievskoe 87, Omriyane, Mironovskoe 51, Kharkovskoe 31, Slobozhansky ndi otchuka.
Pofuna kumera kumera ndi kuperewera kwa mbeu ya mapira, kusamalidwa kwapiritsi kumatulutsa. Chithandizo cha mbewu chachitika pasanathe (masabata awiri). Kubzala ntchito ntchito mbewu za І ndi ІІ kalasi. Poonjezera mphamvu ya kumera, mbewu zimatulutsa mpweya mumlengalenga sabata, nthawi zina kutembenuka.
Pofuna kupewa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga "Fenoram", "Baytan", "Vitavaks". Mbewu imayikidwa pasadakhale yokonzekera yankho. Zimalangizidwa kuwonjezera zinthu zojambula mafilimu kuti zithetsedwe. Mbewu zaponyera zimatayidwa kunja, ndipo zina zonse zimasonkhanitsidwa mu mulu, zophimbidwa ndi nsalu ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maola awiri. Pambuyo pa njirayi, mbewu zimatulutsa mpweya wokwanira kachiwiri.
Mukudziwa? Dziko lakwawo ndi China. Kumeneko, anayamba kulima m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC.
Nthawi yabwino yofesa mapira
Mlimi aliyense amasankha yekha nthawi yobzala millet. Pofesa mapira m'nyengo yozizira, kusungidwa kwa chisanu kumachitika m'minda ndipo chisanu chotchedwa thawing chimayendetsedwa.
Kufesa mapira m'chaka Ankachita pamene nthaka ikuya mozama mbeu 4-5 masentimita kutentha mpaka 10-12 ºC. Ngati mubzala nyemba nthawi yayitali, mbande zimawoneka bwino ndipo munda umakula ndi namsongole, ndipo mphukira imatha kufota ngati chisanu chikuphulika.
Ngati mvula ikamera chifukwa cha kuyanika kwa nthaka, mbewu zimamera bwino ndipo mizu sidzakhala bwino. Mbewu imabzalidwa kumapeto kwa mwezi wa April ndipo imatha kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June. Pofesa mbewu pamtundu wobiriwira, kufesa kumathera mu July.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapira, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbewu yachiwiri. Imafesedwa mutatha kukolola mbewu zachisanu ndi chaka kumapeto kwa July.
Njira zofesa mapira
Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono za kufesa mapira kumadalira mwachindunji ndi kubereka ndi kuipitsa kwa nthaka yolima. Ngati dothi la mapira ndi lachonde kwambiri, ndi chinyezi chodziwika bwino komanso choyera cha namsongole, gwiritsani ntchito mitsuko yamera.
M'madera odyera okhala ndi pang'onopang'ono chinyezi m'nthaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito mzere wozungulira ndi mzere umodzi (mtunda pakati pa mizera ya masentimita 45) njira. Njira yofesa ndi lamba njira 65x15x15. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mlingo wa mbeu imodzi pa hekta imodzi ya njira ya mzere ndi mbewu ya 3.0-4.0 miliyoni (20-30 makilogalamu), mzere wozungulira - 2.5 miliyoni (17-18 makilogalamu).
Chidziwitso cha alimi chawonetsa kuti pofuna kupeza zokolola zambiri, njira ya mzere yobzala millet imavomerezedwa. Polima ndi mzere wa mzere, mapira samapereka zokolola zotere, ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbewu.
Ndikofunikira! Kusiyana pakati pa kukonzekera kwa nthaka yofesa ndi kubzala mbeu sikuyenera kukhala kochepa kotero kuti chinyezi chisasunthike.
Kusamalira mapira mbewu
Kusamalidwa kwa mbewu za mbewu za mbeuyi ndi mu kubzala pambuyo pa kubzala ndi kusanayambe kuphulika kwa mbande. Olemba ma roller omwe amamveka ndi mpira. Nkhokwe zokolola m'madera ouma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitha kuyanjana kwambiri ndi mbeu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziphuphu ziwonjezeke.
Chifukwa chozunza gwiritsani ntchito mafinya, kufesa, ndikuwombera. Cholinga chake ndi kutulutsa dothi la nthaka ndi kuchepetsa ziphuphu za namsongole. Kukolola kumachitika pamtunda wa kuyala mozama kuti asawononge mapira, pamene kutalika kwa mmera kuli kofanana ndi kutalika kwa njere. Boron kudutsa mizere yofesa pa liwiro la 5 km / h.
Nthawi yachiwiri mbewu zimasokonezeka pamene chomera chikuyamba kukula. Ngati harrowing imafunika panthawi ya mbeu, imayendetsedwa ndi makina ozungulira.
Kuletsa udzu ndi kuteteza tizilombo ndi matenda
2-3 mzere zolima zikuchitika pazitali-mzere ndi lamba wofesa. Chithandizo choyamba chimachitika pakuzama kwa masentimita 4, pamene mbewu zakula, zomwe zimakhala zakuya masentimita 2.
Pamene kudula millet zimayambira kuti adzike kulimbikitsa mizu ya mbewu. Njira zamagetsi zimaphatikizidwa ndi njira zamakono zothandizira udzu. Pofuna kuthetseratu namsongole wamsongole wogwiritsidwa ntchito herbicide ntchito pamene mukulima nthaka yofesa. Kukula kwa mapira ndi nthawi yowononga nthawi.
Chofunika kwambiri poteteza mapira ku matenda (melanosis, smut) ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (thrips, aphid, mapira a udzudzu, stem moth) ndi agrotechnical nthawi yoyenera. Ndikoyenera kuyesa kupopera mbewu zamagulu ndi mankhwala, ngati tizirombo kapena matenda angabweretse mavuto aakulu azachuma.
Mukudziwa? Millet ili ndi mapuloteni ambiri, omwe, mosiyana ndi nyama, samachiza ndipo samayipitsa thupi ndi unsaturated mafuta acids.
Kukolola amapezi
Gawo lomaliza pakukula mapira ndikututa. Millet imakula mosalekeza, choncho imayambitsanso njira yosiyana. Chizindikiro cha kuphuka kwa njere ndi chikasu cha masikelo a mamba. Bevel ayambepamene pafupifupi 80% ya mbeu yayamba, mapira omwe ali pamwamba pa inflorescence amatha kucha, pakati pa inflorescence yakula, ndipo pansi sikumveka.
Pofuna kuti asatayike mbewu yambewu, mapira amatchetchetcha motero kuti m'munsi mwake muzitsuka muzitsulo. Mukameta zitsamba zatsala masentimita 20, mipukutuyi imadutsa mizere. Sankhani ndi kubzala tirigu masiku asanu, pamene chinyezi chake chifikira 14%. Nkhumba zokonzeka zimasungidwa mu chikhalidwe cha chinyezi zosapitirira 13%. 
Ndikofunikira! Mukamachotsa mapira, onetsetsani kuti muwongolera kutalika kwake kwa zimayambira, ubwino wopunthira mbewu, umphumphu ndi ungwiro wa tirigu.
