Inde, ferns ndi zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi mbiri zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo zochitika za makolo akuluakulu a Osmunda (oyera) anapezeka mu Triassic (zaka 200-250 miliyoni) zidutswa za Antarctica.
Chiyambi cha dzina la mtundu uwu wa ferns chimagwirizanitsidwa, kumbali imodzi, ndi mankhwala awo, ndipo pamzake, ndi zamatsenga za zomera.
Kumpoto koyambirira koyambirira: Osmund (Asmund) - limodzi la mayina a mulungu wa Scandinavia Thor.
Mitundu yonse ya mtundu wa Osmund ndi wamtali, zomera zamphamvu ndi mbali imodzi kapena mbali zina zowonongeka.
Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magulu okongoletsera komanso osowa pokonza malo ndi malo omwe amadziwika kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri imatetezedwa.
Mitundu
Pamalo otseguka a gulu lapakati nthawi zambiri amakula mitundu itatu yoyera: mfumu yachifumu, Asia ndi Clayton.
Royal
Osmund mfumu yachifumu kapena yokongola imakula m'madera ambiri a ku Ulaya, ku Caucasus, m'nkhalango za America, India, Africa, mathithi ndi mapiri.Kum'mwera, ndi chinyezi chokwanira, mtundu uwu umakwera mamita awiri.
Masamba (makamaka, si masamba okha; mabotolo amachitcha kuti flatworms, vayyami) wandiweyani, wonyezimira, wamtundu wa ferns, mawonekedwe a nthenga.
M'nyengo yozizira, amafa, ndipo pakasupe amakula kachilombo kofiira, kenaka, kukula, kumakhala kobiriwira komanso m'dzinja, kumapeto kwa zamasamba, amakhala ndi mtundu woyera wa golidi.
Pambuyo pobalalitsa mkangano, amakhala ndi mtundu wofiira wofiira ndipo amaonekera momveka bwino motsutsana ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira.
Photos subspecies Chistot majestic:
Asia
Asimund Asiatic kapena Cinnamon imakula kummaŵa kwa North America, komanso kumadera akutali ku Far Eastern, m'madera otentha a nkhalango.
Ali ndi masamba obiriwira okongola, ndipo mphukira zofiira zimaphimbidwa ndi spores za fern, zikuwoneka mu June, kugawidwa pakati pa chitsamba.
Zithunzi za Chistou Asia subspecies:
Clayton
Osmund Clayton sichidziwikiratu, pamphepete mwa madzi ndi m'mitsinje yowala ya ku North America, China, Japan ndi nkhalango za Himalayan.
Nthawi zambiri kukula kumwera kwa Primorsky Krai - apo imatetezedwa ngati chogwedeza chomera.
Zili ndi masamba obiriwira obiriwira omwe amawombera, ndipo ngati mitundu ya Asia, osmunds, imameretsanso spores pachimake cha chitsamba m'nyengo yam'chilimwe, koma zigawozi sizimaphimba tsamba lonse, koma zimakhala pazigawo zokha.
Pakatikati pa autumn, masamba amafa, "anasungunuka" mu September ndi mtundu wa lalanje-golidi.
Zithunzi za Chistou Clayton subspecies:
Kusamalira kwanu
Kuunikira
Mafamu ndi nkhalango zoyera za m'nkhalango samakonda malo ochezeka komanso ochepa. Komabe, ngati mumapereka chinyezi, zimagwirizanitsa ndi malo owala.
Kutentha
Mitundu ya Osmund imakula makamaka m'madera otentha ndi ozizira.
Royal Osmund ndizochepa zosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu.
Kuoneka kwa Asia (sinamoni) ndi Clayton yoyera imayima chisanu cha madigiri makumi anayi.
Pogona m'nyengo yozizira
Chista wachifumu (wamtengo wapatali) amatha kupirira nyengo yozizira, ngati mutaphimba ndi masamba ogwa a mtengo, mapulo kapena linden.
Masamba a birch ndi pine singano za malo osungirako sangagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Asia yopanda pakhomo simukusowa, monga Clayton yekha.
Adiantum, Polyrales, Wakuba
Chinyezi
Kutentha kwapamwamba - chofunikira choti chitukuko ferns, makamaka mitundu ya nkhalango, yomwe ili yoyera. Ngati pangakhale chinyezi m'nthaka, kukula kumachepetsanso ndipo kamodzi kokha ndi theka kufika mamita awiri zimakhala zochepa.
Kusagonjetsa kwa chilala - kwa nthawi yochepa - kungangokhala bwino, yotalika kwambiri.
Kuthira kwakukulu, kubzala pafupi ndi gombe kumalola Osmund kukula mu malo otseguka, ofunikira.
Nthaka
Chistousta, monga ferns zonse, zimakula bwino, dothi losavuta.
Zokwanira kuti dothi lawo libzalidwe liyenera kukhala ndi peat, masamba ovunda, singano zapaini ndi mchenga.
Zovala zapamwamba sizifunika, ndipo humus, makamaka manyowa, ikhoza kutsogolera imfa ya zomera izi.
Kuwaza
Kusindikiza ndi kufanana kukonzanso magawano bwino kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa masika pamene osmund ikuyamba kukula.
Zomera kapena ziwalo zawo zolekanitsidwa zimabzalidwa kumalo okhala ndi nthaka yokonzedwa ndi kutetezedwa kosatha kwa dziko lapansi.
Mu nthawi ya kukula, yogwira, ndikutheka. Pankhaniyi, m'pofunikira, kuwonjezera pa kusunga mizu, kuonetsetsa kuti dothi lithera.
Ferns opatsidwa amabwezeretsa ndi kukula mizu mkati mwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Panthawi ino, iwo ali okonda kwambiri chinyezi.
Kudulira
Osmund masamba (fronds) kudulidwa pamene kugawa chitsamba m'chilimwe. Kudulira pamaso pachisanu kukulimbikitsidwa kokha kwa osmund sinamoni.
Kuswana
Kuberekera kwa spores woyera n'kotheka, komabe zimachitika pozifesa, popeza kuthetsa mikangano kumakhala kanthawi kochepa - osapitirira masabata awiri. Mbewu zofesedwa ndi fern zingakhale mosasunthika, ndipo mtunda wa pakati pa zomera zazing'ono uyenera kukhala wosachepera mita imodzi ndi theka.
Pofuna kulera kubwezeretsa kumalo a chikhalidwe kumagwiritsanso ntchito kugawidwa kwa rhizome. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuyesa kuti asawononge chipinda chadothi, amasiyanitsa mbaliyo ndi chidutswa cha mizu ndikuziika pamalo okonzeka ndi nthaka yoyenera.
Koposa zonse, opaleshoni yoteroyo imachitika masika, pamene masamba ang'onoang'ono akungoyamba.
Pakati pa chigawo cha chilimwe, masamba a fern ayenera kudulidwa ndi kukwezedwa bwino kwa mbeu zomwe zimakhala pansi, makamaka popeza delenki ndi zovuta kukhazikika, ndipo kukula kwa mizere yozikika mizu ikudutsa pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Mitundu yonse ya osmunds imakhala yosakhudzidwa ndi matenda kapena tizirombo.
Zothandiza
Pofuna kukula ndi chitukuko cha oyera omwe ali ndi mizu yamphamvu - amadzipanga okha nthaka yokhala ndi mapangidwe ena, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lapansi la kukula kwa orchids.
Ndi ichi "Osmund peat" imayamikiridwa makamaka kuchokera pansi pa mafumu olemekezeka (okongola).
Tsitsi la mtundu womwewo wa osmund, wosakanizika ndi thonje, unagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan kupangira kupanga nsalu yolimba.
Sinnamon yosakayika (Asia) ndi ya nambala ya zakudya za fern. Amadya chimanga, tsinde lachinyamata ndi tsamba lomwe silinayambe. Mbalizi zimakhala mchere kapena wophika mwamsanga mutatha kusonkhanitsa, ndiyeno zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wothandizira wothirira zakudya muzitsulo zosakaniza.
Zomwe zinachitikira herbalists ntchito decoctions wa masamba ndi rhizomes ya sinamoni kunja panja - monga mankhwala ochiritsa ndi mankhwala oletsa antirheumatic, komanso kuyamwa ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matenda a nthenda ndi m'matumbo.
Kuwonjezera pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi owopsa kwambiri, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri.
Osmund (woyera) amakula bwino; Chomera chotero sichidzakhala konse namsongole.
Mtedza uwu sungokhala ndi zaka zoposa miliyoni zokha, umapereka magawo a orchid, mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zowonjezereka zokometsetsa, komanso ndizokhazikika, zosadzichepetsa, zokongoletsera za malowa, makamaka malo ake ouma komanso osangalatsa omwe zomera zambiri zimatha kukhalabe.
