Fern - imodzi mwa magulu akale kwambiri a zomera zosatha, zomwe zinayambira nthawi yayitali chisanafike kukula kwa maluwa padziko lapansi. Mitengo iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera, omwe sali ngati maonekedwe a maluwa.
Mosiyana ndi maganizo olakwika, ferns samasamba. Kutchire, amachulukitsa pogwiritsa ntchito spores m'munsi mwa masambawo ngati mawonekedwe (sorus), omwe ali ndi mafilimu. Madzi amatha kugwa pansi ndipo tsamba laling'ono la masamba limakula kuchokera kwa iwo, lomwe limapanga maselo a majeremusi. 
Mafosholo alibe masamba enieni (mosiyana ndi masamba a maluwa), koma m'malo mwake amasiyanitsidwa ndi mbale zowonongeka kapena, monga momwe zimatchulidwira, fronds. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu ya mitundu yambiri ya zokongoletsera, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malo.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo, achilendo, ferns akhoza kukhala zokongoletsa kwenikweni m'munda ndipo amapatsa malo alionse chidwi ndi kuyang'ana pang'ono. Amawoneka okongola m'magulu a magulu, komanso ma tapeworms omwe alibe. Madzi awo amagwirizana bwino ndi zomera zambiri zokongola ndi zokongoletsera, zomwe zimakhala zochititsa chidwi.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, mitundu yonse ya mtundu wa fern ndi yosiyana ndi yodziwika bwino komanso imakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi maluwa ena. Pakati pa ferns pali zomera zakuda ndi maina osiyana, omwe amasiyana ndi kukula ndi mtundu. 
Zimatha kukhala zimphona zazikulu, ndizing'ono, zingwe, zomera zokoma. Ferns onse ali ndi phindu limodzi lalikulu - luso lokula ndikukula m'malo amdima ndi ozizira.
Mukudziwa? Zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, mu ma Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic, mafern ambiri anali mitengo ikuluikulu. Iwo anali nkhuni zawo zomwe zinapangidwanso zomwe kenako zinakhala maziko a kupanga malasha.M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za mitundu yambiri ya fern, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi dzina lake, pofotokoza mitundu ndi zithunzi.
Nthenga za nthiwatiwa
"Nthenga za nthiwatiwa", "munda wa mpunga", "velamkuch", "wakuda fern", "nthiwatiwa ya Germany" - Awa ndi mayina onse a nthumwi yemweyo ya ferns yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ichi ndi chomera chotalika, chofikira kutalika kwa masentimita 100-135, ndi rhizome yochepa ndi yamphamvu. 
Nthiwatiwa ili ndi mitundu iwiri ya masamba: Osabereka (ambiri, oboola nthenga, mpaka mamita masentimita 150, omwe amapanga chingwe), ndi zooneka ngati zapore (pali masamba ang'onoang'ono 2-3, osadziwika bwino mkati mwake). Fern iyi imakonda nthaka yothira, yosungunuka bwino, koma yopanda madzi osasunthika. Mu chikhalidwe chokhala osadzichepetsa, chokhazikika, koma pamkhalidwe wolimba shading akhoza kufa chifukwa cha kusowa kwauni.
Ndi madzi okwanira ambiri amakula mofulumira kwambiri. Nthiwatiwa ndi tizilombo sizilulu. Amafalitsa mwambo - mikangano, komanso kugawidwa kwa mizu ndi pansi pa mphukira. Mitundu ya fernsyi inapatsidwa dzina limeneli chifukwa cha kufanana kwa masamba a spore omwe ali ndi nthenga za nthiwatiwa. Mwa anthu amadziwikanso ngati "lichen", "papurushina", "common chamomile". 
Nthenga ya nthiwatiwa ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yowonjezereka ya maonekedwe a malo. Iwo amafesedwa makamaka mumthunzi waung'ono, pafupi ndi maiwe amadzimadzi, pamapiri a alpine, m'mabotchi kapena m'miphika yamba kuti akule mkati.
Kuwonjezera apo, ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yosakanikirana, ndipo pakati pa mbeu zotere ndi bwino kubzala maluwa oyambirira, mwachitsanzo, matalala a mvula, mazira, mazira, etc. Monga maluwawa akuphuka kuyambira April mpaka June, ndipo atatha maluwa amataya maonekedwe awo, Fern yotseguka idzawaphimba ndikukonza chithunzi chonse.
Komabe, si zokongoletsera zokha zokha zomwe zimapangidwa mu ostrichnik, chifukwa komanso chomera chodyera. M'chaka, achinyamata, osaphuka, sakhala oposa 10-20 masentimita, chakudya chamzitini kapena mazira a briquettes (ndithudi, fern wathu sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya kumayiko akum'maŵa ndi akum'maŵa akummawa).
Komanso mtundu uwu wa fern ndi wopambana. amagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala ochiritsira monga anticonvulsant, sedative, astringent ndi antispasmodic. 
Udzu wam'tchire
Zomera zakutchire zakutchire, dzina la sayansi "blekhnum spiky", - ochepa omwe amaimira ferns komanso m'mayiko ena a ku Europe amatetezedwa ndi lamulo. Dzina la chomeracho chimachokera ku mawu akuti "zakutchire", zomwe zikutanthauza chigwa, chithaphwi, chigwa chambiri.
Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti zowonongeka zimakula makamaka m'nkhalango zakuda, ndipo imatchedwa spikey kwa fikisi, zowonongeka, zamapiko zomwe zimachokera ku rhizome. Kukhala wamkulu, chomera cha kanjedza, dobryanka ali ndi masamba a mita.
Tsinde - rhizome yosinthidwa, yomwe imatha kufika pafupifupi masentimita 50 (mu zomera zakale), ndipo ili ndi mamba ofiira. Vayi -pistye, laar-lanceolate, dissected, mpaka 50-60 masentimita m'litali.
Kumtchire, zomerazi zimakula mumtundu wa spruce, fir, komanso nthawi zina m'mapiri a Carpathians ndi Caucasus, komanso m'madera ena a Western Europe, East Asia ndi North America. 
Mafamu a mitundu iyi ndi osadziwika bwino pakukula, samalola kuleza ndi kuzizira. Nthawi zonse akusowa chinyontho, ngakhale kuti sakonda kupopera mbewu.
Mtsinje wamkazi
Mtsinje wamkazi - mitundu ina ya fern, a m'banja la Kochedizhnikov. Ili ndi masamba obiriwira komanso okongola omwe amawoneka bwino, omwe amasiyana ndi masamba obiriwira a chithokomiro cha amuna. Mitundu iwiriyi imamera nthawi zambiri, motero, yayitanidwa kuti "mwamuna" ndi "wamkazi." Komabe, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo akuganiza kuti mainawa ndi olakwika chifukwa cha ferns kuswana spores.
Makwerero aakazi amakula mumthunzi wachabechabe komanso m'malo amdima, mumapiri ndi m'nkhalango zamapiri, m'mapiri ndi m'mapiri. Dzina lakuti "nomad" limasonyeza mtundu wovomerezeka kuti mu mathithi umapanga zokometsera. Ng'ombeyo imatha kufika pamtunda wa masentimita 30 mpaka 100, imakhala ndi madola awiri ndi atatu omwe amasonkhanitsidwa mumtolo wofalitsa. Spores kuchokera pansi pa masamba aphimbidwa ndi fringed bristle. Mtengo wa mitundu iyi ndi wakuda ndi waufupi. Mtedza akhoza kukula mwakachetechete pamalo amodzi kwa zaka 10 ndipo amatha kuchulukitsa mwa kudzifesa.
Mtundu wodabwitsa wa mitundu imeneyi ndiyomwe imatha kukhalabe watsopano, ngati kuti ndiwonetsedwe kokha nyengo yonseyi, yomwe imathandizidwa ndi mbale zatsopano zowonjezera. Mbali yoteroyo imasiyanitsa ichi, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku nthiti yomwe imadziwikanso bwino, yomwe mafinesi ake amapangidwa kasupe. M'nyengo yozizira, masamba a masamba a zikopa za nomad amamwalira. 
Mitundu yabwinoyi ya ferns ndi yabwino kukula m'mundamo ndipo imawoneka bwino m'makona a m'mundamo pafupi ndi makamu. Makamaka otchuka ndi okonza mapulaneti ndi mapepala a siliva ndi mtundu wofiira.
Mukudziwa? Pali chikhulupiliro chodziwika kwa nthawi yaitali chokhudza dzina lachikazi, lomwe limati: ngati usiku wa Ivan Kupala atakhala m'mphepete mwa nsalu iyi, akubisala mu nsalu yokhala ndi mapepala, ndiye kuti ukhoza kuona zam'tsogolo.
Centipede
Centipede - mitundu yosawerengeka ya ferns yomwe imakula mumapanga a miyala ndipo imakhala ndi dzina lina - "mizu yokoma". Amagawidwa m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mapiri komanso m'mapiri. Ambiri amadziwika kuti "oak fern", "dothi fern" ndi "udzu wamoto".
Ndi chomera chochepa chokha, chokhala ndi nsalu zowonjezera, zofiira, masamba ambiri, omwe amatha kufika masentimita 20 m'litali. Masambawo amakhala obiriwira ndipo amasungira mtundu wawo m'nyengo yozizira. Zinyama zokhala ndi zinyama, zooneka ngati arthropod, zodzala ndi mamba ofiira ndipo zimakhala ndi kukoma kokoma chifukwa cha zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi. Kwa ichi, mtundu uwu wa fern ndi wotchedwa wokoma. 
Nkhumba zamphongo zili pansipa, pamtunda waukulu pakati pa mizere iwiri, imakhala ndi golide wonyezimira ndipo imatuluka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Centipede ndi yovuta kwambiri kuunika ndi kupondaponda.
Mitunduyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri monga chomera chomera chomera, makamaka popanga maluwa a fern m'munda.. Amalimidwa m'magetsi a greenhouses komanso kumunda pamene akukonzekera zojambulazo.
Ma rhizomes ndi masamba a millipede amachiritsa katundu ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito ku matenda a m'mimba komanso mankhwala achikhalidwe. Ikani chomera ngati expectorant, emollient, analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, choleretic, diaphoretic ndi laxative. Fern iyi imapanga mafuta ofunikira, omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mankhwala.
Ndikofunikira! Simungagwiritsire ntchito chomera chobiriwira pamtundu wake wa mankhwala, chifukwa ndi chakupha kwambiri.
Mwamuna Wakuba
Mwamuna Wakuba - Mtunda wochuluka kwambiri wa miyendo yabwino, yomwe imamera m'nkhalango zamdima, pamapiri okwera ndi miyala. Dzina la zamoyo ndizochokera ku chiyambi chakale cha Chiroma, chopatsidwa poyerekeza ndi mtundu wina, womwe nthawi zambiri umakumana nawo, umene unali wosiyana ndi zovuta zake, zotseguka, zobiriwira zobiriwira wyams. Wotsirizirayo ankatchedwa kuti wamkazi, ndipo amene anali ndi mapepala ophwanyika, amdima. 
Chithokomiro chachimuna ndi chokongola komanso chodzichepetsa, ndipo chimakhala ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 150. Chimakhala ndi rhizome, chobiriwira chobiriwira, kamtengo kawiri ka masamba, kamene kali pamapiri aatali, omwe amapanga magalasi. Ma spores ali pamunsi mwa pansi pa nkhalango ndipo amatetezedwa ndi impso zooneka ngati impso. Pachifukwa ichi cha zamoyo ndi britter wotchulidwa.
Thyllaria nkhumba zimakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo m'chaka choyamba timapanga masamba m'mwamba mwa rhizome. M'chaka chachiwiri cha nyengo yokula, masamba amadziwika ngati a nkhono ndipo amakhala ndi zikopa zoteteza. Ndipo kokha chaka chachitatu, masamba a masamba a msilikali amatembenuka ndikukwaniritsa chitukuko chawo chonse. Pakati pa chilimwe, amabalalitsa spores, ndipo kugwa kumatha. Mitundu imeneyi imabereka, makamaka pogawa mizu.
Chithokomiro chachimuna chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chomera chokongoletsera cha maluwa, komanso kuti chikhale chinthu chokhalira kulima munda wa epiphytes (mizu ya fern ndi mbali ya gawo la epiphytic substrate).
Mukudziwa? Mwamuna Wakuba - Kwa nthawi yaitali wakhala chomera chokondeka cha anthu ambiri, otchedwa "Perun fireflower". Anatchulidwa kuti ali ndi zamatsenga ndipo amakhulupirira kuti usiku wa Ivan Kupala usiku umatuluka. Aliyense amene adapeza mtundu wa fern usiku umenewo, anatsegula mphatso yowoneratu zamtsogolo ndi kudziwa chilengedwe chonse. Moto, wotchedwa, ungapangitse munthu kuoneka, apereke mphamvu pa mizimu yoyipa ndikupatsa chuma chambiri ndi chimwemwe.
Orlyak
Nkhumba ya fodya - wokongola kwambiri, wotchuka kwambiri kwa amaluwa wamaluwa. Zimapanga mafunde akuluakulu pafupifupi kulikonse: m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ya Siberia ndi Canada, m'nkhalango zakuda za ku Ulaya, komanso ku Australia. Nkhuku siimakula kuthengo kokha m'madera otentha kwambiri komanso m'mapululu. 
Dzina la mtundu woterewu umachokera ku mawonekedwe a tsamba, chifukwa m'Chigiriki, mawu akuti pteris amatanthawuza "phiko", ndipo liwu lachilatini aquila limatanthauza "mphungu". Bracktails ali ndi fungo lapadera, ili ndi tannins ndipo ali ndi zotsutsana ndi katundu. Chifukwa cha ichi, zipatso ndi katundu zimakhala zitakulungidwa mu masamba a mphungu kuti zikhale zotetezeka kwambiri.
Komabe, kwa ziweto, bracken ndi owopsa. Phulusa la fern ya mtundu uwu lili ndi potassium ambiri, choncho m'munda nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha kompositi.
Mosiyana ndi nthiwatiwa, nkhonoyi imakhala yotsika kwambiri ndipo imatha kufika kutalika kwa masentimita makumi asanu ndi awiri (70 cm). Imakhala yodzichepetsa ndipo ikhoza kukula pamtunda wosauka, wouma. Bracken rhizome - yaitali, yopingasa, nthambi zambiri. Vayi owopsa, khalani ndi mbale yaikulu yaikulu itatu. Pamunsi mwa masamba apansi ndi timadzi tokoma ndi madzi okoma omwe amachititsa nyerere. Mphepete mwa mapepala a mapiko a chiwombankhanga atakulungidwa, motero kumaphimba spores pansi pa pepala.
Ngakhale kukongola kwa mtundu uwu wa fern sikupezeka kawirikawiri m'munda kapena m'dziko. Kodi izo ndizo ngati chiwembuchi chiri pafupi kwambiri ndi zachirengedwe, zachirengedwe, ndi mitengo ya birch kapena mitengo yamtengo wapatali. Ndiye braces idzawoneka yokongola kwambiri.
Rhizomes ya mitundu iyi imasiyana mu mankhwala. Mu mankhwala ochiritsira, supu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira chifuwa, scrofula, kupweteka m'maganizo ndi prostatitis, ndipo zina zimatetezedwa. 
M'mayiko ambiri, monga China, Korea, Japan, mayiko ena ku South Africa, masamba aang'ono ndi mphukira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masamba, monga katsitsumzukwa. Mphukirayi imakhala ikuyambidwa mumchere wamchere, yokazinga, kuyikidwa mu saladi, yogwiritsidwa ntchito monga kudzazidwa, zokometsera ndi kukonzekera mu maonekedwe a mchere ndi ozifota. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika mkate. Chomerachi chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati tizilombo tosakaniza, komanso ngati chida chopangira guluu.
Tsirtomium Forchuna
Mtundu woterewu umatha kukongoletsa chilichonse. Kutchire, imakula m'nkhalango za Ukraine, Russia, Japan, Korea, China, komanso m'nkhalango zamchere za ku South Africa. Mosiyana ndi anzake, tsirtrium amatha kulekerera mthunzi, mpweya wouma, kusowa chinyezi. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi mimba, mizu ya lalanje imene ili pafupi pansi.
Mitengo - yayikulu, yonyezimira, imvi, yofiira, yonyezimira, yowonongeka, yowonongeka, imakula pansi, ndipo ili pamtunda wautali. M'munsi mwawo muli mikangano. Kutalika kwa tsambali pamodzi ndi tsinde kumafikira 50-60 masentimita, ndipo fern iyo imatha kufika 35-60 cm mu msinkhu. Mbewu zazing'ono zimakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mu zikhalidwe za kulima kwa nyumba, mtundu uwu ndi wochepa kwambiri mu kukula kwake. 
Adiantum yoimika
Adiantum yoimika - imodzi mwa mitundu yokongola kwambiri ya ferns, ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono, okoma, osakhwima. Amakula m'nkhalango zakuda za North America ndi East Asia.
Chomerachi ndi chozungulira, chimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 60 ndipo chimakhala chophwanyika, mapepala ofanana ndi masamba omwe ali oonda, wakuda petioles. Mitundu - zobiriwira zobiriwira zozungulira, zowonongeka, zopangidwa mozungulira. Sori ali pamphepete mwa mapepala a mapepala a mapiko a mapepala omwe ali ndi filimu yowonjezera, ya bulauni. Iyi ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri yomwe imatha kulimbana ndi chisanu mpaka 35 ° C.
Adiantum yooneka ngati yoimitsa imakhala ndi zotsatira zake zokongoletsa nthawi yonseyi: kuyambira May mpaka chisanu choyamba. Kuberekanso bwino pogawanitsa chitsamba, chomwe chili bwino kwambiri kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Amakondanso mthunzi, nthaka yowonongeka yosakanikirana ndi chinyezi. Popeza kuti adiantum ndi yochititsa chidwi kwambiri, imbani bwino m'maso mwake, mkatikati mwa mabedi a maluwa. Zikuwoneka bwino pa minda yamaluwa ndi miyala.
Chomeracho chimakhala ndi mankhwala omwe amakulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino mankhwala a Chitchaina monga expectorant. Ku United States ndi Canada, masamba atsopano amafunidwa ndi matenda a m'mimba, ndipo tsamba lopiritsira masamba limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso odwala matenda opatsirana a ziwalo zotentha.
Komanso, kulowetsedwa kwa masamba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popukuta tsitsi. Ku Canada, Japan ndi Hawaii, mapesi a fern amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ngati kumapeto kwa zinthu zopangidwa. 
Aspleniums
Asplenium kapena Kostenets - Ili ndilo mtundu wambiri wa munda wa munda, kusiyana kwakukulu kumene kuli masamba ake, osati ofanana ndi masamba a ferns ena. Chifukwa cha izi, aspleenia ndizofala kwambiri muzolowera.
Mitunduyi imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: yobiriwira komanso yofiira. Wakula paliponse, ndi zomera zina zimapezeka m'madera otentha a Australia, East Africa, New Zealand, ndi India.
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndizitsamba zazing'ono, zokwawa komanso zobiriwira, masamba obiriwira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe amasonkhana mu rosette. Mitundu yamtunda imakhala yaitali, yokhala ndi mapewa, amagawanika, amagawenga, xiphoid. Kutalika kwa masambawo kumatha kufika masentimita 75. Pakatikati pa tsamba la masamba obiriwira ndilo lofiira mtundu wa brownish. Masamba a Aslenium ndi ovuta kwambiri ndipo samakonda kugwira manja awo. Spores ali ngati mitundu yonse - pamunsi mwa fondayi.
Mitundu ya Asplenium imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri (pafupifupi 800), yomwe imakhala yochuluka kwambiri monga asitile, Aspenium viviparous, South Asia Aslenium, Black Asplenium ndi Aspenium Lukaceous. 
Mitunduyi imakhala yosasamala komanso imakhala yosasamala nthawi yake komanso yosasamala. Размножается спорами и выводковыми почками.
У жителей Новой Зеландии и островов Индийского океана асплениум используется на важных торжествах и событиях: им украшают дорогу молодоженов, палату роженицы, а также провожают в последний путь. Zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchiritsa za asplenium, zimakhala ndi antibacterial, antispasmodic komanso antivirair, komanso zimachotsa ntchentche kuchokera mu thupi, zimachotsa mpweya.
Ndikofunikira! Momwemo mitundu yonse yomwe fern samakonda pamene masamba awo akhudzidwa (mbale zamasamba za zomera zimakhala zachikasu m'malo okhudza). Choncho, kuti akule ferns zokongola, ayenera kusokonezeka mosavuta.
