Mitengo ya zomera ndi imodzi mwa zomera zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi: zakhala zikukhala padziko lapansi kwa zaka zoposa 300 miliyoni, zakhala zikugwirizana ndi nyengo zosiyana siyana (pali zoposa 12,000 ferns), zowoneka zokongoletsera komanso zothandiza.
Pteris ndi malo apadera pakati pa ferns, popeza chomera chachikulu ichi chokongola chidzapempha onse osadziwa zambiri (kusamalira chomera kunyumba ndi chosavuta) komanso okonda kwambiri maluwa.
Mukudziwa? Dzina lakuti "pteris" limachokera ku chi Greek "pteron" - "mapiko a mbalame". Mphukira ngati mphukira imafanana ndi mapiko, ndipo ngati mutadula phokoso la fern kudutsaZingathe kuonedwa kuti zida za mitsuko zimakonzedwa ngati mawonekedwe omwe amafanana (ngati pali lingaliro loyenera) mapiko a mbalame, zikopa za mphungu (choncho fern iyi imatchedwanso "mphungu") kapena oyambirira a Khristu - JC (dzina lina la fern "Yesu udzu").
Pteris (Orlyak): kufotokoza ndi mitundu
Pteris (Pteris L.) ndi mtundu wa ferns, womwe uli ndi mitundu 250 ya zomera zosatha. Malo omwe amagawidwawo ndi ochuluka kwambiri: kuchokera kumalo otentha ndi madera otentha mpaka kumadera otentha.
Nkhumba ya bracken (pteris) ili ndi ndondomeko yotsatirayi: chomera chomera, chimafika kutalika kwa mamitala 6 mpaka 2.5 mamita. Khofiyo ndi yaifupi, yokutidwa ndi tsitsi kapena mamba. Mochokera ku rhizomes mphukira, masamba.
Leaf akuwombera - khungu kapena zotanuka, pinnate. Mtundu wa tsamba la masamba ndi wobiriwira (kuchokera kubiriwira mpaka ku emerald shades). Chifukwa cha mitundu ya variegated yosankhidwayo imayambira. Pamunsi mwa mapepala a masamba ndi sporangia. Pteris "abwenzi" ndi pafupi zomera zonse zozungulira.
Nthawi zambiri abambo a feri a Pteris amalima mitundu ngati Cretan, Xiphoid, ndi Treaking.
Mtundu wambiri wamatumba ndi wotchuka kwambiri Krete Pteris (Pteris cretica). Mu chilengedwe chimakhala ku Eurasia ndi Africa, imakonda madera otentha ndi madera otentha a lamba la pakati. 
Kutalika kwake ndi Wai - kuyambira 30 mpaka 50 cm, m'lifupi - 10-20 masentimita. Kuwala kobiriwira - mapiko, mapiko asanu ndi awiri a zigawo, kukula mzidutswa zingapo mofanana. Mizu - zokwawa (zophimba tsitsi ndi mamba panthawi yomweyo). Phindu lalikulu la mtundu uwu ndikuti pretis ya Cretan imayimilidwa ndi nsomba zazikulu zosiyanasiyana:
- "Albo-lineata". Zosiyanazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi masamba ambiri ndi mzere woyera, umene uli pambali pa mitsempha yapakati. Masamba - kawiri kawiri. Masamba achitsamba ndi aakulu ndi odzala sporagia. Uwu ndiwo wodzichepetsa kwambiri wa ferns;
- "Whimsettii" omwe amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kukamera, masamba obiriwira osagwidwa ndi masamba omwe ali ndi nsonga zopanda pake komanso zopotoka;
- "Parkeri" - molunjika bwino mitengo yamtundu wobiriwira. Pansi - butterfly;
- "Rivertoniana" - Masamba aang'ono amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a akuluakulu, akuluakulu - osagwirizana;
- "Alexandrae". Masambawa ndi ofiira obiriwira, atsekedwa m'mphepete ndipo amawoneka ngati tambala.
Mukudziwa? Pali nthano zambiri pakati pa anthu a Asilavic omwe akugwirizana ndi maluwa opanda fern. Wachiyero, yemwe amamupeza, amatha kukhala nawo ndikusunga maluwa mwake mwa iyemwini (ndipo mphamvu yoipa imayesetsa kuti aipeze) adzalandira mabonasi, kuphatikizapo chikondi chosatha, kumvetsetsa chinenero cha mbalame ndi zinyama, zozizwitsa za chuma chonse chobisika padziko lapansi, ndi zina zotero.Pteris xiphoid (P. ensiformis) Dzina lake limatchedwa, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a masamba. Uyu ndi mlendo kuchokera kumadera otentha a m'madera a Asia-Australia ndi Polynesian. Kutalika kwa masambawo ndi masentimita 30. Masamba wosabala ndi ofanana ndi mazira, atapotoledwa pansi, achonde - pinnate.
Kulima kumudzi komwe kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu yotsatirayi:
- "Victoriae". Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasiyanitsidwa ndi masamba ochepa kwambiri omwe ali ndi zipatso zambiri zomwe zimapezeka pamwamba pa pinnate ndi mikwingwirima yoyera;
- "Evergemiensis". Masamba osangalatsa a siliva, okongola ndi mikwingwirima yoyera.
Pteris tremula - Fern wobadwa ku Australia, amatha kutalika mamita 1, masamba a petioles owongoka amagawanika kwambiri. 
Pteris Chigawo Chachina (P. quadriaurita). Mdziko la mitundu iyi - India. Kutalika kwa tsamba kumathamanga kufika masentimita 90. Masamba ali awiri-pinnate, oblong. Mndandanda wa "Argyraea" umaperekedwa ndi mitsempha yamkati; 
Pteris Multipartite (P. multifida) akuchokera ku China. Masamba obiriwira ambiri amakula mpaka masentimita 45. 
Zina mwa mitundu yochititsa chidwi kwambiri zimaonekera "Cristata" (Makhalidwe opangira zitsamba zopangidwa ndi zisa zowonjezera). 
Pteris wotalika nthawi yaitali (P. Longifolia) ali ndi masamba osalala a mawonekedwe a nthenga (mpaka pa awiri awiri pa tsinde) la mtundu wobiriwira wakuda. Chikasu chobiriwira (20 cm) chodzaza ndi mamba. 
Mukudziwa? Dzina lakuti "Pteris Cretan" - chitsanzo cha zolakwika mu dzina. Mwachilengedwe, fern iyi sinamere pa Crete. Kwa anthu amatchedwanso "fan" kapena "lace". Pteris Multipartite imatchedwanso Huguenot fern. Dzinali linayambira ku United States. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti fernayo inabweretsedwa ku America mu sevente sevente ndi Huguenot othawa kwawo kuchokera ku France kupita ku New World.
Zotsatira za kukula pteris
Olima amaluwa amaluwa omwe kale amakula pteris kunyumba amadziwa kuti kusamalira fern ndi kosavuta. Komabe, pali zofunikira zambiri zomwe siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Izi zimakhudza makamaka kuwala, kutentha, kapangidwe ka chinyezi komanso khalidwe la nthaka.
Kuunikira, kutentha ndi chinyezi
Pteris, m'chilengedwe, amakula m'madera othunzi, nkhalango zakuda. Fern iyi imakonda kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi dzuwa, silingalekerere ndipo imayang'ana bwino ku mdima wandiweyani komanso madzulo (fronds amasiya makhalidwe awo).
Choncho, zinthu zabwino kwambiri zimakhala zosiyana ndi mthunzi wa mthunzi wachabechabe. Mphika wokhala ndi chomera ukhoza kuikidwa mkati mwa chipinda, pazenera zowonekera (kupatula kutsogolo kwakumwera). Ngati sikutheka kuteteza kuwala kwa dzuwa, m'pofunika kuti mthunzi ukhale wamtengo wapatali (wokhala ndi chinsalu, chingwe, pepala, gauze, etc.).
Ndikofunikira! Pteris amapereka mosavuta kuunikira kwapadera (nyali za fulorosenti ndi phytolamps, koma mtunda kuchokera ku nyali kupita ku chomera suyenera kukhala oposa 50 cm). Fern akhoza kusungidwa m'chipinda popanda mawindo. Komabe, nthawi ya "kuwala" tsikuli ayenera kukhala osachepera maola 8.Mitundu yonse ya pteris imayankha modekha. Kutentha kwabwino kwambiri kwa iwo kumachokera ku + 21 ° C mpaka +23 ° C. M'nyengo yozizira, amalekerera mofatsa matsikiti otentha m'chipindamo mpaka 10+ ... +13 ° C (mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana imakhala yotentha kwambiri + 18 ° C), ndipo m'nyengo yachilimwe kuwonjezeka kwafupikitsa kufika +30 ° C kumaloledwa.
Pamene kutentha kumatuluka fern sikuvulaza zina kupopera mbewu. Pteris imachita bwino kwambiri mpaka madontho otentha, koma kuphatikiza kwa mpweya wouma ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumavulaza kwambiri zomera. Choncho, m'nyengo yozizira, fern ayenera kuchotsedwa ku stoves, kutentha mabatire, heaters, ndi zina zotero.
Kusamalira fern kunyumba kumafuna kusunga malamulo angapo osavuta:
- Kutentha kwa usiku kuyenera kukhala madigiri ocheperapo kuposa kutentha kwa masana;
- kusowa kojambula (makamaka nyengo yozizira);
- Musati mulangize kuti mutenge mpweya wabwino (koma mu chilimwe mukhoza kuwuika pa khonde, kuuteteza ku dzuwa, mvula ndi zojambula);
- chipinda chomwe pteris amakhala nacho chiyenera kuwonetsedwa nthawi zonse kuti atsimikizire mpweya wabwino.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti fernis pteris amakonda kwambiri chinyezi. Ngati mpweya uli m'chipinda chouma, ndiye kuti chomeracho chiyenera kutsukidwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi madzi ozizira (yophika ngati njira yomaliza). Mukhozanso kuwonjezera chinyezi pogwiritsa ntchito sphagnum. Zakudya zakuya ndi dothi ndi madzi owonjezera ndi mankhwala abwino (miphika ndi mazira amaikidwa mwa iwo kuti madzi asakhudze mphika).
Ndikofunikira! Pteris iyenera nthawi zonse kukwatira ndi kusamba. Izi zidzachotsa fumbi kumapazi ndi kusakaniza mbewu. Pambuyo pake, nkofunika kuteteza nthaka kuti madzi asalowemo (filimu ya cellophane, polyethylene, etc.).
Kodi nthaka ndi luso la kubzala ziyenera kukhala chiyani?
Koposa zonse, kuti ulimi wa fern, wokhazikika komanso wosasunthika, ukhale wabwino. Nthaka iyenera kukhala mpweya ndi madzi okonzeka. Mitengo akuluakulu amalimbikitsidwa Konzani chisakanizo (mofanana) cha peat, tsamba la nthaka, mchenga wambiri ndi sod.
Amaluwa ambiri amapanga feri pakhomo. Kwa mbande za pteris, mungagwiritse ntchito zofanana (popanda malo a sod), koma mu chiŵerengero cha 2: 1: 2. Kuonjezerapo, pali mitundu yowonongeka yopangidwa ndi fern, yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri.
Samalani zabwino ngalande ya nthaka. Posankha thanki kuti mubzalidwe, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti makina a ngalande (makamaka, dothi losakanizidwa) ayenera kutenga pafupifupi ¼ ya mphamvu yake.
Miphika ya Ceramic imakhala ndi mabowo a madzi. Pansi pa chidebe cha pulasitiki, muyenera kupanga (kubowola, kuwotcha misomali yotentha), koma posankha mphika, muyenera kuganizira zosiyana siyana, komanso kuti ferns zazikulu zimakhala ndi zida zowonjezereka.
Mukudziwa? Pteris ndi imodzi mwa mafera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anthu. M'mayiko a Kum'mawa kwa Asia ndi ku Russian Federation amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya: mchere, mwachangu, msuzi, amadya mawonekedwe a saladi, azidzazaza mapepala, ndi wowuma, omwe amachokera ku mizu ya pteris, kupanga mtanda, kumwa mowa, ndi zina zotero. . Mu mankhwala ochiritsira, mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuula, kutuluka m'magazi, kutuluka kwa chiwindi, kutaya magazi, ndi zina zotere. Zimathandizanso ndi kulowetsedwa m'magazi, mawere, komanso polimbana ndi mphutsi.
Mmene mungamere pteris: kuswana chipinda cha fern
Monga momwe akudziwira, njira yoberekera ferns pteris imayendetsedwa m'njira ya vegetative, ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku spores ndi kugawaniza rhizome. Pachiyambi choyamba, chomeracho chokha chimathandiza olima maluwa, popeza akudziyesa kubzala.
Kawirikawiri, mu ferns yomwe imamera mumatangi akulu, spores otsekedwa amalowa m'nthaka ndikupanga kukula kwatsopano. Ikhoza kusamalidwa bwino ndikuyikidwa mu mphika wawung'ono.
Mukhoza kusonkhanitsa mikangano ndi kumera nokha. Kukolola bwino kumachitika mu March. Kukula kwa mkangano kungayang'ane motere: pa pepala loyera perekani vayu sporagia pansi. Ngati pali zitsanzo za mungu wofiirira papepala, ndiye kuti spores ndi opsa.
Njira yakukula ferns spores ndi iyi:
- kusonkhanitsa spores (kugwedeza pa pepala);
- Konzani chidebe ndi nthaka (chidebe chaching'ono chosakaniza peat, utuchi wovunda ndi fumbi lamwala);
- onetsetsani kusakaniza, bzalani spores, kuwaza iwo mu botolo la kutsitsi;
- Phimbani ndi galasi kapena chivindikiro choyera komanso malo ozizira (+ 13 ° C ... + 15 ° C), kutsanulira nthawi;
- Mbewu zimapangidwira miphika yaing'ono.
Mukasamukira, ngati chomeracho chiri ndi rhizome champhamvu, chikhoza kugawa magawo 2-3. Gawo lirilonse liyikidwa mu mphika wosiyana mu gawo lapansi la mtengo wamkulu.
Kuika izi bwino kumapangidwa palimodzi, monga mphukira za fern ndi zowopsya ndipo zimachoka mosavuta (ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino).
Ndikofunikira! Njira imeneyi yofalitsira fern ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi odziwa maluwa, popeza ndikofunika kudziwa bwino kukula (pali ochepa mwa iwo ndipo amabisika pansi). Ngati mutagawanitsa mbali ya chitsamba popanda kukula, ndiye kuti idzafa, chifukwa sizingatheke kukula fern kuchokera mu ndondomeko.
Zomwe zimasamalira ferns kunyumba
Pteris sichifuna machitidwe apadera a agrotechnical ndi malamulo ofunika, omwe ayenera kutsatira, ndi osavuta:
- kuthirira;
- kudyetsa nthawi;
- kukoka pakufunika.
Nthawi zambiri kumamwa pteris
M'chaka ndi chilimwe, kuthirira kumakhala koyenera nthawi zonse (chizindikiro chofunika kuthirira ndiko kuyanika kwa pamwamba). M'dzinja, kuchuluka kwa madzi kunachepetsedwa (kutsirira kumachitika kwa masiku 2-3 mutatha zouma).
Madzi okwanira ayenera kukhala:
- zofewa (mvula ili bwino);
- chlorine;
- kutentha kwa firiji.
Kudyetsa pterisa
Mofanana ndi maluwa ena onse apakhomo, pteris fern amafunikira zakudya, ndipo kusamalira iwo kumafuna kudya nthawi zonse m'nyengo ya chilimwe ndi chilimwe.
Zomwe feterezazo zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi omwe amawathandiza kuti azikongoletsera (powagwiritsa ntchito pa ferns, mlingowo uyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi theka monga momwe akulimbikitsira m'mawu). Dyetsa kamodzi masiku 15.
Ndi kumayambiriro kwa autumn imani kudya.
Kujambula kwa fern
Kukula kwa pteris kuli kofulumira: chiwerengero cha mphukira chikuwonjezeka, ndipo mizu imapangidwa pamwamba pa mpira woumba. Zonsezi zimabweretsa mfundo yakuti zaka zingapo mbeuyi iyenera kuikidwa.
Chophimba chatsopano chimatengedwa kuti chifalikire (3-4 cm kuposa kuposa kale). Ngati nkhumba zapakhomo zimabzalidwa pogawanitsa chitsamba, ndiye kuti mphika sukula.
Ndi bwino kumuika kumayambiriro kwa masika. Panthawi yomweyi ndikofunika kubwezeretsanso zinthu zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikule: madzi, madzi ndi mpweya wa nthaka. Panthawi yopatsa, ndalama zomwe zowonongeka (zouma kapena zowonongeka) zimadulidwa pamtunda.
Ndikofunikira! Izi zimachitika kuti mutatha kuika pteris, imayamba kuuma. Pankhaniyi, m'pofunikira kudula mitengo yonseyi, ndikuyika chomeracho tsiku lonse m'madzi (kutentha + 20 ... +21 ° C). Pambuyo pake, fern ayenera kuchira.
Vuto lalikulu pakukula pteris
Pamene mukukula pteris kunyumba, pangakhale mavuto omwe amafunika kuthetsa nthawi yake:
- kukula kukucheperachepera, mafesi amayamba kutembenukira chikasu, kuoneka ngati bulauni. Zifukwa izi zingakhale: kutentha kwakukulu, kutsika kwachinyezi, kuchepa kokwanira, kutentha kwa dzuwa;
- wouma masamba, masamba, kutuluka - zotsatira za kuwala mopitirira;
- Vayi akukoka, kukhala wochepa - kumeta shading, kusowa kuwala;
- kupotoka kwai, kusintha ndi kusintha mtundu wawo kukhala wachikasu ndi bulauni, imfa ya mphukira zazing'ono - kutentha, madzi ozizira ulimi wothirira, ma drafts, klorini kapena laimu m'madzi;
- zovuta kapena kuzunzidwa - ndi kofunika kuti muzisamalira zomera ndi sopo kapena mafuta njira, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
