Kuti ziweto zizidyetsedwa bwino ndipo sizinachepetsetse zokolola zawo m'nyengo yozizira, nkofunikira kusamalira chakudya chokwanira pasadakhale. Chofunikira kwambiri pa zakudya za nyama ndi zakudya zowutsa mudyo, ndiko kuti, zomwe zili ndi madzi ambiri. Pofuna kuti akhale ndi thanzi komanso opindulitsa ngati n'kotheka, m'pofunika kumamatira teknoloji yokonzekera ndi yosungirako. M'nkhani ino tidzakambirana za kukonzekera kwachinthu chofunika kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira - silage.
Mukudziwa? Pakadyetsa ng'ombe, chakudya cha silage chiyenera kukhala chakudya cha 50%.
Chochita ndi chiyani
Pofuna kukonzekera bwino silage, m'pofunika kumvetsetsa kuti izi ndi zakudya zowakometsera zinyama, zomwe zimapezeka ndi kusungidwa (fermenting) mwatsopano wouma kapena zouma zobiriwira zazomera (nsonga, masamba, mapesi). Silage yowonjezera ndi yofanana ndi chakudya chobiriwira. Oyenera kudyetsa mitundu yonse ya ziweto. Amathandiza makamaka nyamayi, nkhumba, atsekwe, nkhosa, akalulu.
Njira yophika chotupitsa, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera (mitambo, maenje, nsanja, etc.). Kumeneko, masambawa amatetezedwa pansi pa ziwalo za anaerobic mothandizidwa ndi zidulo zaku organic, zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha lactic acid nayonso mphamvu. Komanso pofuna kuteteza akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mankhwala osungiramo mankhwala, zakudya zowonjezera zakudya, kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko yowonjezera.
Chakudya chokonzekera mwa njirayi chimasungidwa mu sitolo yosungiramo kapena pamatumba. Masiku ano, kukonzekera kwa silage sikungowonjezereka nthawi poyerekeza ndi kukolola kwa udzu. Zikhoza kukonzedwa kanthawi kochepa, palibe chofunikira kukonzekera kudyetsa. Sichifuna ndalama zambiri. Kuonjezerapo, njira iyi imakulolani kuti mukwaniritse kuchepa kwa zakudya zochepa. Choncho, panthawi yogulitsira, mpaka 10-15% za zinthu zothandiza zimatayika, pamene kukolola udzu - 30%.
Silaji ili ndi kuchuluka kwa carotene ndi vitamini C zomwe nyama zimafunikira, komanso madzi ndi zitsulo. Zimathandizira kuti ziweto zizikhala bwino, zimathandizira kuti zikhale zowonongeka.
Mukudziwa? Ng'onoting'ono ndi yofunikira kwa ng'ombe, chifukwa ndi chakudya chamatope. Komabe, ziyenera kudyetsedwa molingana ndi zikhalidwe zoyenera, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa izo mu zakudya za ng'ombe zamphongo zingayambitse kuti mkaka ukhale ndi fungo la silage. Mbewu ndi nyemba zowonongeka ndizofunika kwambiri kwa ng'ombe.
Zomera zazikulu za silage
Kukonzekera kwa silage kumagwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe zambiri. Amagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- chowunikira;
- zovuta kumvetsa;
- chosasweka mu mawonekedwe oyera.
Clover, sedge, clover, nyemba ndi zovuta kuti zikhale akapolo. Matabwa a mbatata ndi mbatata, nkhaka, zukini, mavwende, maungu, soya sali oyenera kugwiritsira ntchito mawonekedwe oyera. Zomera kuchokera ku gulu lomaliza zimakololedwa kokha mu zosakaniza mosavuta feteleza kapena ndi kuwonjezereka kwa zotetezera ndi kuyambira.
Monga nsalu za silage, nsonga za munda wamunda, masamba a kabichi, zosakaniza za nyemba ndi tirigu, udzu wobiriwira kumadyetserako, mbewu zazuzi ndizoyenera. Kugwiritsa ntchito silage ndi zowonongeka zowononga chakudya (zamkati, bard, zamkati).
Zomwe zimapangidwira mowing
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la silage ndi nyengo yochera mbewu ya silage. Mbewu iliyonse ili ndi gawo labwino kwambiri la chitukuko kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito mu chakudya cha silage.
Choncho, pakukolola silage mbewu zimatsukidwa mu siteji ya tirigu yamakina. Ndiyomwe chimanga chimangokhalira kumangika ndipo zimatha kutaya katundu wake wokwana 10 peresenti yokha. Mu malo omwewo amamera.
Nthawi yabwino yosonkhanitsa mpendadzuwa idzakhala nthawi yomwe zomera zatha 30% yotseguka. Ngati mwaphonya mphindi ino, zowonjezera zowonjezera mu mpendadzuwa zidzawonjezeka, ndipo zinyama zidya chakudya choterocho ndi kusaka pang'ono.
Mbewu zamtengo wapatali za chaka ndi chaka zimakololedwa mumbewu yachisawawa yomwe imakhala yochepa m'zaka zitatu zapitazi - panthawi yopuma.
Mapuloteni a aft silage amapangidwa pamene mbewu zimapangidwa. Clover imathandizidwa bwino nthawi yamaluwa, tirigu - kumayambiriro kwa kupeza.
Kodi mungakonzekere bwanji silo: teknoloji yokonzekera makina
Sayansi ya kukonzekera silage ikuphatikizapo magawo angapo:
- kukolola mbewu zosakaniza;
- kupukuta zipangizo;
- ali mu yosungirako;
- kusakanikirana kobiriwira;
- malo osungira malo osungira zinthu.
Misa ya silage iyenera kukhala ndi chinyezi cha 65-75%, koma osati chapamwamba. Powonjezerapo chinyezi, yikani mankhusu, mankhusu, udzu wodulidwa (15-20 makilogalamu / 100 kg chakudya). Ngati msinkhu wake sungakwanitse, zukini, dzungu, ndi madzi zimayambitsidwa.- Komanso mumtundu wobiriwira muyenera kukhala ndi shuga wambiri.
- Mlengalenga kuchokera ku zokololazo ziyenera kukakamizika kukakamizidwa ndi kuyanjana bwino.
- Sitima, dzenje, ngalande kapena chipinda chomwe chimayikidwa silo chiyenera kusindikizidwa mwachisawawa kuti chiteteze mpweya ndi madzi kuti asalowemo.
Misa ya silage iyenera kukhala ndi chinyezi cha 65-75%, koma osati chapamwamba. Powonjezerapo chinyezi, yikani mankhusu, mankhusu, udzu wodulidwa (15-20 makilogalamu / 100 kg chakudya). Ngati msinkhu wake sungakwanitse, zukini, dzungu, ndi madzi zimayambitsidwa.Pambuyo pokolola zomera kuti azigwedezeka, ayenera kupunduka. Pafupifupi kutalika kwa zitsamba zokonzedwa ayenera kukhala 3-4 masentimita.
Ndikofunikira! Kutsika kwa chinyezi cha silage chofiira, bwino kwambiri ziyenera kukhala pansi (2-3 masentimita). Ndipo mosemphana - ndi mkulu wa chinyezi (80% ndi pamwambapa), kudula kwakukulu kwa wobiriwira misa (8-10 cm) kumafunika.Kuti mudziwe mlingo wa chinyezi, muyenera kupotoza mbewu zingapo mumtolo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, madzi amadziwika bwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chinyezi chimakhala chachibadwa. Ngati masambawo sali okwanira, masamba ake adzakhala osafewa, ndipo pamene atapota, madziwo sadzatuluka. Ndi chinyezimiro chochuluka, madzi ochokera ku zomera amamasulidwa ngakhale popanda kupotoka, pokhapokha paulendo.
Pofuna kuyika silo, m'pofunika kukumba dzenje pafupifupi 2 mamita akuya. M'lifupi ndi kutalika kwake kulibe kanthu. Zingakhale zozungulira. Makoma a dzenje ayenera kupita patsogolo. Ayenera kuikidwa ndi dongo. Pansi mukhoza kuphimbidwa ndi masamba osagwa kapena udzu.
Kenaka, mu dzenje la masentimita 20-25 masentimita obiriwira wobiriwira, mwamphamvu mwamphamvu, makamaka pafupi ndi makoma. (Mzere wa masamba obiriwira ukhoza kusinthana ndi magawo a udzu wodulidwa 40-50 cm mu msinkhu.) Tsiku lililonse misa imadzaza 80-100 masentimita.
Kuchokera kwadzaza ndi pamwamba - m'masiku ochepa zomwe zili mkati mwake zidzathera. Kuwopsa kwa tabu, ndibwino kuti silage ikhale yabwino. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zitsamba zomwe zimakhala zowonongeka zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala zowonongeka kwambiri. Kutentha mkati mwa misa sikuyenera kupitirira madigiri 38.
Ndikofunikira! Silage yabwino ingakonzedwe kokha kwa masiku atatu kapena anayi. Poyika dzenje kuposa nthawiyi, chakudya chimakwera, chimataya mapuloteni ndi carotene.Pambuyo pa katundu wathunthu, dzenje limakhala lopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndikulumikizidwa ndi 25-30 cm wosanjikiza dothi kapena peat. Mukhozanso kuphimba ndi bales la udzu wambiri. Popanda mafilimu, madzi amathira madzi masentimita 30, ndipo amadya dothi la masentimita 5 ndi nthaka. Pofuna kuteteza silo kuchokera mvula, denga laikidwa pamwamba pa dzenje, ndipo grooves imatulutsidwa kuzungulira izo kuti madzi asalowemo.
Pogwiritsa ntchito bwino, chakudya chidzakhala chokonzeka kudyetsa miyezi 1-1.5. Zomera zopitirira pang'ono zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kale - masiku 15-20. The legume silo idzafunika miyezi 1.5-2 kuti iyambe.
Pali njira yochitira popanda kumanga nyumba ndi malo ogona. Mungagwiritse ntchito njira ya silage mu mapulogalamu a polima. Pachifukwa ichi, ndondomeko yotetezera imayambira mwamsanga mutatha kuika mtundu wobiriwira m'manja. Kutaya ndi njirayi kumakhala kuyambira 3 mpaka 5%. Zakudya zamtengo wapatali zingachotsedwe pamanja ngati zikufunika chaka chonse.
Mukakolola chakudya chochepa, mungagwiritse ntchito mbiya.
Silo yosungirako
Pamwamba pa sililo yosungidwa ikhale yopanda phokoso ndi yosalala. Zinthu zofunika kuti zisungidwe bwino zidzasungirako kutentha ndi zofunikira za encapsulation.
Kutenga kuchuluka kwa chakudya choyenera, zipangizo zofunda zimakweza pang'ono. Malo otseguka ayenera kukhala ochepa ngati n'kotheka. Kenaka dzenjelo limadzadwanso ndi zojambulazo komanso zokhala ndi udzu kapena dziko lapansi.
Atachotsedwa ku sitolo ya silo, chakudya chimakhala choyenera kuti munthu azidyetsa, chifukwa amatha kutaya zakudya zake mwapang'onopang'ono.
Pamene silo yonse idzagwiritsidwa ntchito, dzenje liyenera kuyeretsa zatsalira ndikuchiritsidwa ndi yankho la freshlylive laimu.
Silos ndi zoteteza
Pofuna kusunga zakudya zowonjezera zowonjezereka kwambiri, pokonzekera silage mumagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbewu zosauka komanso zopanda silage kapena zobiriwira zobiriwira. Zotsatira za zotetezera zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuthekera kwawo kulamulira ntchito yofunikira ya tizilombo: chitukuko cha putrefactive, nkhungu - kupondereza, lactic acid ndi yisiti - malire.
Mukudziwa? Kuyamba kwa mankhwala mu sililage wa chimanga kumathandiza kusunga mpaka 90% a shuga mmenemo.Kuwonjezera kwa zotetezera zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kutulutsa silage yamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku zinthu zilizonse zosafunika (kuphatikizapo zovuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito), mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wake ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zikukula. Zowonjezera zimadzaza chakudya ndi nayitrogeni, phosphorous, sulfure, microelements.
Pakadali pano, kusankha zosungira zowonongeka kwazitsulo kwakukulu - makampani pafupifupi 2.5,000 apangidwa. Pyrosulphite ndi sodium bisulfite, ammonium pyrosulphate ndi ammonium dihydrosulphate, formalin ndi ena ali ndi zinthu zabwino zotetezera. Iwo ankawaza misala ya silage. Posankha chowonjezera, chisankho chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa omwe alibe poizoni ndi khansa.
Komanso, poika zida, mineral acids (formic, sorbic, lactic, propionic, acetic) amayamba kapena amasakaniza ndi salt. Iwo amapangidwa mu zigawo zingapo mu 20-25 masentimita.
Mukamawotcha udzu, chimanga ndi nyemba, mukhoza kuwonjezera nyamayi yapadera, yomwe ili ndi mabakiteriya a lactic acid.
Choncho, khalidwe la silo lidalira zifukwa zingapo: mtundu wa zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo la zokolola zawo, chinyezi, kuchuluka kwa kuika ndi kusindikiza silo. Chakudya chapamwamba chikhoza kudziwika ndi mtundu - chidzakhala chochokera ku chikasu chobiriwira kupita ku mdima wonyezimira, ndi zonunkhira bwino - sauerkraut, maapulo ophika, ophika mkate (malingana ndi momwe zimakhalira). Ngati silo ili ndi maonekedwe osiyana, mwachitsanzo, manyowa kapena ammonia, ntchito yake siilandiridwa.
