Mchere wamchere amasiyana ndi zakudya zambiri. Zomwe zimapangidwira mchere zimakhala zosiyana, ndipo malingana ndi chofunikira chobiririra chimagawidwa movuta komanso chophweka.
Ndikofunikira! Manyowa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono, pamene akuyang'ana mlingo wa zakudya m'nthaka. Pachifukwa ichi, sipadzakhala vuto lililonse ndi mankhwala awo.
Masiku ano, mankhwalawa amapanga feteleza mchere mwa mitundu iyi:
- madzi,
- wouma
- osagwirizana,
- zovuta.
Ngati mutasankha mankhwala abwino ndikutsatira payeso yabwino, simungathe kudyetsa zomera zokha, komanso kuthetsa mavuto omwe akukumana nawo.
Mchere wamchere
Ambiri wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa amadziwa zomwe feteleza zamchere zimakhala. Izi zikuphatikizapo magulu a chilengedwe, okhala ndi zakudya zonse zofunika kwa zomera. Zowonjezera ndi feteleza zoterezi zidzakuthandizani kukwaniritsa kubereka kwa nthaka ndikukula bwino. Mchere wamchere wamchere, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'munda waung'ono ndi wamaluwa, akhala akudziwika lero. Palinso feteleza wothira mafuta, omwe amaphatikizapo zakudya zitatu zofunikira kwa zomera - ndi nitrogen, phosphorous, potaziyamu. Koma ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mchere kumafuna njira yowonongeka, ngakhale kuti zili ndi zinthu zokhazokha (ndi zowerengera zolakwika zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito), n'zotheka kuwononga dziko lapansi ndi zomera. Choncho, tiyeni tiwone bwinobwino momwe zimakhalire ndi feteleza feteleza, maonekedwe ndi zizindikiro, komanso fufuzani momwe mungazigwiritsire ntchito molondola.
Mitundu ya feteleza zamchere
Monga tanena kale, feteleza amchere amagawidwa kukhala: nayitrogeni, potashi ndi phosphate. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zinthu zitatu izi zikutsogolera mu zakudya za zakudya komanso zimakhudza kukula ndi kukula kwa zomera. Mavitamini, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu ndizo maziko, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi feteleza zamchere. Zimayesedwa kuti ndizo maziko a chitukuko chogwirizana cha zomera, ndipo kusowa kwawo kungapangitse kukula kosauka komanso kufa kwa zomera.
Asitrogeni
M'chaka, pangakhale kusowa kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka. Izi zikuwonetseredwa kuti zomera zimachepetsa kapena zimasiya kukula. Vutoli likhoza kudziwika ndi masamba otumbululuka, masamba ang'onoang'ono ndi mphukira zofooka. Tomato, mbatata, strawberries ndi maapulo zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka. Ambiri otchuka nayitrogeni feteleza ndi nitrate ndi urea. Gululi limaphatikizapo: calcium sulfure, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, azofok, ammophos, nitroammophoska ndi diammonium phosphate. Zili ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa chikhalidwe ndi nthaka. Urea acidifies nthaka, nitrate - zabwino pa kukula kwa beets, ammonia - pa kukula kwa nkhaka, anyezi, letesi ndi kolifulawa.
Mukudziwa? Pogwiritsira ntchito ammonium nitrate ayenera kuzindikira kuphulika kwake. Chifukwa chaichi, sagulitsidwa kwa anthu payekha pofuna kupewa ngozi.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nitrojeni feteleza ndi owopsa kwambiri mchere wonse wamchere. Zambiri zikadzadzala, zomera zimaphatikizapo minofu yambiri ya nitrates. Koma ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni feteleza mosamala, malingana ndi nthaka, mbeu ikudyetsedwa komanso mtundu wa feteleza, mungathe kukwaniritsa zokolola zambiri. Komanso, musamapangidwe feteleza mu kugwa, chifukwa mvula imangosamba kusanayambe kasupe. Mitengo ya feteleza (urea): masamba -5-12 g / m² (pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza mchere), mitengo ndi zitsamba -10-20 g / m², tomato ndi beets -20 g / m².
Phosphoric
Phosphate feteleza ndi chakudya cha mchere chomwe chili ndi 20% ya anhydride ya phosphoric. Superphosphate imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa feteleza yabwino kwambiri ya mchere kwa mitundu yonse ya nthaka imene ikusowa izi. Izi ziyenera kupangidwa ngati chovala chapamwamba pa chitukuko ndi kukula kwa zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi chinyezi m'nthaka.
Mukudziwa? Kawirikawiri wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa amagwiritsa ntchito superphosphate iwiri yomwe zinthu zothandiza kwambiri ndizopambana. Alibe CaSO4 yopanda ntchito yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mophweka superphosphate ndipo ili ndi ndalama zambiri.
Mtundu wina wa feteleza wamchere m'gulu ili ndi ufa wa phosphoric. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa dothi la acidic la zipatso zonse, masamba ndi mbewu za tirigu. Mpunga imathandiza polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda chifukwa cha kuchulukitsa chitetezo chomera. Mafuta a feteleza: superphosphate 0.5 centner pa hekta imodzi, 3.5 centner pa 1 hekitala.
Potash
Ikani potashi mchere feteleza mu kugwa, mukukumba. Manyowawa ndi oyenera mbatata, beets ndi mbewu zonse. Potaziyamu sulphate kapena potaziyamu sulphate ndi yabwino kudyetsa zomera zomwe zilibe potaziyamu. Sili ndi zinthu zosafunika zosiyanasiyana monga klorini, sodium ndi magnesium. Oyenera mavwende mbewu, makamaka pa mapangidwe a chipatso.
Potaziyamu mchere umapangidwa ndi ma kloride awiri -KCl + NaCl. Mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale. Zimapangidwa m'chaka cha mitundu yonse ya mbewu za mabulosi a 20 g pansi pa chitsamba. M'dzinja, feteleza imafalikira pamwamba asanayime 150-200 g / m². Mitengo ya feteleza: potaziyamu kloride 20-25 g pa 1 mamita; potaziyamu sulfate -25-30 g / m²
Zovuta
Manyowa osakaniza ndi michere yomwe ili ndi zinthu zambiri zofunika kamodzi kamodzi. Amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amayamba poyambira, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala ziŵiri (nayitrogeni-potaziyamu, nayitrogeni-phosphate, nayitrogeni-potaziyamu) komanso mavitamini (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium). Malingana ndi njira yopangira, iwo amasiyanitsa: zovuta feteleza zamchere, zovuta-zosakaniza kapena zosakanikirana ndi zosakaniza.
- Ammophos ndi fetereza ya phosphorus-nayitrogeni yomwe ili ndi nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous (12:52 chiwerengero). Manyowa amcherewa amapezeka mosavuta ndi zomera, zoyenera mbatata ndi masamba onse.
- Mankhwala a nitrogen a diammof-phosphorus okhala ndi nitrogen 20% ndi 51% ya filosofi. Zimakhala zosungunuka bwino m'madzi ndipo sizikhala ndi zinthu zina zambiri.
- Azofoska ndi feteleza yowonjezera granular yomwe imakhala nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Amapereka zokolola zambiri, osakhala ndi poizoni ndipo akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.
- Manyowa-phosphorous-feteleza wa potaziyamu ndi feteleza ovuta mu granules. Amagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa mbewu zonse, monga zakudya zake zimangowonjezera mosavuta ndi zomera. Oyenera monga feteleza ovuta mukakumba m'chaka.
Mitundu yambiri yamagetsi imagwiritsa ntchito feteleza feteleza zovuta kuti zitheke bwino.
Kusakanizika kovuta
Manyowa ophatikizapo ndi mankhwala monga nitrophobia ndi nitrophobia. Amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito phosphorite kapena iapatite. Mwa kuwonjezera zigawo zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, carbonate nitrophosphate ndi phosphoric nitrophosphate amapangidwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga feteleza wamkulu asanayambe kufesa, m'mizere ndi mabowo pamene akufesa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kuvala pamwamba. Caramumophos-feteleza okhala nayitrogeni mu mawonekedwe a amide ndi ammonia. Kristalin ndi zosungunulira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuteteza nthaka. Izi ndi feteleza yamakina osungunula, madzi osungunuka bwino. Chiŵerengero chofala kwambiri cha feteleza ndi -N: P: K - 20:16:10. Maofesi osakanikirana amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe akuluakulu azaulimi kumene kuli malo akuluakulu omwe ayenera kubzala asanadzalemo mbewu.
Microfertilizers
Ma microfertilizers ndiwo feteleza ndi ma complexes omwe ali ndi zinthu zomwe zimawoneka ndi zomera. Kawirikawiri zinthu izi zimapezeka mwa mawonekedwe a: zamchere zamchere feteleza, makristasi, ufa. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino, feteleza a micronutrient amapangidwa monga maofesi osiyanasiyana ndi microelements. Zili ndi zotsatira zabwino pa chomera cholimidwa, chiteteza ku tizirombo ndi matenda, ndi kuonjezera zokolola.
Mankhwala otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:
- "Master" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wamchere kwa maluwa. Lili ndi: Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe.
- "Sizam" ndi yoyenera kukula kabichi. Chothandiza kwambiri kumawonjezera zokolola ndi kuteteza tizirombo.
- "Oracle" chifukwa chodyetsa mabulosi a mabulosi, maluwa ndi udzu. Ili ndi etidronovuyu asidi, yomwe imayendetsa kayendetsedwe ka madzi m'zigawo zambewu.
Kawirikawiri, feteleza zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muwone bwinobwino mlingo. Pankhaniyi, zomera zidzapatsidwa zakudya zoyenera, popanda mankhwala ena owonjezera.
Kugwiritsira ntchito feteleza wamchere, nsonga zambiri
Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti feteleza zamchere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu akulu awiri: monga fetereza wamkulu (chifukwa cha nthaka kukumba) komanso ngati kuvala kumwamba kwa chilimwe. Njira iliyonse imakhala ndi zovuta zake, koma palinso mfundo zomwe sizingaswedwe.
Malamulo a chitetezo:
- Musagwiritsire ntchito mbale kuti muphike pofuna kuchepetsa feteleza;
- feteleza zosungirako, zabwino kwambiri, muzitsulo zamadzimadzi;
- Nthawi yomweyo musanagwiritse ntchito, mutatha kusungirako nthawi yaitali, pangakhale vuto limene feteleza likulumikizidwa, motero m'pofunika kudutsa mu sieve ya 3-5 mm mwake
- Mukamamera feteleza mbeu, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito malingaliro anu, popeza kuti kuchuluka kwa fetereza m'nthaka kungawononge zotsatira zake;
- Ndi bwino kugwiritsira ntchito njira ya kafukufuku wa laboratory pa nthaka chifukwa cha zotsatira zomwe zingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza yoyenera pa ndalama zofunikira;
- Ayenera kusamalidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti feteleza ya feteleza, yomwe imapangidwa kudzera m'nthaka, siigunda mbali yobiriwira;
- Ubwino wothirira nthaka ukhoza kupindula mwa kusinthanitsa feteleza mchere;
- ngati feteleza za mchere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi feteleza organic, mlingo wa woyamba uyenera kuchepetsedwa;
- Zopindulitsa kwambiri ndi feteleza granulated, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti m'dzinja kukumba.
Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza zamchere ndikutsata njira zopezera chitetezo kudzakuthandizani kudzaza nthaka ndi zofunikira zomwe zingathandize kuti zomera zizikhala bwino.
Madalitso ndi zovulaza kuchokera ku ntchito ya feteleza mchere m'munda
Manyowa amchere amathandiza kudzaza nthaka ndi zinthu zofunika komanso kuonjezera zokolola za munda wamaluwa kapena munda. Zowonjezera zonse zomwe zimayambitsa feteleza zimathandiza kuti zomera zisunge nyengo ndi fruiting. Komabe, musaiwale za kuopsa kwa feteleza amchere, makamaka momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito molakwika komanso kupitirira mlingo.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati simukutsatira ndondomeko yomalizira yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza mchere, nitrate ikhoza kusungira osati kunthaka komanso zomera. Izi zingayambitse poizoni mukamadya zipatso.
Masiku ano, zinyama zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mineral feteleza kuphatikizapo organic. Izi zimakuthandizani kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa nitrates ndi kuchepetsa zotsatira zoipa. Ndikukambirana mwachidule, ndikufuna kuti muzindikire kuti zonse zomwe feterezazo zimayambitsa, ndi zonse zomwe zimaphatikizapo mbeu, ntchito zawo zimathandiza kukolola zokololazo. Choncho, tangoganiziraninso ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito nyimbozo ndipo musamawachitire nkhanza chifukwa cha zofuna zawo.
