Anthu onse okhala m'nyengo ya chilimwe ali ndi ndondomeko yobzala pamalo awo.
Chitsamba cha mphesa ndi chomera chomwe chimakongoletsa bwino chiwembu, komanso chimabweretsa phindu kuchokera ku kukula kwake.
Mphesa ndi mbewu yakale yomwe anthu amakulitsa.
Malingaliro a kulima kwa chomera ichi kale, amapezeka m'madera omwe ali pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ku Crimea ndi ku Central Asia.
Tsopano mphesa ndizofala kwambiri pa dziko lapansi.
Masango a mphesa amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake, mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mabulosi a mphesa ndi ofunika kwa munthu ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika komanso zothandiza.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mphesa, timapanga dongosolo la mitsempha, timatha kudziletsa tokha komanso kuthetsa kutopa.
Ma feteleza oyambirira
Popeza atasankha kubzala mphesa, nkofunika kudziwa momwe, ndi, kuchuluka kwake, komanso ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingakhale bwino kuti manyowa asamalire ndikukula ndi kusunga mpesa wobzalidwa, komanso kupeza mabulosi abwino. Pamene zokolola zimatha, timapita ku msika kapena ku masitolo a zipatso ndi zipatso zomwe zimabweretsa kuchokera kwa wina yemwe amadziwa kumene, ndipo, motero, amakula ngati osadziwika.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, zokhudzana ndi makina omwe amamera ndi kuteteza zomera ku matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo zambiri, komanso kupeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimenezi, ndi zopindulitsa kwa ogulitsa zipatso komanso ndiwo zamasamba.
Zokolola zabwino m'munda wawo, abambo onse ayenera kumvetsa tizirombo ndi matenda a zomera za m'munda. Izi zidzalola kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera kwambiri pokonzekera chitetezo cha mbewu za m'munda, komanso kudziwa nthawi ndi zingati zomwe mbewu iliyonse imafuna kuti ikule.
Choyamba, tidzatha kudziwa momwe zingapangidwire mtengo wa mphesa kuti ukhale ndi zipatso zabwino m'munda wake. Ndiponso chomwe chiyenera kubweretsedwa padziko lapansi kuti chikhale chakudya chake.
Mukamabzala mphesa, m'pofunika kutaya feteleza mu dzenje lakubzala. Zomwe zili zofunika zomwe zimabweretsedwa motere zimakhala zothandiza kwa chitsamba china kwa zaka 2-3. Panthawiyi, chitsamba chidzapanga ndikuyamba kubala chipatso, ndipo kufunika kwa chikhalidwe cha zakudya kudzawonjezeka. Chitsamba cha mphesa chimapanga zinthu zambiri kuchokera pansi.
Choncho, chaka chilichonse, kuti mukolole bwino komanso kukula kwa mbeuyi, zakudya zimapangidwira bwino. Zingakhale phosphorous, nayitrogeni, ndi potaziyamu, ndi magnesium, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Zakudya zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
1) waukulu;
2) kudyetsa.
Mchere wamchere
Zokolola za mbewu iliyonse, ndi mphesa, zimadalira molingana ndi kukula ndi nthawi ya zakudya zopatsa thanzi padziko lapansi. Kumbukirani kuti zinthu zofunika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi, kumayambiriro kwa masika, kamodzi pa zaka 2-3, kapena mwanjira yomweyi, koma m'dzinja.
Mankhwalawa amachokera ku mchere adagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
1) zosavuta
2) zovuta.
Tiye tiyankhule pang'ono za iwo.
Mchere wambiri Amakhala ndi macrocell, yomwe ingakhale phosphorous, nayitrogeni, ndi potaziyamu. Madzi ochepa omwe ali ndi nayitrogeni, monga urea, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, kapena sodium nitrate ndi ammonium sulphate.
Asitrogeni zimakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha mphesa ndi kukula kwake. Ngati mwadzidzidzi padziko lapansi palibe chokwanira, kukula kwa chitsamba kumasokonezeka. Masamba amatembenukira chikasu ndikufa, masango sakula bwino. Ngati dziko lidzaza ndi nayitrogeni, masamba a chitsamba cha mphesa amakula kwambiri, zipatso zimakula, ndipo zimayamba kuphuka pang'onopang'ono n'kukhala madzi, mphukira zimakula mofulumira, ndipo chifukwa chake sichimalola kuti madontho amatha kutentha.
Zabwino kwambiri pakati pa feteleza zamchere lero urea. Mavitrogeni mmenemo - 46%.
Urea amapangidwa ndi granules, choncho amatha kusungunuka bwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu madzi ndi granules. Mchere umenewu umathandizidwa ndi zomera. Urea imakhudzanso nthaka ya asidi.
Zilonda zimaperekedwa komanso ammonium nitrate, yomwe imayimiranso nayitrogeni. Amagwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni 35%. Ammonium nitrate imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi ndi m'nthaka. Ngati kumera kumene mphesa zimakula, pali nthaka yowawa, feteleza iyi imachotsedwanso ndi laimu yoyamba. Chiwerengerochi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito: 1 makilogalamu a saltpeter ndi 600-700 g wa laimu atatha kale.
Kupanga sodium nitrate zatsimikiziridwa ndi chiŵerengero cha 16% mpaka 26% (nayitrogeni ndi sodium, motsatira). Thupili limasungunuka mosamala m'madzi, komanso mumadzi ozizira - komanso m'nthaka. Muyenera kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa sodium nitrate kumayambitsa kukonza nthawi yosungirako, kotero sikusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Izi ndizothetsera mchere, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa dothi lokhazikika, makamaka pophatikizidwa ndi mankhwala superphosphate.
Pa nthaka yopanda ndale, kapena ndi alkaline anachita, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ammonium sulphate (ammonium sulphate) okhala ndi 21% ya nayitrogeni. Manyowawa amasungunuka bwino, ndipo satsukidwa kunja kwa nthaka ndi madzi. Malowa amalola kugwiritsa ntchito fetereza pa nthaka yonyowa. Asanagwiritsire ntchito dothi la acidic, Amonium amaletsedwa ndi kuzimitsa ndi mandimu, kutengedwa mofanana nawo. Pakati yosungirako, misa imeneyi imagwedezeka.
Chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kufulumira kwa kuyambira kwa maluwa a chitsamba cha mpesa ndi phosphorus. Izi ndizofunikira ku chikhalidwe cha zipatso, chifukwa zimathandiza kuti azisakaniza msanga. Phosphorus ina imapatsa mphamvu mpesa kuti ikhale yozizira. Manyowa omwe ali ndi phosphorous ndi superphosphate (osakwatira ndi awiri).
Chodziwika kwambiri phosphoric, ndi chophweka cha superphosphate, chomwe chimachititsa 21% ya phosphorus ndi gypsum. Manyowa amasungunuka mosamala m'madzi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthaka zosiyanasiyana.
Double superphosphate ili ndi phosphoric acid mu kuchuluka kwa 50% mwazofunika. Manyowa awa alibe gypsum, ngakhale mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso superphosphate. Osasungunuka kwambiri mu madzi.
Chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri pa zakudya za mphesa ndi potaziyamu gawo. Zimakhudza kukula kwa zipatso ndi kukula kwa chitsamba cha mphesa. Izi zimapatsa mphamvu mpesa chifukwa cha wintering, zimathandiza kuthetsa chilala ndi matenda. Zimakhudzanso shuga mu madzi a mabulosi ndipo imachepetsa asidi ake. Popanda potaziyamu amasonyeza mapiri akufa a masamba. Gululi la feteleza limaphatikizapo potaziyamu mchere, sulfate ya sulfate ndi kloride, potassium magnesia, potaziyamu sulphate komanso kukonzekera "Ecoplant".
Potaziyamu mchere - woimira potashi angapo, omwe ali ndi peresitsi 40%. Ilinso ndi chlorine zambiri. Potaziyamu mchere uli ndi mtundu wofiira. Bweretsani nthawi yophukira nthawi zina ndipo pafupifupi simunagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zina za chaka. Sungunulani bwinobwino madzi, omwe amatsuka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera m'nthaka. Kusakaniza chinthu ichi ndi zinthu zina kumaloledwa.
Feteleza okhala ndi 45-50% potaziyamu ndi potaziyamu sulphate. Izi ndizovala zabwino kwambiri kuchokera ku potashi, zomwe zilibe chlorine. Pa chomera chokongoletsedwa ndi kukonzekera kwa zipatsozi kumakhala bwino. Musanapange kukhala ololedwa kusakaniza ndi zinthu zina.
Ma calimagnese amaphatikizapo 30% potaziyamu, 9% magnesiamu ndi sulfure. Malinga ndi physicochemical properties, calmagnezia ndi ufa wosungunuka m'madzi ndi nthaka kuchokera makristar. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha chakudya chachikulu, ndi kuvala pamwamba. Kuyamba kwa calimagnese kumakhala kovuta kwambiri ku dothi lopanda madzi lomwe lilibe magnesium.
Mu mchere wambiri wamchere womwe uli wovuta, kuphatikizapo maofesi a macronutrients a zinthu zingapo. Gulu ili ndi:
1) ammophos,
2) nitroammofosk,
3) azophoska
4) nitroammophos.
Mavitrogeni ndi phosphorous amalowa mu ammophos, kuphatikizapo 12% mpaka 50% motsatira. Zimasungunuka bwino m'madzi.
Nitroammofosk - mankhwala omwe ali ndi zinthu monga nitrogen, phosphorus ndi potaziyamu, kuphatikizapo 17% / 17% / 17%, motero. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zonse monga maziko komanso monga chakudya chopatsa thanzi.
Kuwongolera mwamphamvu zafosphorous, potaziyamu ndi nayitrogeni, mu chiŵerengero cha 16% mpaka 16% ndi 16%. Ikugwira ntchito pa dothi losiyana. Osakanizika panthawi yosungirako.
Nitroammophos mankhwala ndi chinthu chomwe chimakhala chophweka. Lili ndi nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous, yomwe imatengedwa kuchokera ku 16% mpaka 25% ya nayitrogeni ndi 20% mpaka 23% phosphorous. Zosungunuka mwangwiro m'madzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya feteleza yaikulu komanso yothandizira.
Komanso chidwi chowerenga za mitundu ya mphesa
Manyowa opangira
Mndandanda wa zochitikazo zikuphatikizapo:
1) manyowa a nyama,
2) kompositi
3) zitosi za mbalame,
4) peat,
5) phulusa la nkhuni.
Zonsezi zili ndi: potaziyamu, nitrogen, phosphorous ndi zinthu zina. Nkhani yogwiritsidwa ntchito kunthaka imapindulitsa kwambiri ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chikhalidwe cha nthaka chikhale bwino, maulamulidwe ake a madzi otentha ndi a m'madzi. Ndipo ndi izi feteleza, mabakiteriya opindulitsa amamangidwa. Pazifukwa izi, kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu zofunikira panthawi yopatsa mipesa ndi koyenera.
Waukulu feteleza:
Manyowa osweka, ndi imodzi mwa feteleza yabwino kwambiri ya nthaka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa slurry sikuvomerezeka, zimakhudza zokhudzana ndi nayitrogeni m'nthaka. Manyowawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwa.
Zojambula za mbalame - ali ndi zinthu zothandiza kwambiri. Amabweretsa pansi mu kugwa, ndipo amadyetsedwa ndi zomera m'chilimwe komanso m'chaka. Musanapangitse kuti misa ikhale yophikidwa, kenaka imadzipukutira ndi madzi 1: 2, ndiyeno imasiyidwa masiku 14 kuti imve. Mphindi wotsirizidwa amadzipukutidwa ndi madzi 1: 5, ndipo atangotha kumene akhoza kuthirira chitsamba, pamtunda wa chidebe cha mbewu iliyonse.
Waukulu, pakati pa feteleza mu mndandanda wa organic, ndi kompositi. Mbuzi yothandizayi ndi yophweka komanso yosavuta kukonzekera, motsogoleredwa ndi zotsatirazi. Kumene madzi amayenda bwino mvula, amapanga dzenje, pambuyo pake amatchulidwa ngati kompositi, pamene akukumba mumtunda wosasunthika ngati mawonekedwe a ngalande 1.5-2 mamita ndi 1 mita kwambiri.
Ndiye zotsalira za zomera, zinyama, udzu, peat, matabwa a matabwa, zophikira kunyumba zimatsanulira mmenemo. Pofuna kusasitsa bwino, kompositiyi imasakanizidwa bwino, kenako imayambitsidwa. Pofuna kulimbitsa ubwino wake ndi zokhutira, feteleza ina iliyonse imaphatikizidwa ku kompositi.
Manyowa mphesa komanso peat. Koma kuyeretsa sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mu peat pali zowonjezera mankhwala owononga zomera. Peat amadziwika ndi acidity ndi otsika zachilengedwe ntchito. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lapansi.
Mukhoza kutenga m'malo owonjezera a potash phulusa. Thupi limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito katatu kapena kasanu kuposa fetereza ya fetashi. Phulusa lopambana ndi phulusa lopsa mitengo ya zipatso ndi mpesa wamphesa.
Nthaka imamera feteleza ndi zinthu zakuthengo zaka 2-3. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, zimapangidwa kokha pakugwa. Chitsamba chilichonse amapereka makilogalamu 6-8 a feteleza. Chitani izo musanayambe kukolola, pafupi ndi chomera, dzenje.
Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa feteleza, mu kugwa, mutatha kukolola, mbeu imayezedwa. Podziwa kulemera kwake kwa mbeu, mukhoza kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa feteleza zofunika kuti mupange.
Kupaka pamwamba
Chofunika kwambiri kwa zomera zonse ndizovala. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ngati muli ndi kusowa kochepa kwa zinthu zina, mukhoza kuchita kavalidwe kakang'ono. Ndiye zokolola za zipatso zimapezeka pang'onopang'ono, koma zidzakhala zomveka bwino. Momwe mungatulutsire mphesa, komanso nthawi yomwe tikukambirana.
Nthawi
Mitengo ya mchere imapangidwa pachaka, chomera chilichonse chosiyana, kupereka 20-30 g ya nayitrogeni, 40-50 g ya phosphorous ndi potaziyamu zinthu. Choyamba feteleza anachita m'chaka, popanga 40-50 g wa nayitrogeni, 40 g wa superphosphate ndi 30 g wa potaziyamu pa chomera. Yachiwiri - imachitika maluwa asanayambe masiku 10-15, pogwiritsa ntchito chomera: 40-50 g wa nayitrogeni feteleza, 50 g wa superphosphate ndi 40 g wa potaziyamu. Mukhoza kukonzekera zitosi za nkhuku, kuchuluka kwa zidebe 1-2 zazitsamba.
Chachitatu feteleza umachitika movuta, pamene zipatso zimakula kukula kwa mtola. Aperekeni pa ulimi wothirira, kutaya 25-35 g wa zinthu pa 10 malita a madzi. Chachinayi - zokolola pamene zipatso zipse. Amachita izi mwa kuwonjezera magalamu 50 a potashi ndi feteleza phosphate ku mbewu iliyonse.
Zovala zapamwamba za Foliar
Kudyetsa Foliar kumaphatikizapo ndi fungicidal mankhwala a chikhalidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi yoyamba chitsambacho chimayambika maluwa asanayambe maluwa, chachiwiri - pamene mabulosi anayamba kuyambira, lachitatu - nthawi yakucha yakucha, ndipo yachinayi - pamene mabulosi amayamba kukhala ofewa. Amathiridwa madzulo pamene mphepo imatha. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti kudyetsa kwa foliar sikusintha malo amodzi, ndipo kumaphatikizapo kumapeto.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito feteleza
Musanayambe kuthirira nthaka, phunzirani malamulo angapo kuti ayambe kufalitsa feteleza m'nthaka. Pali malamulo odyetserako zakudya, komanso malamulo odyetsera dziko lonse lapansi ndi zakudya komanso zopindulitsa.
Momwe mungapangire mavalidwe a foliar
Kupopera mbewu Mphepete mwa tsamba la mphesa ndi madzi osakaniza a zakudya, otchedwa foliar feeding. Kukonzekera koteroko kumakuthandizani kuti mupeze zakudya zomwe zimathandiza mphesa. Kuonjezera apo, kulandila kwachilengedweku ndi kotheka kubzala zipatso zabwino. Fulutsani chikhalidwe motero madziwo anaphimba masamba a chitsamba ndi madontho aang'ono, komanso mphukira zake.
Zowonjezera kudyetsa mizu ziyenera kupangidwa madzulo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nyengo ndi yofunikira kwambiri pakuchita izi, monga kutentha ndi kuyatsa kumakhudza kuyamwa kwa zinthu zofunikira ndi chomera cha mphesa.
Chokondweretsa kwambiri chimaonedwa kuti ndi tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwombankhanga ndi pafupifupi chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya wa madigiri 18-22. Muzochitika zotero, masamba otsukidwa a chomerawo amakhalabe oundana nthawi yaitali, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti alowe mkati mwa mphesa.
Kubwezeretsa kwa foliar kumapangidwa ndi zakudya zazikulu: phosphorous, nayitrogeni, potaziyamu, komanso microelements: manganese, boron, mkuwa, cobalt, zinki, molybdenum. Lero, pali zokonzekera zambiri zomwe zakhala zikukonzekera zomwe zimapangidwira kudyetsa nkhuku.
Malangizo
Choncho, kuti mukhale ndi chic shrub cha mbewu za mphesa, ndipo panthawi imodzimodzi, kuti muzipindula momwe zingathere ndi kubweretsa zipatso zabwino, muyenera kutsatira malamulo ofunika awa:
1) kudyetsa chomera panthaŵi yake,
2) kuchepetsa mpesa molondola komanso pakapita nthawi,
3) mutabzala - manyowa bwino.
Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti chisamaliro ndi chikondi ndizofunikira pozisamalira zonse zomwe zili pompano pano. Perekani kutentha kwa nyanja kumalopo, mosamala mosamala, ndipo idzakuthokozani ndi zipatso zokoma.
