Ng'ombe ndi gwero la mphamvu kwambiri kwa munthu, popeza nyama iyi yabwino kwambiri imakhutiritsa zosowa za thupi kuti zikhale zofunika ndi mavitamini.
Ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zamtundu wa nyama, monga lamulo, zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri, zimakula mofulumira, ndipo nyama zawo zimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri.
Ng'ombe za nyama sizimapereka mkaka, ndipo zimapindulitsa kwambiri kuposa akazi a mkaka kapena nyama ndi mkaka.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, kuli mitundu yambiri yodziwika, yomwe ili njira yabwino kwambiri yowonetsera cholinga cha ziwetozi.
Kufotokozera za mitundu iyi yomwe mungapeze m'nkhaniyi.
Ng'ombe za ku Hereford
Nthano za Hereford ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri komanso yotchuka ya nyama padziko lapansi.
Mtundu wa zinyama izi ndi wofiira, koma mutu, umafota, mimba, chiwombankhanga, mchira msuzi ndi theka la miyendo ndizoyera. Mphuno ya ng'ombe izi ndi pinki yotumbululuka.
Malamulo a oimira mtundu umenewu ndi nyama. Nyama imatha kutalika kwa masentimita 125, ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 150 mpaka 155. Thupi liri ndi mawonekedwe a mbiya, koma m'malo mwake, mozama komanso lonse.
Fench ndi yamphamvu, choncho ikhoza kuwonetseredwa bwino kuchokera kumbali. Sternum ndi yaikulu ndipo imakhala yozama. Kumbuyo ndi kutali kumakhala kochepa koma kochepa. Nyanga zili mmwamba kwambiri, koma zazing'ono. Khunguli liri ndi tsitsi laling'ono lofewa, lofewa kwambiri, zotanuka m'mapangidwe.
Ng'ombe zimatha kulemera kuchokera 850 mpaka 1000 kg, ndi ziweto - kuyambira 550 mpaka 650 kg.
Zili zosavuta kuti zinyama zikhale zowonongeka, ndizomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuyenda ndi msipu wawo. Nyama ya ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe izi ndipamwamba kwambiri, ndi mkhalidwe wa nyama ya marble. Pa kuphedwa pafupifupi 58-62% ya kulemera kwathunthu kwa nyama kudzakhala nyama, yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kumwa.
Ng'ombe za Hereford sizikufuna kuti zisamalire, zimatha kuyenda kutalika kwambiri, sizikudwala matenda ena, komanso zimatha kuthamanga mofulumira.
Iwo ali nawo kwambiri kukhala wodekhaamakhala ndi nthawi yaitali - zaka 15-18.
Pazaka zonse za moyo, nyama sizikutaya kulemera kwake, ndipo kubala kumakhalanso pamtunda.
Pali ziyeso zingapo zomwe zinkachitika pa ng'ombezi. Zotsatira zake, zinatsimikiziridwa kuti zinyama za mtundu uwu pa msipu zimadya pafupi mitundu yonse ya udzu, mosasamala kanthu kovuta kwake. Ng'ombe izi zimadya namsongole.
Chosowa chokha cha mtundu uwu ndi chakuti ana a ng'ombe amabadwa ochepa, ndi makilogalamu 25 okha a kulemera kwa moyo. Koma matupi awo ali olimba kuti asadwale.
Kuti chitetezo chowonjezereka chikhalepo pansi pa nkhokwe muyenera kuyika zambiri zowuma. Ndiye ana a ng'ombe sangathe kuwopa kulikonse. Ng'ombe za Hereford sizimwedwa, chifukwa mkaka wawo uli wotsika kwambiri. Nkhumba zimapitiriridwa kuyamwa, koma nthawi yonse ya lactation ikhoza kupezeka kuchokera ku ng'ombe imodzi ya 1000-1200 kg ya mkaka, yomwe ili ndi pafupifupi 4%.
Cow Blue Blue
Ng'ombe ya buluu ya ku Belgium ikuyendetsedwa bwino kuti ndiyo mtundu wodalirika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zakale zapitazo zidatengedwa kale, m'zaka za zana la 19 m'zipatala za Belgium. Kuchokera apo, zinyama za mtundu umenewu zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zikhale ndi nyama zabwino kwambiri.
Nyama za mtundu uwu ndizokulu, mitunduyo ndi yozungulira, minofu imasonyezedwa bwino kwambiri. Mitsempha yamkati imakhala yoonekera pambali pa khosi, mapewa, pelvis, rump ndi kumbuyo.
Kumbuyo kwa ng'ombe izi ndi kolunjika, mchira ndi kuzungulira, mchira uli wozindikirika kwambiri, khungu ndi zotsekemera ndi kuyang'ana bwino. Ng'ombe zimenezi ndizo miyendo yabwino, choncho akhoza kusuntha mosavuta, kugonjetsa kutalika kwake.
Zojambulajambula zingakhale zosiyana, koma mkati mwa gulu la mtundu, chifukwa mtunduwo unatchulidwa.
Khungu likhoza kukhala loyera, bluish-pegovoy, lakuda kapena mithunzi ya mitundu yonse yakale. Nthawi zina ng'ombe zazikazizi zimakhala ndi malo ofiira, koma mtunduwu umafalitsidwa ndi mtundu wosiyana. Nyama izi ndizokhazikika chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo.
Ng'ombe pachimake cha mphamvu zawo zikhoza kulemera makilogalamu 1100-1250, koma nthawi zina kulemera kungapitilire 1300 makilogalamu. ng'ombe yaikulu ikhoza kukhala yosiyana ndi masentimita 145 mpaka 150. Ng'ombe imatha kulemera kwa 850-900 makilogalamu, ndipo imatha kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 140.
Mbali yapadera ya ng'ombe iyi ndi kukula kwa minofu.
Geneticists apeza kuti DNA ya nyama ya mtundu uwu ili ndi jini lomwe limathetsa kupanga myostatin mapuloteni, omwe amapangidwa ndi thupi kuti ateteze minofu kukula pambuyo pofika pa mfundo inayake.
Ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa jiniyi kuti minofu ya ng'ombe izi sizikuleka kukula. DNA ya ng'ombe zenizeni za ku Belgium zili ndi kabuku kawiri ka jini, chifukwa pamene, pamene anawoloka, anyamatawo adzapitiriza kukula kukula kwa minofu.
Nkhumba sizikhala ndi minofu yotereyi kuyambira kubadwa, ndipo amayamba kupweteka kwa masabata 4 mpaka 6 atabadwa.
Chifukwa cha zosiyana zake, ng'ombe za ku Belgium zili ndi zokolola zazikulu kwambiri za nyama - pafupifupi 80%. Komanso, ng'ombe iyi idzakhala pafupi chakudya chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mafuta omwe amapezeka mu thupi la ng'ombe iyi.
Ng'ombe za Auliekol
Ng'ombe za mtundu wa Auliekol zinafalikira posachedwapa, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kugawo la Kazakhstan. Pofuna kupeza mtundu uwu, obereketsa anadutsa mitundu yambiri, yomwe ndi Charolais, Aberdeen-Angus ndi azungu a ku Kazakh komweko.
Kwa zaka 30, akatswiri a zinyama adatha kubweretsa nyama za ng'ombe izi pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa lero ng'ombe za auliekolsky zimagulidwa pa minda yayikulu yamalonda.
Ambiri mwa oimira mtundu uwu (pafupifupi 70%) ndi komolymi, ndiko kuti, ali nawo palibe nyanga.
Khungu la ng'ombe izi ndi lofiira, lamuloli ndi lolimba, lamtundu wooneka ngati mbiya. M'nyengo yozizira, mulu wandiweyani umaonekera pakhungu, lomwe limateteza thupi la ng'ombe ku hypothermia. Ndi chifukwa cha tsitsili, ng'ombe za auliekolskie zimapirira kwambiri chisanu popanda kupweteka kwambiri.
Ng'ombe zimenezi zimakula ndikukula mwamsanga. Ng'ombe yaikulu ikhoza kulemera makilogalamu 950-1050, ndipo ng'ombe imatha kulemera makilogalamu 540 - 560.
Izo zimachitika kuti ng'ombe ikhoza "kudya" makilogalamu 1500 a kulemera kwa thupi.
Nyama Ng'ombe izi ndi zapamwamba kwambiri, "marble", mulibe mafuta ochuluka kwambiri. Pamene nyama yophera nyama imatulutsa 60-63%. Nyama ya ng'ombe izi zimakhala ndi zofuna zapadera m'misika ya Kazakhstan.
Ng'ombe za Auliekol ziri kwambiri khalani mwamsanga kwa aliyense, ngakhale kusintha kwambiri, nyengo. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti khungu la ng'ombezi likhoza kukhazikika mu 4-5 zigawo, pamene mitundu ina ili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zigawo zomwe zingathe kufika 3 okha.
Ng'ombe zimenezi sizikufuna malo apadera oti azikhalamo, ndipo pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa zomera ungadye kudyetsa.
Zimakhalanso zosangalatsa kuwerengera za momwe zimakhalira ng'ombe.
Ng'ombe za Kian
Ng'ombe za Kyan zinabadwira m'chigwa cha Val di Chiana ku Italy. Mtundu uwu umadziwika kuti ndi waukulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mu CIS, nyama izi zinawoneka posachedwapa, kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ng'ombe za Kian zimawoneka m'minda zambiri, osati mafakitale okha.
Ng'ombe za mtundu uwu zojambula zoyera, koma nthawi zina mumatha kuona zinyama zokhala ndi khungu loyera, ndipo mu ng'ombe zimakhala zofiira.
Mafupa a nyamazi ndi owonda, mutu ndi wautali kukula, maonekedwe ndi owongoka, nyanga ndizochepa. Zowola ndizokwanira, sternum ndi yayikulu, minofu yake imakula bwino, mphuno imakula bwino, thupi limatayika, minofu ndi nsana ndizitali, minofu imakhala bwino kwambiri, ntchentche imakhala yosalala ndi yaitali, miyendo ndi yaitali komanso yowongoka.
Khungu la ng'ombe izi ndi lofewa komanso lochepa.
Ngakhale mtundu wa akuluakulu, ana a kubadwa amakhala ofiira. Momwemo, amakhala mpaka nthawi yomwe ali ndi miyezi itatu.
Ng'ombe zimatha kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 158, ndi zamoyo 172 cm. M'kupita kwanthawi, ng'ombe zimakula mpaka 170 masentimita, ndi ng'ombe - mpaka 195 masentimita. Ng'ombe zitha kupeza makilogalamu 720 - 1000 a moyo wolemera, ndi ng'ombe - 1300-1800 kg.
Ng'ombe za mtundu umenewu zimakhala zochepa kwambiri. Kulemera kwa mwana wang'ombe ndi 42-48 makilogalamu.
Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi atabadwa, ali ndi chitukuko choyenera, kukonza bwino ndi zakudya, mwana wang'ombe akhoza kupeza makilogalamu 220 a kulemera kwa thupi. Patsiku, ng'ombe yaing'ono kapena ng'ombe ikupeza pafupifupi 1 - 1.4 makilogalamu. Pa kuphedwa, kuchuluka kwa zipatso za nyama ndi pafupifupi 60-65%.
Tsoka ilo, ng'ombe izi zimakhala ndi zovuta zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, nyama za mtundu uwu khalani achiwawaChoncho, akhoza kutsutsa munthu, komanso kuluma ndi kugunda ndi lipenga. Amagwiranso ntchito kwambiri, kotero amatha kulumphira pa mpanda, kutalika kwake komwe kumatha kufika mamita awiri.
Mtundu waku White Aquitanian
Ng'ombe zoyera za Aquitaine zinkapezeka ku Aquitaine, France. Anagwidwa powoloka Goransky, mtundu wa White Pyrenean ndi ng'ombe Querci.
Ng'ombe zoyera za Aquitaine zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi yonse yomwe idalidwa, akatswiri a zinyama atsimikizira kuti nyama za ng'ombezi zimakwaniritsa zoyenera kwambiri kuti zisankhidwe.
Mtundu wa khungu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana ndi wofiira mpaka woyera. Zowoneka kwambiri ndi golide ndi tirigu shades, pamene mabwalo ozungulira maso, mbali yamkati ya ntchafu, m'mimba ndi shin zingakhale zoyera.
Mmene mutu wa ng'ombezi ulili, mawonekedwe ndi mphuno ndizitali, nkhopeyo ndi yamtundu umodzi. Minyanga ikhoza kukhalapo kapena ayi. Iwo okha ali obiriwira, pamunsi - kuwala, ndipo pamalangizo - mdima.
Nkhumba zoyera zoyeretsedwa za Aquitanian zimatha kulemera kuchokera pa 720 mpaka 1200 makilogalamu, koma nthawi zina kulemera kwake kumatha kufika makilogalamu 1400. Ng'ombe zitha kupeza 630-820 makilogalamu.
Nyama za mtundu uwu ndi olimba kwambiri, zimatha kupirira mazira ozizira kwambiri, ndi kutentha kwakukulu.
Minofu zonse mu ng'ombe ndi anapiye khalani mwakhama kwambirimakamaka kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa miyendo.
Ng'ombe zimenezi ndizomwe zimakhazikika kwambiri, kusungidwa kwawo sikufuna mavuto ambiri pa nkhani ya "maphunziro".
Nyama ya ng'ombezi ndi yofiira komanso yochepa kwambiri. Ndi nyama imodzi mungapeze kuchokera 65 mpaka 70% mwa nyama zowona zowona.
Charolais mtundu
Ng'ombe za Charolais zinabadwira ku France. Nyama zimenezi zimakhala ndi minofu yaitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama zambiri zisawonongeke kuphedwa.
Ng'ombe za Sharolese zikuluzikulu, zikukula mofulumira, mwakhama kupeza minofu misala, zomwe zimatha kufulumira. Mtundu wa ng'ombezi ukhoza kutenga mithunzi kuchokera ku zoyera mpaka ku chikasu.
Khungu pa khungu ndi lofooka kwambiri. Mutu wa zinyama ndi waufupi, pamphumi paliponse.
Khosi ndi laling'ono, lalifupi. Chifuwa chimakhala chakuya mokwanira, kumbuyo kumakhala pafupi.
Kumbuyo kwa thupi ndi minofu yabwino kwambiri. Miyendo ndi yolunjika, ya kutalika kwake, kutalika kwa ng'ombe imodzi ndi 135 cm, mu ng'ombe - 143 cm.
Kawirikawiri, ng'ombezi zimagawaniza scapula, kumbuyo kumatenga mawonekedwe osasinthasintha, ndipo kumbuyo kwa thupi kumawoneka ndi hypertrophy. Choncho, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti ng'ombe za sharolez zibereke ana a ng'ombe.
Ngakhale zolephera izi, ng'ombe izi zimakhala nthawi yaitali. Pamoyo wonse, ng'ombe zimatha kubala ana. Nkhumba zimakhala pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, m'mimba - zaka 13-14.
Panthawi ya kunenepa, ng'ombe zimakhala ndi minofu yambiri, osati minofu yambiri, yomwe imapangitsa nyama kukhala yotsika kwambiri.
Ng'ombe zimatha kupeza matani 1 - 1.2 alemera, ndi matani - 0.6 - 0.7 matani Charolais ndi nyama za nyama, koma ng'ombe izi zimakhala ndi mkaka wambiri, osati pa nthawi ya lactation.
Komanso, kusankha ndiko kwanu. Khalani omasuka kugula ng'ombe yomwe ikuyenerani inu mwa kulongosola. Patapita kanthawi mumapeza njuchi zambiri zamtengo wapatali.
