Mochulukirapo, mawu oti "kudandaula" amveka kuchokera ku milomo ya agrarians odziwa zambiri. Kodi chikhalidwe cha manyowa ndi chiyani, ndipo cholinga cha ntchito yawo ndi chiyani? Tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kodi mdima wobiriwira ndi wotani?
Zomba ndi mbewu za pachaka zomwe zimabzala nthaka. Mbewu iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu komwe imayambira, imachotsa nthaka, kuchotsa zinthu zake zothandiza. Zikondwerero zazitsamba zimadzaza malo osungiramo malowa, kuti malowa akhale malo abwino kuti apange mphukira zamphamvu ndi zathanzi.
Kodi izi zikuchitika bwanji? Chiwembu chomwe chimakolola posachedwa, kapena chomwe chikukonzekera kufesa, chimabzalidwa ndi mbewu za zomera zobiriwira. Mbeu ikamera, nyemba zimadulidwa, mogawanika zimagawidwa pamwamba pa dziko lapansi ndipo zimachoka mpaka zidutswazo sizizowola ndipo zimalowa m'nthaka.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito zomera zobiriwira
Lero pali feteleza zambiri. Ambiri mwa iwo amagwirizana ndi zokongoletsera zapamwamba za nthaka, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa zokolola. Koma zotsitsimutsa izi ndizoopsa kwa zomera komanso ku nthaka yokha. Manyowa opangira thupi, omwe amaphatikizirapo mbali, amakhala ndi phindu panthaka, akudyetsa ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa zamoyo (nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu).
Mukudziwa? Pofulumira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zofunikira, alimi amagwiritsira ntchito EM-kukonzekera, kuphatikizapo mitundu yapadera ya bowa, mabakiteriya ndi yisiti.
Komanso, Zida zimapondereza namsongole, ndikuzichotsa ku gawo lawo. Masamba a feteleza otentha amapanga "chophimba" chomwe chimateteza dziko lapansi kuti lisatenthedwe ndi kupanga mapangidwe.
Mizu yotchedwa sideratov ndi nthaka yomwe imayambitsa nthaka yomwe imayambitsa mpweya woipa komanso imakhala yocheperapo.
Mitundu ya sideratov
Mitundu ya zitsamba ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi mazana atatu ya zomera, yomwe iliyonse imakhala nayo yokhayokha ndi zozizwitsa zogwirizana ndi nthaka. Mitundu yowonjezera ya sideratov yotsatira: nyemba, nyemba ndi operekera. Za iwo mwatsatanetsatane.
Mitundu
Nthanga za bean siderata - imodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa nayitrogeni, yomwe ndi yofunikira ku nthaka yonse, makamaka dothi lolemera ndi peat-marshy.
Nyemba zotsamba ndizo:
- mitundu ya nyemba za nyemba;
- Vika (nyengo yozizira ndi yamasika);
- nandolo, nyemba, mphodza;
- clover, lupine, alfalfa;
- soya, ndi zina zotero.
Ndikofunikira!Manyowa omwe ali ndi nyemba zadothi zimathandiza kuti muwonjezere zokolola ndi 50%. Ndi feteleza woterewu, mukhoza kubwezeretsa chingwe chomera bwino ngakhale pa nthaka "yakufa".
Nkhosa
Sideratami yotchuka kwambiri ya gulu ili ndi rye, balere, tirigu ndi oats. Cereal siderata ndi osagwira chisanu ndipo ali ndi zinthu zothandiza kwambiri (potaziyamu, phosphorus), amamanga bwino nthaka ndipo samalola kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Aliyense woimira gulu la nyama zakutchire ali ndi zizindikiro zake:
- rye limatha kuuma nthaka, choncho tikulimbikitsanso kufesa malo amtunduwu;
- balere amakonda nthaka youma, amalekerera kutentha kwa chilimwe ndi chilala;
- Oats amakula mochuluka pa dothi la mchenga ndi mitsinje yamchere, ndiyomwe ikuyenerera ku nthaka yowawa.
Cruciferous
Mtundu wobiriwira wamtunduwu ndi wamtengo wapatali kwambiri pakati pa alimi chifukwa chakuti mbewu zopanda mtengo zimapangitsa kuti matenda azikula komanso kuopseza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (slugs, wireworms).
Chigololo, superica, mpiru ndizobwino kwambiri pambali ya cruciferous. Iwo ndi odzichepetsa ku mtundu wa nthaka, samasowa chisamaliro chapadera ndi zinthu za kukula, m'malo molimbika. Mitengo ya Cruciferous imaletsa kutentha kwa nthaka, leaching ya nthaka, kulemeretsa dziko lapansi ndi zinthu zakuthupi, kutembenuza zinthu "zolemetsa" mu mawonekedwe osavuta.
Mukudziwa? Mtengo wa sideratov mu mizu yawo, chifukwa malo onse osungiramo zinthu akupezeka apo, ndipo "vershok" ya chomera imathandiza mizu kuyamwa zinthu zonse zothandiza kuchokera ku chilengedwe.
Kugwirizana kumagwirizana ndi zikhalidwe
Ngakhale kuti zamoyo zake zinayambira, feteleza wobiriwira ngati feteleza ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kutsatira malamulo ena. Ulamuliro wa kuyanjana bwino ndi: Mbewu yayikulu yoyenera kubzala ndi yomwe idakonzedweratu, manyowa obiriwira, ayenera kukhala a mabanja osiyanasiyana. Lamulo ili ndi losavuta kufotokoza. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zomera za banja lomwelo zimadya pa zofanana zomwe zimachitika. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti zidutswazo "zidzatulutsa" gulu lina la ma microelements, limene otsatila awo sadzakhalanso okwanira.
Komanso, mamembala a banja lomwelo ndi ofanana ndi matenda omwewo. Okhazikika angapangitse nthaka yowonjezera mabakiteriya, omwe amavulaza otsatilawo.
Momwe mungabzalitsire siderata
Zapadera za kufesa mbewu zobiriwira zimangotchulidwa osati kokha chifukwa cha kukhala ndi banja lina la chikhalidwe, komanso ndi nyengo.
Kufika kumadzulo
Nkofunika kubzala mbeu yoyamba ya kasupe 3 masabata asanayambe kufesa mbewu zazikulu. Kumbukirani kuti manyowa omwe amamera mumtunda sakhala abwino monga chilimwe, musafulumire kukula kwa chilengedwe. Pambuyo pa masiku khumi ndi awiri mutatha kuphuka, fetereza imayenera kudulidwa ndi chodula chophwanyika ndikusiyidwa.
Landing sideratov chilimwe
M'nyengo yotentha, simungapange imodzi, koma sideretsii angapo. Mwachitsanzo, chomera chomera kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, pakati - nyemba, mu August - kugwiriridwa. Momwemonso, mudzalemeretsa nthaka mwachindunji ndikupanga zinthu zonse zokolola mbewu zabwino.
Kubzala sideratov autumn
Njira yoyenera yowonongeka m'dzinja idzakhala tirigu. Kumapeto kwa August mpaka October, mukhoza kufesa malowa ndi rye kapena oats. Pambuyo kudula tsinde, mizu yotsala m'nyengo yozizira imateteza ku kutentha kwa nthaka ndi kuzizira, ndipo m'chaka chidzasanduka feteleza.
Ndikofunikira! Kuti tipeze zotsatira zambiri, nkofunika kuti tisamangidwe mbewu zokhala ndi zokolola zamtundu umodzi, koma zofunikira za mbewu yobiriwira ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Pamene chodzala zidzukulu zimatengera momwe mungayang'anire ku organic fertilizer.
Kodi kutsuka wamkulu sideraty
Kuti mutsirizitse ndondomeko yobiriwira, m'pofunikira kulingalira mazembera otsatirawa:
- Zomba zimayenera kungochotsedwa, popanda kusokoneza kapangidwe ka nthaka yomwe imakhala yobiriwira komanso osakoka mizu. Izi zikhoza kuchitika ndi wodula phala kapena wolima omwe salowerera mu nthaka mozama kuposa 2-3 masentimita.
- Ndikofunika kudula manyowa a maluwa musanafike maluwa oyambirira ndipo thunthu la zomera limakhala lovuta.
- Chotsani zitsamba za feteleza wobiriwira ziyenera kuchotsedwa m'malo mwake, koma kuzigawa pang'ono kuti zikhale zofanana.
