Tomato ndi chomera chapadera. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imapangitsa dimba kugwira ntchito kukhala yosangalatsa. Pali mitundu yokhala ndi nthambi zoyambira komanso ndi mipesa, yokhala ndi chikasu, bulauni, zipatso zofiira, zochulukirapo komanso zopindika. Zowonadi zamfumu ya phwetekere tsiku lina zitha kupangidwa. Koma tikumbukire kuti kwanyengo yogulitsa ulimi, yolima payokha ndi kulima mbewu, kuwononga mochedwa ndi vuto linalake. Tomato amatha kudwala nawo m'chilimwe, kukula potseguka, wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo ngakhale nthawi yozizira mumakalipa. Nthawi zambiri, imapezeka mu Ogasiti kapena mvula ikagwa.
Zizindikiro zakuchedwa kwakali pa tomato
Kukula kwa matendawa kumayamba ndi mawanga a tomato. Utoto wa nthambi zam'munsi kapena nthambi zapamwamba zimasintha, kutengera momwe matendawa adachitikira. Ma spores a bowa amatha kuwuluka m'munda ndi mphepo, kapena amatha kudzuka, atafika nthawi yayitali pansi.
Madera a bulauni pamitengo amawonetsa kuti adalumikizana ndi maselo a chomera, amatenga madzi ake. Posakhalitsa nthambi zonse zayamba kale kudwala. Masamba achikasu owoneka ngati achikasu amawoneka pamasamba. Amakhala opunduka, owuma m'malo owonongeka, amapotoza.
Ngati zipatso zitapangika nthawi ino, zowonongeka, zowondera zakuda, zofiirira kapena zachikaso zimawonekeranso. Tomato wosapsa amasiya kukula.
Zachilengedwe za kuchepa kochedwa
Wothandizila wa mochedwa pavuto la tomato ndi fungus ya genus mochedwa blight. Mokulira, oomycete ndi chamoyo chachinsinsi, chomwe chimafanana kwambiri ndi bowa, koma chimasiyana. Amakhulupirira kuti ma oomycetes adawonekera Padziko lapansi kale kuposa bowa ndipo mwamalemba amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi gulu lapadera.
Microorganism iyi imatchedwa mochedwa blight infestans (Phytophthora infestans). Ikhoza kupatsira tomato komanso mbatata, biringanya, tsabola wokoma ndi wowawa. Kwawo ndi Mexico. Pang'onopang'ono, inafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Tsopano, milandu yovulala mochedwa imalembedwa pafupipafupi m'maiko osiyanasiyana, m'makona onse a Dziko Lapansi. Mitundu yake ina ndiyowopsa ku mbewu ndi zitsamba. Zikuvulaza kwambiri msika waulimi. Phytophthora infestan ndiowopsa chifukwa cha kufalikira, komanso kukana pazinthu zachilengedwe.
Mavuto amatha kukhalabe pansi zaka zingapo, kupirira chisanu ndi kutentha, chilala. Zimatha kukhazikika mu kompositi, pa mitengo yowola, osati pabalimi. Amatha kupatsirana zida zam'munda. Zinthu zikangosintha, zimakhalanso zabwino, mbewu zimatengera matenda.
Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi bowa wosavuta:
- ma membrane am'mimba amakhala oti sanapangidwe ndi chitin, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi bowa, koma ndi cellulose - ndiye kuti sagwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwamakina;
- mavuwo salekanitsidwa ndi zigawo;
- anthu sangathe kukhala ndi maselo akunja.
Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu poyang'ana koyamba. M'malo mwake, zosiyana ndizowona. Ngati adadwala matendawa omwe adakololedwa mu Ogasiti, obisidwa m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba kwa masiku angapo, posachedwa mbewu yonse yomwe yatumizidwa kuti isungidwe itha kuphimbidwa ndi banga. Zomwezi zimaphatikizanso mbatata. Mu mizu ya chikhalidwe ichi, amatha kukhala osadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Malo oyenera kutukula mochedwa blest infestan ndi:
mvula masiku angapo motsatana;
- kukhumudwa;
- nyengo yamkuntho;
- kuzizira.
Ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mbewu pamenepa. Inde, sikuti nyengo iliyonse matenda amatikumbutsa okha. Koma tsiku lina ayenera kumenya nkhondo. Izi ndizosapeweka ngati mbewu zimamera pamalowo, msuzi womwe bowa umakonda. Pangozi onse ali pafupi, otchuka kwambiri muulimi, mbewu zotchuka.
Momwe mungathanirane ndi vuto lakumapeto kwa tomato
Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kupereka zokonda pakupewa, kuyesa kupewa matenda. Izi ndizopindulitsa malinga ndi malingaliro ambiri:
- mtengo wa mankhwala ndi wotsika;
- zimasungidwa pafupifupi zaka 2-3, ndiye kuti, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito nyengo yotsatira;
- ali ponseponse, amateteza ku matenda ambiri, osati kokha ku vuto lakumapeto;
- ogwira - mwayi wopambana ukuwonjezeka nthawi zambiri.
Ambiri a iwo ndi bio-fungicides omwe ali otetezeka ku thanzi. Fitosporin, Fundazole ndi analogues, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, amatchuka.
Pali njira zazikulu zakumenyera nkhondo. Njira yocheperako imathandiza. Izi ndizobera. Kupewa matenda obiriwira, muyenera kuyang'anira kutentha ndi njira zochiritsira zomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala omwewo.
Fitosporin
Bio-fungicide Fitosporin cholinga chake ndi kupewa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana fungal ndi bakiteriya zomera, tomato, makamaka mochedwa choipitsa. Muli ma hay bacillus (Bacillus subtilis), yemwe ndi mdani wachilengedwe wa mitundu iyi ya parasitic. Imayimitsa kugawa kwawo, kukonza momwe dothi liliri m'mundamo.
Ndi iyo, mutha kuteteza tomato kuyambira tsiku loyamba, ndikumera kwa mbewu kunyumba, panthawi yodzala ndi malo otseguka komanso panthawi ya matenda ndi spores. Amakulitsa kanjira, dothi pamizu ya tomato, zida za m'munda, nsonga zouma zatsalira kompositi. Chiwopsezo cha bowa chikuwukiranso pakatha mwezi umodzi kapena nyengo yotsatira chimachepetsedwa. Pambuyo kupopera, filimu imapangidwa pamasamba, nthambi, zomwe zimateteza chikhalidwe. Pakatha sabata, ndikofunikira kuchitanso mankhwalawa.
Amaloledwa kuthilira mabedi nthawi zonse ndi yankho la mankhwalawa, kamodzi pamwezi. Kumwaza masamba nthawi zambiri sikofunikira. Pokhapokha ngati nyengo yakhala ikuipiraipira, ndiye kodi ndizomveka kuzinga
. Ndiosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito Fitosporin chifukwa choti muigula mwanjira yothetsera yothetsera, ufa kapena phala. Mulingo wazowopsa wazinthu izi ndizapakatikati (giredi 4).
Fundazole
Fundazole imakhudzanso chimodzimodzi, koma ili ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Chofunikira chachikulu ndi benomyl. Iwo umagwira pa kuchuluka kwa bowa, kumalepheretsa kugawanika kwa maselo awo, kubereka. Pogwiritsa ntchito prophylactic, amachepetsa mwayi wawo wolowera mu tiziwalo tomera. Mwanjira ina, kumalimbitsa chitetezo chokwanira cha mbewu. Imathandizira kulimbana nkhupakupa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, mosiyana ndi Fitosporin. Siothandiza pa nthawi yomweyo kukaniza matenda a bakiteriya. Amadziwika ndi mankhwala owopsa pang'ono (gulu lowopsa 3).
Vitriol wabuluu
Chida chachilengedwe chonse komanso chotsika mtengo ndi mkuwa wamkuwa. Chofunikira chachikulu pakupanga ndi mkuwa wa sulfate. Ndi othandizira antimicrobial komanso antifungal. Zochita zimawonetsa kuti pankhani yovulala mochedwa, imathandiza kwambiri.
Ubwino wa mkuwa wa sulfate ndi wokulirapo:
- Zimafunika kusamalira mbewu zina, osati tomato wokha.
- Zimathandizira kuthana ndi vuto lakachedwa, kukhazikika pazomera, ndi spores m'nthaka.
- Malo adapangidwa omwe sioyenera kupulumuka.
- Zazinthu zokhala ndi zoopsa pang'ono (gulu lachitatu).
Ndi gawo lina la feteleza wa tomato chifukwa cha mkuwa wake. Kufa ndi njala kumabweretsa kuphwanya zinthu zofunika za ma cell. Mimimba, zipatso sizipanga, masamba ake amakhala otuwa. Vitriol bwino kukula, kusinthika, photosynthesis. Izi zimadziwika nthawi yomweyo. Chocheperako pamtunda wa peaty. Chofunika kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake ngati imodzi mwa feteleza pankhaniyi.
Kuphatikiza pa mankhwala, biofungicides, palinso njira zina zotetezera mbewu yolima phwetekere kuti isamavutike kwambiri. Zotsatira zabwino zimaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito siderates.
Siderata kupewa kupewa mochedwa
Siderate imadzaza dothi ndi nayitrogeni, ndikuchulukitsa kuchokera kumlengalenga. Mbewu zina zidzaononga mundawo, ndipo izi zidzalemeretsa. Samaletsa feteleza. Ikani nyambo ndikulipirabe. Siderates amateteza kusintha kwa michere kukhala mitundu yomwe siikakamizidwa ndi mbeu.
Amasintha kusinthana kwa mpweya chifukwa cha mizu yoyambira. Pangani zolimbitsa masamba obiriwira, momwe mumakhala zinthu zambiri zothandiza. Ichi ndi chitetezo chodalirika ku phytophthora spores. Makamaka, mpiru yoyera, mafuta a radish, rapeseed, ndi phacelia amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Radish yamafuta
Mafuta a radish mafuta amagwira ntchito mwapadera. Zinthu zokopa mabakiteriya zimadziunjikira pansi. Tizilomboti timapezeka paliponse m'nthaka. Amakhala ndi zoteteza matenda, kuletsa kukula kwa bowa. Ndi radish, maubwenzi a fanizo amapangidwa. Tomato aliyense nyengo yake izikhala yotetezedwa ngati mitunduyi ilira pafupi. Kuchepa kwa matenda kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Mafuta ambiri ofunikira ophera tizirombo amasonkhana masamba. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kukhala feteleza wabwino wobiriwira.
White mpiru
Mustard imakhala ndi fungo lomwe limasowetsa kachilomboka ku Colorado. Kuphatikiza apo, imapangika mosasunthika, kulimbitsa chitetezo chokwanira cha tomato. Mu mizu yake, zinthu zofunika kupondereza ntchito za spores zimadziunjikira.
Phacelia
Phacelia imayimitsa kukhudzana kwa nthaka yachilengedwe, komwe kumakhala kopindulitsa. Mlingo wa chonde umachuluka chifukwa chakuti zinthu zopindulitsa zimadutsa mosavuta. Maluwa adziwonetsa ngati biofertilizer, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mdziko la USA ndi Europe. Ku Russia, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi tansy tansy. Masapulogalamu ake onse ndi chitetezo chabwino kwambiri pa spytophthora spores. Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kuphatikiza njira ya biofertilizer, manyowa obiriwira ndi mulching.
Colza
Chomera china chofunikira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati siderate chimagwiriridwa. Imawonetseranso mphamvu yotsatsira. Mafuta ofunikira amadziunjikira masamba ake, zimayambira, monga radish mafuta.
Phytophthora mitundu yosagwira
Pali mitundu ya tomato yachilengedwe yokana phytosporosis. Ndikosavuta kusankha njira yoyenera kwambiri yobiriwira kapena makama aminda. Pakati pawo pali mitundu yayikulu, yokhala ndi nthambi zazikulu komanso yaying'ono, yaying'ono. Maonekedwe a chipatsocho amatha kukhala okongola kwambiri kapena othandiza kwambiri. Amabweretsa chisokonezo ngati muli kale ndi mitundu yomwe mumakonda. Khalani mphepo ya kusintha. Adzakulolani kuti mupumule pazomwe mukukhulupirira.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- Tomato Wokwera Khumi. Pafupi wosakanizidwa wokhala ndi zipatso zachikasu, kucha kucha. Ntchito pokonza masaladi, kumalongeza, kumakhala ndi kukoma kwambiri.
- Mphesa Mitundu ya Mid-season yosiyanasiyana ndi tomato wofiirira, kutalika kwa chitsamba mpaka mamita 2. Magawo ake ndiwowoneka bwino, amakumbukira khutu.
- Zala za Lady. Njira yodziwika kwambiri. Tomato ali ngati zipatso. Tchire limamizidwa. Ndalama zam'makalata osalemekeza.
- Zakudya wathanzi munthu. Zophatikiza zoyambirira ndi zipatso zazikulu za lalanje, nthambi zotalika mpaka 1.5 m. Wodzipereka, woyambirira.
- Zhigalo. Kutalika kwa tchire mpaka kumtunda wa 0.5 m. Mtundu wa zipatso ndi wofiira.
- Avson. Chitsamba ndichaching'ono. Sifunika kumangidwa. Chimakula pakadutsa masentimita 45. Zipatso ndizochepa, zofiira, zimapsa patatha masiku 95-100 mutabzala.
- Compact Kakadu zosiyanasiyana ndi zipatso zazikulu zofiira, zokolola zoyambirira.
- Leningrad ochenjera. Zipatso mu masiku 85-100 mutamaliza kubzala. Tomato ndiocheperako, wofiyira komanso wowutsa mudyo.
Mitundu ina yambiri imakhala yolimba kwambiri chifukwa cha vuto lakachedwa. Mukasankha imodzi mwanu, mutha kuyiwala za izi. Komabe, ngati mbatata kapena mbewu ina yokongola ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ikukula pafupi, mavuto sangapewe. Wobzala phwetekere sadzapulumuka, palibe mbatata.
Ndikofunikira kuchita kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa munthawi yake. Dulani masamba omwe ali ndi kachilombo, ma tubers, ma rhizomes amayenera kuwotchedwa, ndi kompositi yothandizidwa ndi sulfate wamkuwa kapena kukonzekera komweko. Ndikofunika kuti mukulere mbewu zapafupi, siderata. Chakudya chimafunidwa ndi dziko komanso banja lililonse. Tomato ndi chimodzi mwazakudya zazikulu za anthu. Njira izi zimakupulumutsani ku zowonongeka, ndalama zosafunikira.
