Aliyense amadziwa kuti madzi amagwira ntchito yovuta pazomera. Chitukuko chokhazikika cha chamoyo chilichonse chomera chimatheka kokha pamene ziwalo zake zonse ndi matenda ake amadzaza ndi chinyezi. Komabe, kayendedwe kabwino ka madzi pakati pa chomera ndi chilengedwe chiridi chovuta komanso chosakanikirana.
Kodi kupuma ndi chiyani?
Kupuma - ndi njira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka madzi kudzera mu ziwalo za zinyama, zomwe zimachititsa kuti ziwonongeke.
Mukudziwa? Mawu akuti "kupuma" amachokera ku mawu awiri achilatini: kutuluka ndi kupuma, kupuma, kutulutsa. Mawuwo amatanthauzira kwenikweni ngati kutukuta, thukuta, thukuta..Kuti mumvetsetse kuti kutentha ndi kotani kumayambiriro, ndikwanira kuzindikira kuti madzi ofunikira, omwe amachokera ku nthaka ndi mizu, ayenera kupeza masamba, zimayambira ndi maluwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe kameneka, chinyezi chimatayika (chimatuluka), makamaka kuwala, mpweya wouma, mphepo yamphamvu ndi kutentha kwakukulu.
Choncho, mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zam'mlengalenga, malo osungiramo madzi m'mitengo ya pamwambayi amawonongedwa nthawi zonse ndipo, chifukwa chake, ayenera kubwereranso nthawi zonse chifukwa cha zatsopano. Pamene madzi akumwa m'maselo a chomera, pamakhala mphamvu yowonongeka, imene "imakoka" madzi kuchokera m'maselo oyandikana nawo ndipo motero pamtunda - mpaka mizu. Choncho, "injini" yaikulu ya madzi kuchokera ku mizu kupita ku masamba ili pamtunda wa zomera, zomwe, kuti ziyike mophweka, zimagwira ntchito ngati mapampu ang'onoang'ono. Ngati mukuyang'ana mozama pang'ono, kusinthana kwa madzi muzitsamba ndizotsatira izi: kuchotsa madzi kuchokera mu nthaka ndi mizu, kupita nayo kumtundu wapamwamba, kutulukira. Njira zitatu izi zimagwirizana nthawi zonse. M'maselo a mizu ya chomeracho, chomwe chimatchedwa kuti osmotic, chimapangika, pansi pa mphamvu yomwe madzi m'nthaka akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mizu.
Pamene, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa masamba ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi, madzi amayamba kuyamwa mmera ndi mlengalenga, palinso kusowa kwachangu m'mitsuko ya zomera, yomwe imafalikira ku mizu ndikuwaponyera ku "ntchito" yatsopano. Monga momwe mukuonera, mizu ya mbewu imakoka madzi kuchokera ku nthaka yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu ziwiri - zake zokha, zogwira ntchito komanso zosasamala, zomwe zimafalitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda.
Kodi kutsegula kothamanga kumachita zotani muzipatala?
Ndondomeko yotsekula imathandiza kwambiri pazomera.
Choyamba, ziyenera kumveka kuti Ndikupuma kwake komwe kumapereka zomera ndi kutenthetsa kwambiri. Ngati dzuwa litakhala lowala kwambiri timayesa kutentha kwa tsamba labwino ndi lokhazikika mu chomera chomwecho, kusiyana kwake kungakhale madigiri asanu ndi awiri, ndipo ngati tsamba lotukuka padzuwa lingakhale lotentha kwambiri kuposa mpweya wozungulira, ndiye kuti kutentha kwa tsamba lopitirira ndilo madigiri angapo otsika ! Izi zikusonyeza kuti njira zowonjezera zomwe zimachitika mu tsamba labwino zimalola kuti izi ziziziziritsa, kopanda apo tsamba limatentha ndikufa.
Ndikofunikira! Kutsekula ndilo ndondomeko yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa zomera - photosynthesis, yomwe imapezeka bwino kwambiri pamtentha wa madigiri 20 kufika 25 Celsius. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kutentha, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma chloroplasts m'maselo a zomera, photosynthesis ndi yovuta kwambiri, chotero, ndikofunikira kuti chomera chilepheretse kutenthedwa kotereku.Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kayendetsedwe ka madzi kuchokera ku mizu kupita ku masamba a chomera, kupitiriza kumene kumapereka mpweya, chifukwa kumagwirizanitsa ziwalo zonse kukhala ndi thupi limodzi, ndipo mphamvu yomwe imatulutsa, imakula kwambiri. Kufunika kwa kutsegula m'mimba kumadalira kuti mu zomera zowonjezera zowonjezera zimatha kulowa m'madzimadzi ndi madzi, choncho, zotsatira zake zowonjezereka, mofulumira kumbali ya zomera zimalandira mchere ndi mankhwala omwe amasungunuka m'madzi.
Pomalizira pake, kutsegula ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa yomwe ingayambitse madzi kuti alowe mkati mwa mbewuyo, yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kwa mitengo yayitali, masamba ake apamwamba, chifukwa cha njira yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, akhoza kulandira kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi zakudya.
Mitundu ya kupatsirana
Pali mitundu iŵiri ya kutsegula m'mimba - kupweteka kwa mimba komanso kapu. Pofuna kumvetsetsa mtundu umodzi ndi mitundu ina, timakumbukira kuchokera ku maphunziro a botani momwe tsambali limakhalira, popeza ndilo chiwalo cha mbewu chomwe chimakhala chachikulu pakapita nthawi.
Kotero Pepala ili ndi nsalu izi:
- Khungu (epidermis) ndilokutseka kwa tsamba, lomwe liri mzere umodzi wa maselo, mwamphamvu kwambiri wotetezera kuti chitetezo cha minofu mkati mwa mabakiteriya, kuwonongeka kwa makina ndi kuyanika. Pamwamba pa chingwechi nthawi zambiri ndi sera yowonjezera yotchedwa cuticle;
- minofu yaikulu (mesophyll), yomwe ili mkati mwa magawo awiri a epidermis (pamwamba ndi pansi);
- Mitsempha yomwe madzi komanso zakudya zimasungunuka mkati mwake;
- Stomata ndi maselo apadera otsegula ndi kutsegula pakati pawo, pansi pake pamakhala mpweya. Maselo am'mimba amatha kutseka ndi kutseguka malinga ndi kuti pali madzi okwanira. Ndi kudzera m'maselo amene njira yowonongeka kwa madzi ndi kusinthanitsa gasi zimayendetsedwa makamaka.
Kusokonezeka
Choyamba, madzi amayamba kutuluka kuchokera pamwamba pa minofu yaikulu ya maselo. Zotsatira zake, maselowa amataya chinyezi, madzi amadzi m'madzi a capillaries akuyang'ana mkati, kuthamanga kwa madzi kukuwonjezereka, ndipo njira yowonjezera ya madzi imakhala yovuta, yomwe imalola kuti chomeracho chisunge madzi. Kenaka madzi otuluka mumadzi amatha kupyolera muzipangizo za mimba. Malinga ngati stomata imatsegulidwa, madzi amatha kuchokera ku tsamba pamtunda wofanana kuchokera kumadzi, ndiko kuti, kufalikira kupyolera mu stomata ndipamwamba kwambiri.
Chowonadi n'chakuti pamalo omwewo, madzi amatha msanga mofulumira kupyolera mu mabowo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali patali kuposa pamodzi umodzi waukulu. Ngakhale atatha kutsekedwa kwa theka, mphamvu ya kutsekula imakhalabe yapamwamba kwambiri. Koma pamene stomata ili pafupi, kutsekula m'mimba kumacheperapo kangapo.
Chiwerengero cha stomata ndi malo omwe ali ndi zomera zosiyana sizinagwirizane, pamtundu wina ndizing'ono pambali mwa tsamba, ndi zina - kuchokera pamwamba ndi pansi, komabe, monga momwe zikhoza kuwonedwera kuchokera pamwambapa, osati kuchuluka kwa stomata kumakhudza mlingo wa evaporation, koma kuchuluka kwa kutseguka kwawo: Ngati pali madzi ambiri mu selo, stomata imatseguka, pamene kusowa kumachitika - maselo otsekedwa akuwongoleratu, mimba yotsekemera imachepa - ndipo imayandikira pafupi. 
Zosangalatsa
The cuticle, komanso stomata, amatha kuyankha kukula kwa tsamba ndi madzi. Tsitsi la tsambali limateteza tsamba ku mpweya ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, zomwe zimachepetsa kutaya madzi. Pamene stomata imatsekedwa, kupuma kwapadera ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwa mtundu uwu kumaphatikizidwa ndi makulidwe a cuticle (yotchedwa thicker wosanjikiza, yochepa evaporation). Zaka za mbewuyo ndizofunika kwambiri - masamba a madzi pa masamba okhwima amapanga 10 peresenti ya njira yonse yopatsirana, pamene ali aang'ono akhoza kufika mpaka theka. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa kapangidwe kazakumwa kumaonekera pa masamba akale kwambiri, ngati chitetezo chawo chimawonongeka ndi zaka, ming'alu kapena ming'alu.
Ndondomeko ya ndondomeko yotsegula
Njira yotsekula imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zifukwa zingapo zofunika.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza njira yotsegula
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mphamvu ya kutuluka m'mtima imatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo a tsamba la zomera ndi madzi. Komanso, vutoli limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zakunja - chinyezi, kutentha, ndi kuwala.
N'zachidziŵikire kuti ndi mpweya wouma mpweya umakhala wolimba kwambiri. Koma chinyezi cha nthaka chimakhudza kutuluka mwa njira yosiyana siyana: kudyetsa nthaka, madzi osachepera amalowa mmunda, zimakhala zochepa kwambiri ndipo, motero, kuchepa pang'ono.
Ndi kutentha kwowonjezereka, kutsegula m'mimba kumawonjezereka. Komabe, mwinamwake chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kutsekula kwa thupi ndi kosavuta. Tsamba likayamba kutentha, tsamba limatentha ndipo, motero, stomata imatseguka ndipo kutuluka kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka.
Mukudziwa? Kuwonjezera pa chlorophyll mu chomera, mphamvu ya kuwala imakhudza kwambiri njira zowonjezera. Zomera zobiriwira zimayamba kutuluka mchere mobwerezabwereza ngakhale ngakhale pang'ono.
Malingana ndi mphamvu ya kuwala pa kayendedwe ka stomata, palinso magulu atatu akuluakulu a zomera mogwirizana ndi maphunziro a tsiku ndi tsiku. Mu gulu loyamba, stomata imatsekedwa usiku, m'mawa amatsegula ndi kusuntha masana, malinga ndi kupezeka kapena kusowa kwa madzi. Mu gulu lachiwiri, chikhalidwe cha usiku chimachitika ndi "kusintha" kwa masana (ngati kutsegulidwa masana, pafupi usiku, komanso mosiyana). Mu gulu lachitatu, masana, dziko la stomata limadalira pa kukwanitsa tsamba ndi madzi, koma usiku amakhala otseguka. Monga zitsanzo za oimira gulu loyamba, zomera zina zimatha kutchulidwa, gulu lachiwiri limaphatikizapo zomera zabwino, monga nandolo, beets, ndi clover, ku gulu lachitatu, kabichi ndi ena omwe akuimira zomera zomwe zili ndi masamba akuluakulu.
Koma kawirikawiri ziyenera kunenedwa usiku, kupatsirana kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa masana, chifukwa panthawi ino ya kutentha ndi yotsika, palibe kuwala, ndipo chinyezi chimapitiriza. Masana masana, kutsegula m'mimba kumapindulitsa kwambiri masana, ndipo kuchepa kwa ntchito za dzuwa, ndondomekoyi imachepetsanso.
Chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya kutuluka kuchokera ku chipinda cha pamwamba pa pepala pa chigawo chimodzi cha nthawi kuti madzi asambe kutuluka kumalo omwewo amadziwika kuti kutuluka kwapakati.
Kodi madzi amasintha motani?
Chomera chimatenga madzi ochuluka kuchokera m'nthaka kudzera muzu.
Ndikofunikira! Maselo a mizu ya zomera (makamaka omwe akukula m'madera owuma) amatha kukhazikitsa mphamvu, mothandizidwa ndi chinyezi chomwe chimachokera m'nthaka chikuyandikira mpaka makumi angapo a mlengalenga!Mizu yazomera imayang'ana kuchuluka kwa chinyezi m'nthaka ndipo imatha kusintha njira ya kukula motsogoleredwa ndi chinyezi.
Kuwonjezera pa mizu, zomera zina zimatha kuyamwa madzi ndi ziwalo za nthaka (mwachitsanzo, mosses ndi lichens amamwa chinyontho pamwamba pake).
Madzi akulowa mmundawo amagawidwa m'ziwalo zake zonse, akusunthira kuchoka ku selo kupita ku selo, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa njira zofunika pa moyo wa chomeracho. Kutentha pang'ono kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa photosynthesis, koma zambiri zimakhala zofunika kuti thupi likhale lokwanira (chomwe chimatchedwa turgor), komanso kulipira malipiro opatsirana (evaporation), popanda ntchito yofunikira ya chomeracho. Mthunzi umasokonekera pamtundu uliwonse wa mpweya, kotero izi zimachitika m'madera onse a chomera.
Ngati kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomera kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito pazolinga zonsezi, madzi a mbeuwo amatha kukhazikika molondola, ndipo thupi limakula bwino. Kugonjetsedwa kotereku kungakhale kokhazikika kapena yaitali. Pakuchita chisinthiko, zomera zambiri zapadziko lapansi zaphunzira kuthana ndi kusintha kwa kanthawi kochepa m'madzi, komabe kusokonezeka kwa nthawi yaitali mu madzi ndi kutuluka kwa madzi, monga lamulo, kumayambitsa kufa kwa mbewu iliyonse.
