Nkhaka wamba ndi chomera cha pachaka cha banja la dzungu. Dzinali limachokera ku chilankhulo chachi Greek ndipo limatanthawuza mwana. M'mabuku onena za botany amatanthauza zipatso zabodza, koma malinga ndi mawonekedwe angapo apamwamba amafotokozedwa ngati masamba. Kusamalira tchire ndikosavuta, koma kutsatira malingaliro omwe aperekedwa, mutha kupeza zokolola zambiri mutabzala panja.
Nkhaka: zinsinsi zakula
Mlimi aliyense ali ndi zinsinsi zake kuti zikule. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira yodzala, ena amafesa mbewu mwachindunji, itha kuphukira kapena kupukuta. Njira yoyamba ndi yoyenera kwa iwo omwe akufuna kupeza mbewu masabata awiri apitawo.
M'malo otseguka, nkhaka zitha kulimidwa munjira zingapo:
- Mabedi ofunda opangidwa ndi matabwa kapena dothi lalikulu, mkati mwake mumakhala zotentha zambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumachitika chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa kwa mpweya woipa.
- Zomera zophatikizidwa ndi trellises.
- Zopangira zopangidwa ndi filimu kapena zinthu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe.
- Mu mbiya.
- Pamulu wa kompositi.
- Kukhala pamabedi, kulima kotero kumafuna malo okwanira.
Zomwe muli mbewu iyi ya masamba ndizofunikira: kuthirira kwamadzi ndi kuthirira koyenera kwamabedi, kuyatsa kokwanira, kutentha, magawo othandizira ndi feteleza wachilengedwe.
Kusankha kwa mitundu yamkhaka ya malo otseguka
Musanadzalemo nkhaka, ndikofunikira kudziwa mitundu, yomwe iyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi izi:
- Dera lomwe mukumera mbewuzo. Zomera zofunika kulimidwa kum'mwera, m'malo ozizira nyengo sizivomera ndikufa.
- Nthawi yolandirira nkhaka yoyamba: koyambirira kwa dzinja, komanso nthawi yapakatikati komanso kumapeto kwa chilimwe chotentha komanso nthawi yayitali.
- Chofunikira chidzakhala kudzivundukula tchire kapena kufunikira kwa tizilombo onyamula mungu.
- Cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito amadyera: kuwotcha watsopano kapena kuwonetsetsa, komanso mawonekedwe a kununkhira komanso kukula kwa chipatso.
- Amakana kuthana ndi tizilombo, matenda komanso nyengo.
Kulima nzimbe pamalowo kumakhalanso ndi kuphatikiza kwakukulu - kutalika kwamtundu wa zipatso. Komabe, ndizosatheka kupeza chomera chobzala kuchokera ku mbewu zotere, chifukwa mu nyengo yotsatira mbewu sizipanga mawonekedwe a chitsamba.
Zosiyanasiyana zamakaka zamtchire
Mukamasankha mitundu, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti oyambirirawo amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yopepuka ndipo amatenga matenda mosavuta kusiyana ndi omwe amabwera pambuyo pake. Gome lionetse kubzala kwa wosakanizidwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa nkhaka ndi zipatso:
Zosiyanasiyana / Zophatikiza dzina | Zokolola pachitsamba chilichonse (kg / m2) | Kulemera (g) | Mawonekedwe |
| Fontanel | 7-25 | 100-120 | Polloll amafunikira. |
| Alligator | 16 | 300-310 | Zipatso zazikulu kwambiri. |
| Nugget | 10-12 | 80 | Kawirikawiri amakhudzidwa ndi zowola mizu. |
| Altai | 3.5-4 | 90 | Zosavomerezeka. |
| Kumanek | 6-7 | 100 | Zabwino kwa oyamba kumene wamaluwa. |
| Ziwonetsero | 8 | 150 | Sizilekerera kusowa kwa madzi m'nthaka. |
| Mpikisano | 3-6 | 125 | Zabwino kwambiri akakhala pa trellis. |
| Swallow | 10-12 | 80-113 | Kukanani ndi powdery mildew. |
| Aquarius | 2.2-3.2 | 108-121 | |
| Mlimi | 12-14 | 95-105 | Zoyenera kudya zatsopano komanso kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. |
| Ponseponse | 12 | 124 | Fungo lokoma, kulawa popanda kuwawa. |
| Brownie | 11 | 80-100 | |
| Kumpoto Kakutali | 1-3 | 100-200 | Chimachepetsa chilala komanso kutentha pang'ono. |
| Zozulya | 20 | 250-300 | Amateteza kumatenda ambiri. |
| Chistye Prudy | 10-11 | 110-120 | Chitsamba chimakhala ndi nthambi zambiri. |
| Masha | 90-100 | Itha kumera ngakhale pawindo. |
Mmera akukula nkhaka
Njirayi ndi yoyenera kumadera okhala ndi kasupe woyambira komanso wautali. Pali maubwino angapo a mbande zobzala zisanadze:
- limakupatsani mwayi wokolola koyambirira kumapeto kwa kasupe - mu Meyi;
- nkhaka zazing'ono zimagwera pansi pambuyo pobwera chisanu ndipo simungachite mantha ndi kutentha pang'ono;
- ndikosavuta kuyang'ana mbande, ndikuphatikiza manyowa kunyumba.
Komabe, monga china chilichonse, njira yokhayo ili ndi zovuta zake:
- Kukula kumeneku ndikutalika komanso kovuta. Ndikofunikira kukonzeratu zinthu zofunikira kubzala ndi kukonza dothi losakaniza bwino.
- Mabasi omwe amapezeka mwanjira imeneyi amasiya kubala zipatso ndikukhwima kwathunthu pakati pa chilimwe.
Kusankhidwa kwa malo ndi kukonzekera dothi
Kuti mulime nkhaka, muyenera kusankha malo okhala ndi dzuwa, ndi mwayi wowunikira kutetezedwa ndi mphepo yozizira. Mukabzala, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kuzungulira kwa mbeu; mutha kubzala mbewu pamalo amodzi kamodzi pachaka 4. Ndikofunika kuyika mbewu iyi ya masamba pambuyo pa tsabola, tomato, kabichi, anyezi kapena adyo.
Nthaka yabwino kwambiri yolimitsa ndale kapena pang'ono acid pH 5-7. Malo okhala ma alkaline sioyenera kubzala, chifukwa amakhudza zokolola.
Musanakule, muyenera kukonza bedi pasadakhale nyengo yophukira:
- kukumba dothi;
- kuwonjezera kompositi, humus kapena manyowa, komanso potaziyamu ndi superphosphate;
- m'malo mwa organic, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wa mchere: ammonium nitrate ndi urea.
Mutha kumanga bedi lofunda pamalopo, chifukwa mungafunike kupanga malo okwanira mita imodzi kuchokera pazomera zowonongeka za mbewu ndi nthaka, ndikuyala udzu m'mphepete. Kutalika kwake ndikofanana 20 cm, mutha kupitiriza mapangidwe a mbali, mululu ndi wangwiro pazomwezi. M'mphepete mwa nyumbayo muyenera kukweza masentimita 60, ndipo pakati ndikuwonjezera nthaka yachonde kapena humus. Kenako ikani malowo ndi filimu ndikudikirira masiku 3-4. Ngati udzu unagwiritsidwa ntchito, uyenera kuthiridwa kaye ndi madzi otentha, kenako ndikuphimbidwa.
Kubzala mbewu ndi mbande
Kuti mbewu yamasamba ikondweretse zokolola zambiri, kubzala pansi kuyenera kuchitika malinga ndi malamulowo. Kwawo kwa nkhaka ndiko kotentha komanso kotentha ku India, izi zikusonyeza kuti chinyezi ndi kutentha zimakhala magawo ofunikira. Dziko lapansi liyenera kutenthedwe mokwanira, mitengo yotsika mtengo ndi + 10 ... +12 ° C, ndipo mpweya mpaka + 14 ° C. Optimum: + 24 ... +28 ° C, ndipo mtengo wololedwa wambiri ndi kukula + 30 ° C, motero sikulimbikitsidwa kumangitsa ndi mbewu m'nthaka.
Mbewu nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito youma, osanyowa kapena kuphuka. Komabe, ndikofunikira kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: ndi njira ya pinki yakuda ya potaziyamu permanganate, chlorhexidine, wobiriwira wanzeru kapena kugula Fitosporin. Mbewu za mpendadzuwa zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yolumikizira: zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kale nyengo zitatu. Ndikofunika kutseka pansi mpaka pakuya masentimita 2. Kuti mukule bwino, mtunda pakati pa mbande uzikhala wosachepera 50 cm.Ngati zitsamba zobzalidwa nthawi zambiri, zofowoka zimayenera kuchotsedwa.
Ngati kubzala ndi mmera ndikusankhidwa, ndibwino kuwerengera nthawi yofesa mbewu, chifukwa zikumera zimatha kukula ndikutambasula,, kutinso sikokwanira kulimba pofika nthawi yosamutsira kumunda. M'badwo wabwino wa mmera: masiku 20-25. Kummwera, izi zikuyenera kuchitika mu Meyi, komanso pakati panjira kumayambiriro kwa June, atatha kutentha dziko lapansi komanso kusapezeka kwa chisanu.
Asanadutse malo okhazikika, nkhaka ziyenera kukonzekereratu, chifukwa, tsiku loti lisanachitike njirayi, siyani kunyowetsa nthaka. Ngati ndi kotheka, nyamula zida zolimba m'bokosi. Ngati kuli kozizira kunja, mutha kuyika botolo lamadzi ofunda pakati pa makapu kuti lizitenthe.
Pamabedi, muyenera kumasula dothi ndikukumba mabowo ndi kuya kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa chidebe komwe mbande zake. Asanasunthi tchire, maenje ayenera kutsanulidwa, komabe, madzi ochulukirapo amasokoneza mizu. Poika mbewu, nkhaka zimayenera kuchotsedwa mosamala ku magalasi, ndikofunikira kuchita izi ndi mtanda wapansi, kuti musawononge mizu yokhazikika. Simungathe kukoka pamwamba, mutha kuthyola mmera. Sikuti ndikofunikira kukumba kwambiri mu gawo lapansi, ndipo ndibwino kuti mubzale mbewu zolimba pansi pang'ono. Kuzama kovomerezeka ndi 1-2 cm.
Nthawi yosinthira m'nthaka ndi masiku 5-6, masamba akuyenera kuwongoledwa ndipo zimayambira. Ngati tchire likuwoneka lofooka, kuvala koyambirira kumayikidwa. Kusintha kwa kutentha, mbewu zingapo zazing'ono zimatha kuphimbidwa ndi zinthu kapena filimu.
Zinthu za chisamaliro cha nkhaka poyera
Kusamalira nkhaka pabwalo pokhapokha ndikosavuta ndipo kumapanga chitsamba, kuthira nthawi ndi kuthirira. Ngati mungafikire izi moyenera, mutha kupeza tchire labwino komanso zipatso.
Kuthirira
Ziphuphu ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimakonda kuthirira pafupipafupi, komabe, mvula yambiri ndi mizu yake, mbewu zimatha kuzimiririka. Kuti mupewe matenda, ndikofunikira kusiya kufinya nthaka panthaka ya +15 ° C, ndibwino kungomatula nthaka pakati pa tchire. Chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha matenda, muyenera kuyesetsa kuti musamadzimadzire pamtengowo wobiriwira.
Madzi abwino kwambiri ndi madzi amvula momwemo omwe amakhala ndi okosijeni wambiri komanso michere yofunika, imatenthedwa, kutentha ndi + 22 ... +25 ° C. Kutsirira kuzizira sikuloledwa, chifukwa cha izi, tchire limakula pang'onopang'ono, limapangidwa bwino ndipo mazira amagwa. Nthawi yabwino yonyowetsa nthaka yada kwambiri.
Komabe, ndikusowa kwamadzi, osati tchire lokha komanso mizu yomwe imavutika, izi zimakhudza mawonekedwe ndi kukoma kwa zipatsozo. Amakhala ocheperako ndipo amakwiya.
Omwe ali m'munda omwe sangathe kuyendera nyumba zanyengo nthawi zonse, koma akufuna kupereka masamba ndi chilichonse chofunikira kuti akule, ayenera kupanga chipangizo chothirira kuchokera kumabotolo apulasitiki. Ubwino wa njirayi ndi kupezeka kwake, kupezeka mosavuta ndikupanga. Mu chidebe chodzaza ndi madzi, awl kapena singano, pangani mabowo 3-4 ndi awiri a 1-2 mm kutalika kwa 2 cm kuchokera pansi. Bisani chitseko pansi, ndikusiyirani chivundikirocho pansi momwe mungawonjezere madziwo akamatuluka.
Mavalidwe apamwamba
Kuvala kwapamwamba ndi gawo lofunikira pa chisamaliro cha nkhaka. Nthawi yonse yazomera, ndikofunikira kuthira feteleza katatu kuti musalakwitse, izi zikuyenera kuchitika malinga ndi chiwembuchi:
- Pambuyo posintha mbande, kusintha dothi ndikupanga manyowa osungunuka pamlingo wa 2: 1, kuteteza kwa masiku 5. Kwa zitsamba zathanzi pachidebe cha 5 malita, ndi kwa ofooka pa lita imodzi.
- Kachiwiri pamene masamba ndi thumba losunga mazira likhazikitsidwa, zimadyetsedwa ndizomwe zimapangidwira potaziyamu ndi phosphorous.
- Munthawi yogwira zipatso: 1 tbsp ya phulusa pa mita 1. Komanso, pangani masiku 10 aliwonse yankho la mullein ndi kuwonjezera kwa nitroammophoski: 1 tbsp. l 10 malita
Feteleza za dothi limasinthana ndi foliar. Wothira mafuta bwino ndi urea, pomwe muyenera kupanga yankho: 1 tsp. pa 10 l madzi. Izi zikuthandizira kwambiri nkhaka panthawi yakumanga korona wobiriwira. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi nthawi yocheperako musanayambe maluwa. Kuyambira chikasu cha mbale zamasamba, koloko yovomerezeka ingathandize: 0.5 tbsp. l kwa malita 5
Mapangidwe
Kuwongolera tchire ndi gawo lofunikira posamalira nkhaka, izi zimalepheretsa mbewu ku matenda ambiri, komanso zimakhudza kupsa kwa masamba obiriwira. Njira yosavuta kwambiri yokulira ndikumangirira zingwe zopota zamiyala yamatabwa yokhala ndi maselo osowa. Zopangidwe zimawoneka zokongoletsa kwambiri m'mundamu komanso zimapereka mwayi ku mbewu zonse ndi chisamaliro chosavuta. Tchire lirilonse limafunikira kuchotsa mbale zam'munsi komanso masamba, gawo kumtunda lingasiyidwe.
Ngati zikhomo kapena zingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thandizo, ndiye kuti nkhaka imakula mu phesi limodzi, ndipo mabowo onse am'mbali amachotsedwa.
Chofunikira ndikuti - kukhomekera, kubereka kwa zipatso ndi kutalika kwa moyo kwa chitsamba chilichonse kumadalira. Kuti mbewuyo isakhale yotalikirapo, ndipo nkhaka zimacha mwachangu pambali yomwe ikuwombera, muyenera kuchotsa malo okula. Kusintha koyenera, chitsamba chizitha kuwoneka ngati phesi lalitali lokhalira ndi mkondo waifupi kuchokera pamenepo. Kuwonetsa zipatso zazing'ono m'chigawo cha masamba a 3-4 kumachokeranso, chifukwa kumalepheretsa mapangidwe ambiri a mazira.
Kututa
Ndikofunika kutola nkhaka kamodzi masiku awiri, zikafika pamlingo wabwino kwambiri, osasunganso tchire. Wotchi yoyenera kwambiri ndi m'mawa, kotero masamba obiriwira samatha ndipo amakhala otanuka kwa nthawi yayitali. Musadule zipatso zamkwapulazo ndi manja anu, koma iduleni ndi lumo kapena mpeni wakuthwa. Mphukira siziyenera kutembenukiridwa nthawi zambiri, mbale zamasamba ziyenera kuyang'ana.
Matenda ndi Tizilombo
Nyengo iliyonse, akamakula nkhaka, wamaluwa amakumana ndi tizirombo ndi zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda. Osati zokolola zamtsogolo zokha, komanso thanzi la mbewu nthawi zina zimadalira chithandizo chakanthawi. Gome lili pansipa lithandizira kuzindikira chomwe chimayambitsa ndikupeza yankho lothandiza.
Vutoli | Mawonekedwe | Njira zoyesera |
| Powdery mildew | Malo owala achikasu. Kubala kumatha. | Kugwirizana ndi kasinthasintha wa mbeu, kuphimba ndi filimu usiku, madzi ofunda pakuthirira. Kwa 10 l 50 g wa sopo ndi 50 g wa sopo - kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, |
| Peronosporosis | ||
| Cladosporiosis | Zilonda za utoto wonyezimira. | Kusunga kutentha osachepera +20 ° C. 1% Bordeaux osakaniza. |
| Zola ndi imvi | Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala mthunzi wopepuka, kutembenukira kwakuda pakapita nthawi. | Osamakumba mwamakola; chotsani mbali zomwe zakhudzidwa. Kubzala feteleza: 10 g aliyense 1 g wamkuwa sulphate ndi nthaka ndi 10 g wa urea. Fungicides: Baylet, Rovral. |
| Grey yamadzi pamitengo, masamba ndi zipatso. | ||
| Anthracnose | Madalo a bulauni. | Kuwaza ndi makala kapena laimu. |
| Ma nsabwe | Kuuma kwa mphukira, mazira. | Udzu udzu. Kuwaza ndi msuzi wa celandine: kwa 2 l 800 g ya amadyera, kunena maola 24, ndiye kuti wiritsani kwa mphindi 30. Kukonzekera: Fitoferm, Karbofos, Spark. |
| Spider mite | Transetenti khumi. | Tincture wa Garlic: mitu ya 2 l 4, kukhazikika kwa masiku 5, kenako kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi pamlingo wa 1: 1. Neoron, Apollo. |
| Gall nematode | Mizu yake imakhala yofooka. | Ndondomeko zoyesereranso gawo lapansi ndikuchotsa chosanjikiza chapamwamba. Kuviika pansi pa chitsamba m'madzi otentha + 50 ... +55 ° C. Kuthirira nthaka ndi manyowa, kuchotsa udzu. Mankhwala: Ruscamine, Phosphamide. |
| Whitefly | Pamwamba pa pepalalo pepalalali ndi yokutidwa ndi zomata. | Kudzala tchire lapafupi. Anyezi kulowetsedwa: lita imodzi ya 500 g, kukhazikika kwa maola 12. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo: Actellik, Confidor, Mospilan. |
| Nyerere | Zotsatira zakuluma mbande. | Kuwonongeka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba pamalopo. Malo oyandikana ndi timbewu tonunkhira, zipatso kapena mpiru. Chemistry: Muratsid, Bingu 2. |
| Slug | Zipatso zokhala ndi mabowo. Mayendedwe onyezimira. | Kutolere tizirombo tamatumba, kupanga misampha yopangidwa ndi nyumba ndi mphete zotchingira ku maqanda ndi ma singano a spruce musanabzike. |
| Zopatsa | Mawanga opanda utoto pamasamba. | Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: Mkwiyo, Inta-Vir. Kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito minyewa yokhala ndi fungo labwino, monga lalanje. |
| Medvedka | Zodya nyemba ndi mizu. | Kukumba pansi nthawi yophukira-masika, ndikuyika nkhaka pafupi ndi bedi lamaluwa a marigold. |
| Wireworm | Kuchepetsa acidity ya dothi chifukwa chokhala ndi phulusa, choko chophwanyika. Kubzala pafupi ndi nyemba. |
A Dachnik adalangiza: Malangizo okula nkhaka
Kuti zokolola zichuluke, ndipo kusamalira chomera sikubweretsa zovuta, pali zanzeru zina zingapo:
- Njira yabwino kwambiri yolerera imakhala. Udzu udzu umachepetsedwa ndikungoyala m'nthaka.
- Pakupanga zipatso, tchire mwina siligwirizana ndi kulemera kwa nkhaka ndikuphwanya, kuti mupewe izi, thandizo lina likufunika.
- Zikhomo zamatabwa zimatha kuyamba kuvunda ngati chinyontho chikufika pa iwo. Kuti mupewe izi, malekezero asanawaike pansi amathandizidwa ndi mchere pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta okwanira 1 litre 200 g, ndipo kumtunda ndi 5% yamkuwa.
- Ngati kuli kuwala kambiri dzuwa m'malo osankhidwa, mutha kubzala mbewu zazitali monga mpendadzuwa kapena chimanga. Akakula, mapesi a nkhaka zobzalidwa mbali zawo akhoza kuphatikizika nazo.
- Mawaya osasunthika a mawayilesi awiri ndi oyenera kumangiriza mphukira mpaka timitengo.
- Kuyambira mvula yayitali tchire limatetezedwa ndi film yopulasitika. Ndipo kuzizira kumateteza zinthu zofewa zomwe mutha kubisa trellis ndi zomatira zomwe zaphatikizidwa nazo.
- Kwa minda yaying'ono, kapangidwe ka mawilo a njinga ndi mapaipi achitsulo ndioyenera. Pankhaniyi, zingwe zamkati zimalumikizidwa ndi singano kapena singano kudzera m'modzi mozungulira.
- M'malo mwa madzi wamba, thirirani madzi acidified. Onjezani viniga ya apple cider ku osungidwa bwino kapena mvula, chifukwa malita 200 1.5 tbsp ndikokwanira.
Kukula nkhaka m'khola la chilimwe ndizovuta koma zopatsa chidwi. Ndi chisankho choyenera cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikutsatira mosamala malamulo osamalira mbewuyi, mutha kupeza zipatso zambiri zokoma popanda kuwawa.
