Kodi mawonekedwe a fern ndi chiyani - masamba, mizu ya ferns

Mitundu yofanana ndi Fern yakhala ikukula padzikoli kuyambira kalekale. Kutalika kwa kukhalapo kwawo kuli m'mamiliyoni a zaka. Zomera zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo, amakonda malo okhala. Kapangidwe kapadera ka fern kamapangitsa kuti athe kusintha moyo kuti ukhale wopulumuka.

Kufotokozera za mbewu za fern

Kodi fern ndi chiyani, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti awa ndi mbadwa zachindunji zamera zakale kwambiri - ma rhinophytes. Pakusintha, mapangidwe a ferns adayamba kukhala ovuta, chifukwa chomwe fern imayesedwa ngati mbewu zapamwamba, palibe amene amadabwa. Izi zikutsimikizira:

• kukula kwa mbewu ya cyclic;
• njira yapamwamba ya mtima;
• kusinthasintha kwachilengedwe;

Fern m'chilengedwe

Kutanthauzira, fern ndi mbewu yosatha, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa mbewu za spore. Kufunso lokhudza fern: kodi ndi shrub kapena udzu, mutha kuyankha motsimikiza pazochitika zonsezi. Nthawi zina imakhalabe mtengo.

Zambiri. Pofotokoza ferns, munthu sangathandize koma kukumbukira mitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana, popereka zokongola. Zomera izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokongoletsera zenizeni za masamba. Ubwino wawo wosakayikira ndi kukaniza matenda ndi tizilombo toononga.

Kutengera kwachilengedwe kwa ferns

Mitundu yambiri ya fern imasakaniza magulu awo. Kuyesa kotereku kunachitidwa ndi asayansi akale. Zomwe amalingalira nthawi zambiri sizigwirizana. Gulu la ma fern amakono lidapangidwa malinga ndi sporangia ndi ena a morphological. Mitundu yonse imagawidwa kukhala yakale komanso yamakono.

Magulu asanu ndi awiri otsatirawa a mbewu zam'mimba, zomwe zonse zimatha komanso zamakono, amatchulidwa ngati ma fern:

1. Aneurophitopsids (Aneurophytopsida) - gulu lakale kwambiri.
2. Archaeopteridopsida (Archaeopteridopsida) - ndi oimira akale, omwe amafanana ndi ma conifera amakono.
3. Cladoxylopsids (Cladoxylopsida) - pali mitundu yomwe gululi likuyimira nthambi yakhungu yakusintha.
4. Zygopteridopsids (Zygopteridopsida kapena Goenopteridopsida) ndi gulu losinthika kukhala mitundu yamakono.
5. Ophioglossopsids kapena Ophioglossopsida - ma fern amakono.
6. Marattiopsida (Marattiopsida) - mbewu zosatha zazing'onozing'ono ndi zazikulu.
7. Ma polypodiopsids (Polypodiopsida - osatha, kapena ochulukirapo, mbewu zapachaka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana). Agawidwa m'magulu atatu: Polypodiidae, Marsileidae, Salviniidae.

Mbiri ya Mitundu ya Fern Zomera

Mbiri ya ferns idayamba mu nthawi ya ma dinosaurs - zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo. M'malo abwino otentha komanso otentha a nkhalango zachilengedwe zotentha, ma fern ankalamulira Dziko Lapansi. Mitundu ina inkafika 30 m kutalika. Popita nthawi, nyengo nyengo yasintha kwambiri. Ndi ngozi zingati zachilengedwe zomwe zidachitika kuti zimphona ngati ma dinosaurs ndi fern ngati mitengo zidasowa.

Ndi mitundu yonse yamitundu yamakono, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mbewu zakale kwambiri, zochepera kwa iwo kukula ndi mitundu mitundu. Koma ngakhale lero ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la spores - 300 genera ndi mitundu yopitilira 10,000. Mitundu yambiri, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe komanso zodabwitsa zobereka.

Kuonekera kwachilengedwe, zitsanzo zamitundu

Fern ikamera ndi pati ndipo zimadalira kutentha ndi chinyezi cha m'deralo. Kukhazikika kwazomera zachilengedwe:

• mitengo yotsika komanso yamtunda yamitengo;
• madambo, mitsinje ndi nyanja;
• mitsinje ndi madambo onyowa;
• miyala yamiyala;
• makoma a nyumba;
• misewu.

Nyenyezi

M'madera otentha, nthumwi zamtundu wa ma ferns zimapezeka. Tchulani mwachidule za mitundu ina:

1. Orlyak wamba. Amadziwika mosavuta ndi masamba ake ngati mawonekedwe ambulera yotseguka. Kugawidwa m'nkhalango za paini, zoyenera kudya.
2. Chithokomiro chachimuna. Chomera cha herbaceous chokhala ndi masamba mpaka 1.5 m kutalika, ndichilendo. Dongosolo la chithokomiro limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala anthelmintic.
3. Coder yachikazi. Chomera chachikulu ndi masamba owoneka bwino.
4. Nthiwatiwa wamba. Chokongola chachikulu fern. Chifukwa cha ma peizomes atali, amapanga m'nkhwezowo. Zogwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza malo. Masamba a nthiwatiwa yophika ndi chakudya.
5. Osmund. Chomera chokhala ndi masamba ofupikirapo ndi masamba ataliitali opepuka mumera ku East Asia ndi North America.
6. Mnogoryadnik. Masamba ake ndiobiriwira obiriwira, okhala m'mizere.

Yoyenera kukula pakhomo:

• Kostenets;
• Nephrolepis;
• Davallia;
• Asplenium;
• Dixonia;
• Pteris.

Zomera izi zimakongoletsa nyumba zamkati mochititsa chidwi. Mitundu ya Junior yokhala ndi masamba owola ndiyokongola kwambiri.

Chomera chakunyumba

Zochititsa chidwi:

1. Hecistorteris pumila ndi azolla cariliniana ndizomera zotsika kwambiri. Kutalika kwake sikupitirira 12 mm.
2. Epiphytes akumva bwino kwambiri pamitengo ndi mipesa.
3. M'malo am'mapiri mutha kupeza tsitsi la Venus - chomera chodabwitsa chomwe chili ndi masamba okongola otseguka.
4. Mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ikuluikulu m'malo otentha imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangamanga.
5. Marsilea quadrifolia amamva bwino pansi pa madzi.
6. Dicranopteris (Dicranopteris) ali ndi mapesi a masamba achitsulo.

Mitundu yocheperako ya fern-ngati:

• Chithokomiro ndi chisa;
• Fegopteris womanga;
• Brown Mnogoryadnik;
• Khoma la Aslenia;
• Masango agawika.
• Salvinia fern akuyandama walembedwa mu Red Book of Belarus.

Ndi ma fern angati omwe amakhala

Funso "zaka zingati fern limakhala" sizovuta. Chiyembekezo cha moyo chimadalira malo omwe kukula ndi mitundu yake. M'malo am'malo otentha, gawo lam'mphepete mwa nyanjayo limamwalira ndi nyengo yozizira, m'malo otentha amatha kumatha zaka zingapo. Mizu yokhazikika imasinthidwa ndi zaka 4 zilizonse zatsopano; rhizome imakhalabe yogwira mpaka zaka 100. Izi zimathandiza kuti mbewuyo ikhale ndi moyo uliwonse.

Mawonekedwe azakudya chomera

Zofanana ndi za Fern zimadya zakudya zofunika kudzera muzu ndi masamba. Zinthu zofunika kuzifufuza ndikuthilira mbewu ija ndikuyamwa m'nthaka. Masamba amatenga nawo gawo la photosynthesis, kusintha kaboni dayokisaidi kukhala michere acid. Chifukwa chake fern imalandira wowuma ndi shuga, yofunikira pakugwira ntchito yofunika kwa ziwalo zonse.

Kusanthula kapangidwe ka mbewu za fern

Makolo akale azomera za fern anali ndi mawonekedwe akale. Mukuchita kusinthaku, zakhala zovuta kwambiri.

Mapesi

Pesi la fern limakulitsidwa, yaying'ono kukula. Amatchedwa rhizome. Inde, mitundu yotentha yamoto yotentha yomwe ili ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamtunda ndi yosiyana ndi izi. Ma curiz rhizomes amatha kukhululukidwa mtunda wautali.

Masamba, Vayi

Tsamba la fern ndilochulukirapo kuposa tsinde. Sali wamba wamba, ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana ndi kapangidwe komanso kakulidwe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amakhala amisala, amisili. Vayi - masamba otchedwa fern. Petiole ya tsamba limalumikizidwa kumtunda pansi pa tsinde - muzu kapena rhizome. Kuwapenda, nkovuta kumvetsetsa komwe tsinde limathera ndi kuti tsamba limayamba pati. Chosangalatsa cha Zambiri ndi kukula kwam'mwamba, komwe ndi kokhotakhota komanso kosakhazikika pang'onopang'ono ngati nkhono.

Waiy

Kukula kwa masamba kumayambira impso mobisa ndipo kumatenga zaka ziwiri. Mu chaka chachitatu chokha amatha kuoneka pamwamba pa nthaka. Chifukwa cha kukula kwapang'onopang'ono, ma waiyas a ferns amafikira zazikulu zazikulu.

Zomera zambiri, ma vayas amatenga nawo gawo pa photosynthesis, masamba, komanso munthawi yomweyo popanga spores. Spores amawonekera m'matsenga, omwe amakhala pansi pamasamba mawonekedwe amodzi kapena gulu la tubercles.

Mizu yazomera

Mizu yake imakhala ndi chizimba champhamvu komanso mizu yambiri yozama. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pa tsinde ndi mizu yake timatenga madzi ndikuwatsogolera kudzera mitolo yolumikizira masamba.

Ziwalo zoberekera

Moyo wa Fern udagawika muzinthu ziwiri: refuxes - sporophyte ndi yochepa kugonana - gametophyte. Ziwalo zoberekera za fern - sporangia, pomwe ma spores amapezeka, zimakhala pansi pamasamba. Udzu wokhwima umatulutsa kuchokera pakubowolekeka kwa sporangia ndipo umatengedwa ndi mphepo kutali ndi chomeracho. Akatswiri ena asayansi amayerekezera kuphuka kwamizere ndi maluwa ena.

Kachigawo kochepa chabe ka spores kamene kamatsalira. Gawo limayamba pomwe cholimba chikakula m'mikhalidwe yabwino ndikumakula. (Mtundu wa gametophyte), womwe umawoneka ngati mtengo wobiriwira pamtima wa mamilimita angapo kukula kwake. Pansanja yakukula, ziwalo zachimuna ndi zachimuna zimapangidwa - anteridia ndi archegonia. Mazira ndi spermatozoa omwe amapangidwa mkati mwake amaphatikizana ndi nyengo yonyowa, ndipo zimapangidwa ndi zygote, pomwe kamwana kakang'ono ka mbewu - sporophyte kamayamba.

Mtengowo ungathenso kufalitsa zipatso zake patangomera masamba ndi mizu. Izi ndizofunikira kwa alimi omwe amalima mitundu ina pamasamba awo.

Yerekezerani ndi mbewu zina za herbaceous

Zofanana ndi Fern - awa ndi ma fern, mahatchi ndi korona. Onsewa amabereka ndi spores ndipo ali ndi chiyambi chimodzi.

Ferns ali ndi mawonekedwe otalikirana ndi zomera zina za herbaceous:

1. Amasiyana ndi algae ndi rhizome ndi masamba ovuta.
2. Mu mosses ndi ferns, m'badwo wa gametophyte ndi sporophyte alternates. Gametesophyte imakhala mu mosses; sporophyte amapezeka mu ferns. Kukhalapo kwa minofu yowoneka ngati minyewa yolimba kumapangitsa oimira zomera zopangidwa ngati fern kuzolowera moyo wapadziko lapansi.
3. Mosiyana ndi maluwa otulutsa maluwa, amaberekanso spores ndipo satulutsa maluwa.

Chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwake ndi mankhwala, fern ili ndi zinthu zomwe ndizothandiza anthu. Zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala komanso kuphika, ndizoyenera mchere. Mankhwala achikhalidwe nawonso sananyalanyaze mbewu zodabwitsa.