Posachedwa, mitundu yochepa kwambiri, ngakhale yocheperako, ya zipatso zambiri yazomera kwambiri. Izi zimapereka zabwino zingapo - zimakuthandizani kuti muzimitsa malo obzala, ndikuwonjezera zokolola m'dera lililonse, zimathandizira chisamaliro cha mitengo, kudulira ndi kututa. Mwa mitundu yambiri yamatcheri wamba omwe adalembedwa mu State Register yosankha zakukwaniritsidwa kwa Russian Federation, ma Cherries a Shokoladnitsa okhala ndi zipatso atchuka kale kwambiri. Kuphatikiza kutalika kwa mtengo, mitunduyi ili ndi maubwino angapo kuyerekeza ndi ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kugawa kwake m'minda yathu.
Kufotokozera Cherries Chocolate
Zosiyanasiyana zidawerengedwa ku All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Culture Selection ku Oryol Region ndipo akulimbikitsidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia. Mtsikanayo chokoleti adaphatikizidwa mu State Register of Kuswana Achibwino mu 1996.
Malinga ndi gulu la ku Europe, ma cherries wamba (osamva, steppe, mchenga, zokongoletsera ndi Sakhalin) amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri:
- morel - mitundu yokhala ndi ofiira wakuda, pafupifupi zipatso zakuda mu gawo la kucha ndi kupaka utoto;
- amoreli - mitundu yofiira ndi madzi osabala.
Shokoladnitsa amatanthauza morel. "Makolo" ake omwe adawalera ndi akuda ndi mitengo ya Lyubskaya. Ichi ndi chitumbuwa cha sing'anga. Shokoladnitsa imayamba kubala zipatso zaka 5 pambuyo pa kukhazikika kwa mbande yapachaka, ndipo mmera wazaka 1.5-2 wobzala amatulutsa zokolola m'chaka cha 3-4.
Ubwino wa Gawo:
- kutalika kochepa - mtengo wachikulire wokula bwino osaposa ma 2,5. Mukabzala mbande zochuluka, amabzalidwa pakati pa 2.5 m pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi 3.5 m pakati pamizere;
Mukabzala yamatcheri a Chokoleti zosiyanasiyana muzikhala pakati pa 2.5 m pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi 3.5 mamita pakati pa mizere
- korona yaying'ono - voliyumu yayikulu ili pamwamba, chifukwa mtengowo umatenga malo pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa Mtsikana wa Chocolate kukhala woyenera m'minda yaying'ono;
- zokolola zambiri - ndizoyenera kulimidwa paliponse pamafakitale komanso m'mafamu ang'onoang'ono. Mtengo wophukidwa bwino umapereka zipatso zosafunikira 15 kg;
- amodzi mwa mitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yamatcheri mu chisanu ndi chilala - machitidwe awa anali amodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu za obereketsa;
- zipatso zotsekemera kuposa mitundu ina yambiri yamatcheri amdima - kudziunjikira mpaka 12% shuga ndi 1.5% acid;
- Moyo wamtengo wamtengo "mwamphamvu" - pafupifupi zaka 12. Chocolate Shelf Life - mpaka zaka 17-20. Koma patatha zaka 15, mtengo wokalamba wayamba kale kuchulukitsa zipatso;
- mitundu yodziyimira yokha - sikutanthauza kuvomerezedwa kuti muchotse mungu ndi maluwa oyandikana nawo nthawi yamaluwa.
Kudzilimbitsa mwanjira zosiyanasiyana kumatanthauza kuti mtengo wotsekedwa umabala chipatso. Komabe, alimi ambiri amalimbikitsa kubzala Shokoladnitsa pagulu limodzi ndi mitundu ina - mitundu yakale ya Vladimirskaya (yomwe imadziwika kuti Vladimirka), Turgenevskaya, Lyubskaya ndi ena. Amakhulupirira kuti mungu wosunthidwa kuchokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana podutsa ndi tizilombo umayenda bwino ndipo umachulukitsa zipatso zamagulu onse amitundu yonse yomwe ikukula pafupi. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo padzakhala mwayi wophunzira ndikupeza zabwino za mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mfundo yofunika - mukadzala mitundu yosiyanasiyana, muyenera kudziwa kutalika kwawo, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, onjezerani mtunda pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu, kuti pasadzabisike wina ndi mnzake.
Ponena za zoperewera za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mu ndemanga, wamaluwa amatcha vuto lalikulu la Msungwana wa Chocolate kutengera matenda awiri - coccomycosis ndi moniliosis. Komabe, malongosoledwe amtunduwu, woperekedwa ndi State Record of Breeding Achievement of the Russian Federation, amatanthauza kukana kwapakati pa coccomycosis. Popeza palibe chidziwitso chazofooka zina, titha kunena kuti kusowa kwa chitetezo chokwanira kwa moniliosis ndiye vuto lokhalo lazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo zili bwino kudziwa momwe mungapewere matendawa kuti mupewe.
Moniliosis idawonekera ku Russia komanso pafupi kwambiri: posachedwa kwina, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ndi koyambirira kwa 90s. Panthawiyo, minda idavutika ku Belarus, kenako m'dziko lathu.
Nthawi zambiri, wothandizira wa moniliosis amalowera tsinde la chitumbuwa podulira, kudzera m'miyala yotseguka yatsopano
Nthawi zambiri matendawa amalowa mu thunthu mutadulira, kudzera magawo atsopano otseguka. Chifukwa chake, njirayi imaphatikizidwa ndi kupopera mankhwala korona ndi madzi a Bordeaux kapena mankhwala ena apadera a antifungal kapena mankhwala otsimikiziridwa. Kwa chitetezo, chithandizo chomwecho chimabwerezedwa pambuyo pa maluwa.
Spores imabisala pansi pamtengo masamba owala. Chifukwa chake, njira yopewetsa matenda a moniliosis ndikuwotcha ndi kuwotcha masamba onse omwe agwa m'dzinja, kuwaza dothi mwachangu, laimu wosazizira ndikudzaza bwalo lozizira ndi mulch yophimba mizu yozizira. Komanso ndizosatheka kusiya zipatso zouma kapena zowola pamtengowu - zimatha kukhala mbande za tizirombo tambiri.
Mtengo wopangidwa bwino, wowoneka bwino, wopanda wandiweyani, wowuma osasunthika korona umakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira ndipo umatha kuthana ndi matenda aliwonse.
Kubzala Cherry Chocolate
Mukamatera, muyenera kutsatira malamulo ena.
Kusankha kwampando
Mtsikana wa chokoleti amakula bwino m'malo opepuka, osasalala, makamaka popanda kukonzekera. Imakhala yolekererapo, koma mtengowo umakula pang'onopang'ono, zipatsozo zimakula pang'ono komanso acidic, ndipo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa dzuwa, chiwopsezo cha matenda nchochuluka.
Pali malo pomwe ma cherries samatha kukula chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi apansi panthaka - kuposa 1.5 m kuchokera pamwamba. Mizu yamtengo ikangofika chakuya, mtengowo umamwalira. Ndipo izi sizingachitike mwachangu, koma zaka zochepa mutabzala - pa chaka cha 4-6, mizu imatha kufika pakuya kwa 1.6 m.
Shokoladnitsa yamatcheri amakula bwino pamalo opepuka ndi malo ochepa a pansi
Kukonzekera kwa dothi
Cherry yamtunduwu sikufunikira kwambiri panthaka, koma pali maudindo awiri omwe akuyenera kuonedwa:
- nthaka yosalowerera kapena ya mchere pang'ono ndi pH ya 7.0;
- Dothi limakhala lotayirira, lopuma komanso lopanda madzi.
Pa loamy, dongo lopanda dongo, mizu ya chitumbuwa imadzaza ndi kuvunda. Kuti mudzala pamtunda woterewu, pamafunika nthaka yayitali:
- Dzenje lofikira silingakonzekere ndi kukula kwa mizu, koma nthawi zambiri komanso mwakuya. Mizu yopyapyala ya chitumbuwacho imakhala pakuya masentimita 15 mpaka 70 (chochulukirapo ndi kuya 20-25 cm). Mizu yokhala ngati mitengo imatha kulowa pansi kwambiri, koma osafunikira kukonzekera nthaka pansi pawo, imatha kukhala mtundu uliwonse. Mwa malo, mizu yamatcheri ikhoza kukhala yayikulu kangapo kukula kwa korona, motero pansi pa chitsamba chimodzi muyenera kusintha dothi lozungulira mozungulira ndi mainchesi osachepera 3 m kuchokera thunthu:
- kuya kwa masentimita 40-50 kuchokera pakati;
- kuya kwa masentimita 70 pakati, pa tsamba lowongolera mwachindunji.
Pamadothi olemera, dzenje la Cherry limakonzedwa yokulirapo kuposa kukula
- Nthaka yosankhidwa iyenera kusakanizika ndi dothi, chernozem, humus, peat mpaka itamasuka mokwanira.
- Chifukwa chake, dothi lokonzedwayo limabwezeretsedwa pamalopo ndikuwonjezeranso monga mwa masiku onse.
Njira yake ndi yotopetsa, chifukwa kubzala mitengo ikuluikulu ndikwabwino kupeza tsamba lina.
Kusankha mmera ndi kubzala
Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mbande ya chaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka 60-80 masentimita okwera bwino ngati mizu yolimba (mbande za m'badwo uno zimamera bwino). Koma palinso malingaliro oyenera kubzala mbande wazaka 2-3 kuti mbewu yoyamba ikhale mwachangu kwa zaka 1-2. Kubala kumachitika nthawi yopuma - kumapeto kwa Okutobala kapena kumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Zachitika motere:
- Kumbani dzenje lakukula kwa mizu mu mawonekedwe owongoledwa. Monga lamulo, kwa ana azaka 1.5 ali awiri mainchesi 40 ndi pafupifupi 80 cm.
- Dothi losankhidwa kuchokera dzenje limaphatikizidwa ndi humus (pafupifupi malita atatu pa malita 10) ndi phulusa lamatabwa - malita 0,5 pa malita 10 a dothi.
- Pakatikati amayendetsa pamawerengero.
Mbeu yaying'ono yamatcheri imayenera kumangirizidwa pamtengo kuti iteteze ku mphepo zamphamvu
- Nthaka imathiridwa mu dzenje ndikuyika masentimita 15-20.
- Chigoba chimatsitsidwa ndikugwera, ndikufalitsa mizu mosamala. Wofesedwa pamalo omwewo mbande yomwe idamera mu nazale, yomwe imawoneka bwino ndi mtundu wa makungwa. Koma khosi mizu sayenera kuphulika. Ngati ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa msipu wapansi, sapling imakwezedwa ndikutsanulira mulu wokwera. Kutalika kwambiri kwa khosi mizu pamwamba pa nthaka ndi 3-5 cm.
Khosi la mmera wamtchire liyenera kukhala masentimita 3-5 pamwamba panthaka
- Mizu imathiridwa ndi dothi lotayirira kuti pakhale popanda mpweya waukulu.
- Pangani dothi lozungulira thunthu.
- Madzi okwanira malita 10 a madzi pa mbiya imodzi.
- Mmera umamangiriridwa pamtengo ndi chingwe osati chovutitsa ku khungwa kapena mzere wa minofu yofewa.
- Mulch ndi humus, peat, utuchi wowola kapena udzu wodulidwa ndi wosanjikiza pafupifupi 5 cm.
Mutabzala ndi kuthirira, mbandezo zimayikiridwa ndi wosanjikiza osachepera 5 cm
Kusamalira Chocolate
Kusamalira kwambiri chaka choyamba cha mmera ndikosavuta:
- ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti bwalo loyandikira-tsinde ndiloyera namsongole;
- pakugwa mvula yambiri kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni, mmera udzafunikira kuthiriridwa madzi okwanira malita 10-15. Komanso nthawi yotentha komanso yophukira, kuthirira kungafunike pokhapokha pakukhala chilala.
Kudulira
M'tsogolomu, Shokoladnitsa chitumbuwa chidzafunikira kudulira, chomwe chimachitika kumayambiriro kasupe nthawi isanayambike. Cherry iyenera kudulidwa mosamala komanso molondola: izi sizinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakula mpaka 7 m ndipo zili ndi korona wamphamvu wokhala ndi nthambi, komwe kuphatikiza kapena kuchepera kwa nthambi sikofunikira kwenikweni. Chokoleti cha chokoleti sichingakonzedwe kungotcheka ndi korona. Mitundu ndi cholinga chokonzera:
- zaukhondo - chotsani nthambi zonse zamatenda, zosweka, zopota. Mphukira yonse imadulidwa pansipa - imangofewetsa mtengowo;
- kupanga nthanga:
- Ngati masamba osakhazikika akula - akukulira mkati mwa korona, pansi, osakanizika, ndiye kuti amachotsedwa. Nthambi imadulidwa "kukhala mphete", ndiye kuti, popanda hemp. Malo odulawo amaphimbidwa ndi varnishi ya m'munda, chifukwa ngati kudulira sikulondola, bowo limatha kupanga m'malo mwa odulidwalo, mtengowo uola, kudwala, ndipo mwina umafa;
Ndikofunikira kudula nthambi za chitumbuwa molondola kuti matendawa asapangidwe pamalo omwe adadulidwayo
- yang'anirani nthambi za mafupa kuti pakati pawo pakhale osachepera 10-15 cm kuti muchepetse kukula. Mtengo wachikulire uyenera kukhala ndi nthambi zazikulu za chigoba za 10-15;
- Ngati masamba osakhazikika akula - akukulira mkati mwa korona, pansi, osakanizika, ndiye kuti amachotsedwa. Nthambi imadulidwa "kukhala mphete", ndiye kuti, popanda hemp. Malo odulawo amaphimbidwa ndi varnishi ya m'munda, chifukwa ngati kudulira sikulondola, bowo limatha kupanga m'malo mwa odulidwalo, mtengowo uola, kudwala, ndipo mwina umafa;
- anti-okalamba - ikuchitika ngati mtengo wachikale wopanda kanthu - kumapeto kwa nthambi palibe masamba ndi masamba - ndipo osabala bwino zipatso. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nthambi zazikulu zonse zimafupikitsidwa ndi mita 1. M'chilimwe, mphukira zazing'ono zambiri zimawonekera patsamba la zigawo.
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe muyenera kudziwa ndikuti chitumbuwa chimapereka zipatso makamaka pa kukula kwachaka chatha. Ili ndi gulu limodzi kapena nthambi zambiri zokhala ndi masamba akulu akulu. Ngati muwadula onse, simudzakhala zokolola. Chifukwa chake, kudulira kwakukulu kumachitika mchaka kuti tithandizire kukula kwa achinyamata mphukira yotentha, zomwe zimapatsa zokolola zambiri chaka chamawa.
Ndiponso mu kasupe mutha kudula nthambi zakumapeto chaka chatha - chaka chino sikudzakhala zokolola. Malekezero awo adulidula masamba angapo, osagwirizana ndi chaka chathachi cham'mbuyo, chomwe chidzabala zipatso chaka chino. Ndipo m'malo mwa odulidwawo, mphukira zingapo zazing'ono zimatha kuwoneka zomwe zidzabala zipatso chaka chamawa.
Cherry amakonda kwambiri kudulira kolakwika komanso kwamphamvu kwambiri. Amakhala ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono pachaka, ndipo akamadulira aliyense samachira msanga. Chifukwa chake, lingaliro "ndibwino kuti muchepetse kuposa kumachepetsa owonjezera" ndiloyenera pano.
Ndemanga
Wopanga chokoleti amadzilimbitsa, zomwe ndi kuphatikiza, kumene. Koma kukoma kwamatcheri palokha sikulakwitsa, ndipo ngakhale kupangika kwakukulu, IMHO, kumakhala kotheka ndi zilonda zazikulu zokhala ndi chitumbuwa - coccomycosis ndi moniliosis. Ndidayesa kubzala, koma sapling (inali ndi ACS) siyinayambe ndipo, nditavutika nthawi yotentha, inamwalira. Inasinthidwa ndi Kharitonovskaya, yomwe imakhala yotsekemera komanso yolimbana ndi zilonda za fungus.
mooch
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Zipatso ndizabwino, koma timachepera. Abuda akudya chilichonse. Gululi iyenera kutseka. Ndipo chisamaliro chili ngati chitumbuwa chilichonse.
mita (madzi)
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Ndikadali ndi mtengo yaying'ono, nthawi yoyamba kubala zipatso. Koma pafupi naye, pollinator akuwoneka kuti sakuzindikiridwa. Chapafupi kwambiri ndi momwe amzake akumvera, koma sapota mungu wamba. Chifukwa chake, mwina wodziyesa nokha kapena duwa lachiwiri lachifupi ndi Chocolate Girl lidatulutsa mosaoneka.
Starche-05
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Kukoma kwamatcheri kwakhala kukudziwa ndi aliyense kuyambira ali mwana, ndipo minda ya ku Russia ndiyosatheka popanda mtengo. Pakati pa mitundu yambiri, Shokoladnitsa imawoneka ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi chisanu ndi kulekerera chilala, komanso kukoma kwabwino kwambiri kwa zipatso pakati pa mitundu yakuda. Yekhayo kapena pagulu, zotere, zomwe, zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kwa eni ake.
