Zokongoletsa zapakhonde zopindika pachaka - zabodza kapena zenizeni?

Mafani opanga mawonekedwe akumunda amasangalala kukongoletsa malo awo ndi zomera zachilendo zosiyanasiyana. Zachilendo zimatha kukhala mapeyala, pakati pake pali mitundu yapadera yokongoletsera. Zowona, malinga ndi zambiri komanso zotsutsana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kudziwa ngati mitundu ina ilipo. Tiyeni tiyese kudziwa kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa mbewu womwe uli wokongoletsa peyala yapachaka.

Zokongoletsa zopotera pachaka - ndi "zipatso" zamtundu wanji

Mapeyala okongoletsera amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso pakupanga kwapangidwe pafupifupi m'maiko onse padziko lapansi. Pali mitundu ingapo yodziwika: Pear Bradford, Beach Hill, Loosestrife. Zambiri pa intaneti nthawi zambiri zimawonjezera pamndandanda uwu mtundu wa "ngale yokongoletsa yapachaka." Dzinali limafunsira nthawi yomweyo: mtengo ungakhale bwanji pachaka komanso ngakhale kupendekera. Kuyesera konse kuti mupeze zambiri mwatsatanetsatane kapena kujambula chomera chachinsinsi kulibe phindu. Zolemba zonse patsamba lachi Russia zomwe zimatchula za peyala yopindika zimayimira ... dzungu ngati chithunzi! Zowona, maungu awa akunja akufanana ndi peyala. Peyala yopindika pachaka nthawi zambiri imatchulidwa m'mawu, koma mafotokozedwe amtunduwu amaperekedwa kwa mapeyala wamba okongoletsa.

Zipatso zooneka ngati peyala ndi za dzungu ndipo mwina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa

Kuwerenga mawebusayiti akunja kumabweretsa kuti iwo sakudziwa za mapeyala opindika. Pali mawu akuti "peyala yokongoletsera" - "ngale yokongoletsa", koma simudzapeza mawu akuti kukwera peyala. Itha kuganiziridwa kuti wina adalakwitsa kutanthauzira mawu akuti peyala yopindika (masamba opindika a peyala) - chizindikiro cha matenda omwe amapezeka m'mapeyala okongoletsera, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo nthano ya peyala yopotana yomwe palibe yomwe idawonapo.

Chifukwa chake, tikulankhula za mbewu zosiyana kwambiri: mapeyala okongoletsera (mitengo yayikulu-yayikulu) ndi maungu okongoletsera, ndikupereka zipatso zooneka ngati ngale.

Mapeyala okongoletsera - kufotokoza

Peyala yokongoletsera kapena maluwa (Pyrus calleryana), yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa peyala wa walnut, ndi mtengo wokongoletsa wochokera ku banja la Rosaceae. Mitengoyi imalekerera bwino malo amatauni, motero nthawi zina imatchedwa "mapeyala am'mizinda." Amakula chifukwa cha kukongola kwa maluwa ngati mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe. Pamaluwa, mitengoyo imakutidwa ndi maluwa akuluakulu oyera, komwe kununkhira kwamphamvu komanso kosangalatsa.

Chapakatikati, peyala yokongoletsera imawoneka ngati maluwa

Ndiyenera kunena kuti mapeyala okongoletsera amawoneka okongola osati mchaka chokha. Ali ndi masamba okongola okhathamira (chifukwa chake, mapeyala oterowo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mapangidwe amtundu ndi zipika), zomwe pofika nthawi yophukira imakhala ndi mtundu wofiira wowoneka bwino kapena wagolide.

Zokongoletsa mapeyala m'dzinja mu chithunzi

Zipatso za mapeyala okongoletsera ndizochepa, pafupifupi masentimita awiri, kawirikawiri sizingatheke. Poyamba, zipatsozo zimakhala zobiriwira zachikuda, zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi bulauni, ndipo nthawi zina pafupifupi zakuda. Masamba atagwa, zipatso nthawi zambiri zimakhalabe pamitengo ngati zokongoletsera.

Zipatso zimatha kukhalabe panthambi kwa nthawi yayitali ngakhale masamba atagwa

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ngale

Tsopano mitundu ingapo ya mapeyala okongoletsera amadziwika. Ganizirani kwambiri za iwo.

Pearl Calera Shantikler

Pear Calera Chanticleer (Pyrus calleryana Chanticleer) ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya ngale. Amachokera ku China, komwe amapezeka kuthengo m'nkhalango komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Mtengowu umadziwika ndi kukula kwamphamvu (kukula kwa 30-40 cm pachaka) ndikufika kutalika kwa 8-12 m. Unthawi zonse, mawonekedwe opindika a korona amatembenuka ndi mawonekedwe piramidi wamkulu komanso mpaka mamita 5 ndi zaka. Nthambi zamtsogolo zimamera mokhazikika.

Mitengo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, omwe pakapita nthawi amakula komanso amakula

Thunthu ndi nthambi zake zimakutidwa ndi khungwa losalala komanso lofiirira popanda ma spikes. Zachikuru (mpaka 12 cm kutalika ndi 8 cm mulitali) masamba obiriwira ozungulira amtundu wakuda wobiriwira ali ndi mawonekedwe onyezimira komanso ophuka kwambiri. Mtundu wa Autumn umawonekera mu Novembala ndipo amasintha kuchokera ku chikasu ndi lalanje kukhala ofiira ndi ofiira. Masamba akakhala ozizira nyengo yabwino ndi nthaka yonyowa, masamba amagwa obiriwira (nthawi zina masamba amakhalapo mpaka Januware).

Nthawi zina masamba amatenga mbali yoyambirira yamkuwa.

Mtengo ukufalikira mu Epulo - Meyi, kwambiri. Maluwa amatha kuwonekera masamba asanaphuke kapena nthawi yomweyo. Ambiri mwa maluwa amatulidwa masango, ndipo maluwa amodzi amafika awiri cm.

Nthawi zambiri, maluwa amawoneka nthawi yomweyo masamba

Matupi a peyala ya Shantikler ndi ochulukirapo, ngakhale zipatso zake ndizochepa kwambiri - pafupifupi 1 cm. Maonekedwe a mapeyalawo amakhala osazungulira, khungu limakhala loyera. Zipatso izi ndizakudya, ngakhale sizokoma.

Mizu ya mtengowo ndi yolimba komanso yakuya. Mwambiri, peyala ndi yosakhazikika, imatha kumera pafupi dothi lililonse (pokhazikitsa ngalande), ngakhale imakonda dothi labwino lopanda ndale kapena zamchere. Kucha zipatso ndi kupaka utoto wamalimwe kumafunikira kuunikira bwino. Panthawi zovuta, mbewu zazing'ono (thunthu lautali mpaka 25-30 cm) zitha kuwonongeka ndi chisanu. Imayamba chisanu ndi zaka. Limamasula msanga, chifukwa chake limatha kudwala matendawa. Kukayamba kugwa chipale chofewa, nthambi zimatha kuthyoka.

Mtengowu umadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake kwenikweni pa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya. Chifukwa cha nyumbayi, Shantikler ndioyenereradi kuyang'ana pamatauni.

Pear Calera Shantikler pavidiyo

Peyala Callery Bradford

Pear Callery Bradford (Pyrus calleryana Bradford) - mapeyala osiyanasiyana aku America omwe Calleri adapeza mu nazale ya Scanlon mu 1959. Muubwana, mtengowu umakula pamlingo woyenera, womwe umakula ndi zaka. Mtengo umatha kutalika pafupifupi 12 m ndi mainchesi 9 mita. Korona ndi wandiweyani, wowoneka ngati mawonekedwe a piramidi, ndipo m'lifupi mwake umakula. Nthambi zimapangidwa bwino ndipo zimakula molimba.

Korona wa Bradford peyala ndi wandiweyani komanso wopindika

Makungwa osalala a mbewa yofiirira imayamba kuzimiririka pakapita zaka. Palibe malo okhala mphukira. Masamba ofunda owonjezereka omwe amakhala pamitengo yayitali ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira wamdima komanso wonyezimira. M'dzinja, masamba ake amakhala ofiira, ofiira kapena ofiira.

Makaso okongola, okongola, masamba akuluakulu

Maluwa ochulukirapo amapezeka kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo. Ma inflorescence a chithokomiro samakhala ndi maluwa akuluakulu kwambiri amtundu woyera wotuwa.

Maluwa a peyala ya Bradford ndi okulirapo komanso okongola.

Maluwa atangotuluka maluwa, zipatso zazing'ono (mpaka 1.5 masentimita) zimapangidwa. Ndiwosakhazikika, okhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni ndipo amakhala olimba mpaka atazizira.

Ngakhale zipatsozo sizokhazikika, zimatha kulimbana ndi ntchito yokongoletsa.

Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yokongoletsera, peyala ya Bradford ndiyosakhalitsa - imakhala ndi zaka 25.

Peos Loosestrife

Peyala yamtunduwu imapezeka mwachilengedwe ndipo imamera mwakapangidwe ku Asia ndi Caucasus. Chomera chimakhala chosasamala kwambiri kusamalira, chimatha kukula ngakhale pamtunda wamchere, wonyowa komanso wandiweyani. "Vagaries" amtengowo ndi ojambula ndipo sakonda mphepo zozizira.

Kukula kotsika. Kutalika kwa mtengowo ndi masentimita 10-12. Korona ali ndi mawonekedwe a hema wofalikira, nthambi zake zikung'ambika. Peyala imadziwika ndi dzina lake kukhala masamba ang'onoang'ono a pubescent, ofanana ndi msondodzi. Ali aang'ono, masamba amakhala ndi siliva wobiriwira, kenako ndimdima wakuda.

Peol Ivolistnaya m'chithunzichi

Maluwa a maluwa a Meyi ndi maluwa oyera oyera omwe amatengedwa mu corymbose inflorescence. Zipatso (zipsa mu Ogasiti - Seputembala) ndizokulungidwa kapena zowoneka bwino-zamtundu wamtundu wachikaso kapena zobiriwira. Loosestrife amadziwika ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa dzinja ndi kulekerera chilala, komanso amalolera bwino fumbi ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. Ngale imagwira ntchito yokongoletsa kwa zaka 30 mpaka 40. Tizilombo ndi matenda Evolistnaya pafupifupi osakhudzidwa. Kufalikira ndi mbewu.

Gusha the Loosestrife pavidiyo

Phiri la zokongoletsera la Peyala

Khomo lokongoletsa la Beach ndi la mtundu wa Pyrus communis (Pear wamba). Mwachilengedwe, mbewuyi imagawidwa ku Europe ndi Asia Minor.

Ndi mtengo wamtundu wapakatikati (10-12 m, kutalika - 15 m) wokhala ndi korona wopapatiza-piramidi. Kukula kwa korona kumafika mpaka mamita 5. Amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu. Kukula kwake kumakhala pakati mpaka kukwera (kuwonjezeka kwa 20-40 cm pachaka). Thunthu lake ndi lamphamvu, yokutidwa ndi makungwa a bulauni.

Peyalayo imakhala ndi korona wamba wa piramidi

Mtengowu umakutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira, okhala ndi masamba akulu (mpaka 8 masentimita) masamba owala owoneka bwino. M'dzinja, masamba amapaka utoto wowala kapena lalanje.

Masamba ophukira amatembenukira chikasu-lalanje

Kutulutsa maluwa ku Beach Hill mu Epulo - Meyi ndi maluwa oyera oyera omwe atengedwa burashi. Peyala imapatsa zipatso zosaneneka (zoona, wowawasa ndi tart) mpaka 2,5 cm kukula kwake.

Zipatso zazing'ono sizokongola kapena zowawa

Mizu ya mtengowo ndi chosanjikiza, champhamvu kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe mtengo suugwirizana ndi chilala komanso kusefukira kwamadzi. Amalekerera mosavuta zam'mizinda. Ngakhale Photophilia imakula bwino pang'ono. Sichifunika kwambiri pamtunda, koma imakonda dothi louma, lopatsa thanzi, pang'ono. Kapangidwe kamatabwa kolimba kumathandizira kuti mphepo ibwere. Frost kukana ikufanana ndi zone 5 (yabwino kulimidwa kum'mwera kwa Russia ndi Ukraine). Atha kudwala kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira. Mtengowu umakhala wolimba kwambiri - umakhala zaka pafupifupi 150, koma umakalamba kumera pamchenga.

Kubzala ndi kusamalira mapeyala okongoletsa

Mapeyala okongoletsera amatha kufalikira ndi kudulidwa, kumalumikiza ndi mbewu. Njira ziwiri zoyambirira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa peyala ya Ivolistnaya (imafalitsidwanso ndi mphukira), ndipo kubzala ndi mbewu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mitundu yonse ya peyala.

Kubzala peyala yokongoletsa

Mbewu zimanyowa kwa masiku atatu m'madzi ofunda, omwe amasinthidwa tsiku lililonse. Patsiku lomaliza, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera zoyambitsa kukula (Ribav, Zircon, Epin). Kenako mbewuyo imafufutidwa - kuvulazidwa kuzizira (nthanga za peyala zimamera bwino popanda opereshoni). Kuti tichite izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuphatikiza gawo lapansi la coconut, peat ya mchenga ndi mchenga wofanana m'njira zambiri, komanso kuwonjezera 10% perlite. Mu osakaniza wothira, mbewu zimayikidwa (mpaka mainchesi 1-2), zokutidwa ndi filimu yopaka mafuta ndikuyika ozizira masiku 60-90 (+ 3 ... +5 ^zaC) malo. Kunyumba, mashelufu am'munsi mwa firiji ndi oyenera kugwira ntchito iyi. Ndikofunikira kuwunika pafupipafupi ngati gawo laling'ono ndilonyowa komanso ngati mbewuzo zili zowola. Pakutha kwa nthawi ya stratization, mbewu zimayenera kumera.

Mbeu zofesedwa zimachotsedwa mufiriji ndikuzibzala m'nthaka yaz michere. Pambuyo kuwonekera kwa anayi awiri a masamba owona, kusankha kumachitika (kumuika mu chakudya china kapena malo otseguka ndi kudula mizu munthawi yomweyo).

Zomwe wolemba wake mwini wake adakula zokulira m'mbewu zimayenda bwino kokwanira. Mbewu za peyala, zotsukidwa mutazipatula zipatsozo ndikatha masiku atatu ndikuwukha, zimayikidwa m'chikwama chonyowa utuchi kapena moss (chikwamacho sichingamangidwe mwamphamvu) ndikuchiyika mufiriji (masamba). Pakatha miyezi itatu, njere zamera zimachotsedwa mosamala ndikuyika pansi. Wolemba adabzala mbeu iliyonse mosungira wina (litra pakra kuchokera mkaka). Zida zimayikidwa pansi pa kuwunika kwa phytolamp, komanso masana okwanira, pawindo. Nthawi zambiri, pofika zaka khumi zapitazi za February, mbande za masamba achiwiri zimayamba kale.

Mbande za peyala zikamakula, zimasunthidwa.

Mmodzi ndi chaka chimodzi mbande zabwino bwino.

Podzala mapeyala okongoletsera, malo owoneka bwino kapena osalala. Dothi limakhala loamy kapena sandy loam, lokhala ndi pH. Mitundu yambiri, kupatula Loosestrife, imamva bwino pazidutswa zamchere zamchere. Pa dothi lolemera, kubzala ndikotheka ndikupereka ngalande zabwino.

Njira yodzala ndi peyala yokongoletsera siimasiyana ndi kubzala mitengo yazipatso zina.

Kubzala makamaka kumachitika mu nthawi ya masika, kuti mbewuyo ikhale ndi nthawi yozika mizu chisanachitike. Ngati mumabzala m'dzinja, muyenera kuwerengera nthawi yobzala kuti masabata 3-4 akhalebe chisanu chisanachitike.

Miyeso ya dzenjelo ndi 0,7 ndi 1.0 mita. Dzenjelo limakonzedwa ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi kompositi ndi mchenga (2: 1: 1) komanso kuphatikiza feteleza wa mchere. Chotumphukira ndi mizu yowongoka chimatsitsidwa mu dzenje, yokutidwa ndi dothi ndikukhomeredwa. Ndiye kuthirira kumachitika ndipo thunthu bwalo amazikika ndi peat.

Kubzala peyala pavidiyo

Kusamalira Ngale

Palibe magawo omwe amasamalidwa posamalira mapeyala okongoletsa. Kuthirira kwofunikira ndikofunikira (nthawi 4-5 pa nyengo), kumasula nthaka, kuthira manyowa ndi kudulira.

Kuthirira kumatha kuchitika limodzi ndi mizere, koma kukonkha kumathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito (makamaka pa peyala ya Loose). Kuthilira kwa mtengo wa zaka 10 mpaka 20 ndi 30 malita.

Mapeyala okongoletsera, ngati zipatso, ngati kukonkha

Feteleza uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakatha zaka zitatu zilizonse, komanso panthaka zoyipa kwambiri - chaka chilichonse. 5-8 makilogalamu a kompositi, 15-20 g wa urea, 20-25 g wa potaziyamu sulphate ndi 15-20 g wa superphosphate amafunikira gawo lililonse lalikulu la thunthu.

Mapeyala okongoletsera amapangidwa mwanjira yachilengedwe. Ngati simukufuna kuwapatsa mawonekedwe ena aliwonse, muyenera kuwadula kuti awonjezere mpweya. Kudulira mwaukhondo kuchotsa nthambi zouma ndi zodwala kumachitika mu nthawi yophukira ndi masika, komanso mitundu ina ya mapeyala.

Kuuma kwa nyengo yozizira kwa mapeyala okongoletsera, makamaka achichepere, sikokwanira kwambiri, chifukwa chake nthawi yozizira, zimayambira ndi zitsulo zamiyala yamafupa zimayenera kuyikidwira ndi pepala, nsalu, lapnik, ndi bwalo wamatumbo ziyenera kukumbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa mulch (humus, peat).

Mwayi wopanga ngale yokongoletsera

Popeza mapeyala okongoletsera sanakulidwe chifukwa cha zipatso, mukawapanga, mutha kuzindikira malingaliro anu aliwonse. Kuti mupeze mawonekedwe okondweretsa, ma trellise amtengo wamatabwa kapena achitsulo kapena waya wokutidwa mizere ingapo kapena chingwe cholimba ndi chofunikira. Zitsulo za chitsulo zimayenera kulumikizidwa ndi pulasitiki kuti nthawi yozizira zitsulo isawononge nthambi.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitengo yamapulogalamu okongoletsera - chithunzi

Mapeyala okongoletsera amatha kupangidwa ngakhale ngati chipilala, ngati mumawongolera ndikusintha nthambi zawo pamtengo wopindika.

Ngati woyendetsa wapakati wa peyalayo atayendetsedwa mothandizidwa, mutha kupeza chithunzicho

Matenda ndi tizirombo ta peyala yokongoletsa

Pokhala mitengo yobala zipatso zamtchire, mapeyala okongoletsera samakonda kudwala matenda ndi tizilombo. Komabe, pofuna kupewa, ndikofunikira kuchitira mbewuzi fungicides ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Kuthekera kwakukulu kowonongeka kwa mapeyala okongoletsera (makamaka, mitundu Bradford) yokhala ndi bakiteriya woyaka ndi tsamba. Kuyatsidwa kwa bakiteriya kumawonekera pakhungu lakumapeto kwa nthambi zamasamba ndi masamba, komanso kumatha kufalikira ku maluwa ndi zipatso.Ndikosavuta kudziwa zoyamba za matendawa mu kasupe - nthawi yamaluwa, maluwa omwe akukhudzidwa amawuma ndikusintha bulauni, ngati akuwotchedwa. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha bakiteriya Erwinia amylovora wochokera ku banja la enterobacteria.

Ndikawotcha mabakiteriya, masamba achichepere amasandulika bulauni, ngati kuti akuyaka lawi lamoto

Matendawa amatha kuthandizidwa ndimankhwala ndikukonzekera mkuwa wokhala ndi mkuwa ndikuchotsa mbali zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi mbewu.

Kutentha kwa bakiteriya kwa pewin Erwinia amylovora ndi kachilombo komweko kochokera ku banja la Enterobacteriaceae monga Escherichia ndi Shigella, Salmonella ndi Yersinia, zomwe zimayambitsa kugaya chakudya mwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, mankhwalawa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda am'mimba mwa anthu nawonso amachita bwino.

Raspopov Gennady Fedorovich

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Kuwona kwa masamba a masamba a peyala kumayambitsidwa ndi bowa wa Entomosporium ndipo nthawi zambiri kumadziwonekera mu nthawi yophukira ndi masika. Chizindikiro chimodzi choyambirira ndikuwonekera kwa mawanga ofiira pamtunda ndi m'munsi masamba achichepere. Masamba akamacha, mawanga amasintha imvi kenako yakuda ndikufalikira tsamba lonse. Matendawa amatha kuthandizidwa ndi fungicides (Fitosporin-M, Fundazol, Topaz).

Ikakhudzidwa ndi mawanga a bulauni, pepalalo limakutidwa ndi mawanga akuda ndi owuma

Kupindika kwa masamba a peyala amayamba chifukwa cha masamba obisika. Matendawa samakhudza peyala yokongoletsa, koma imatha kuvulaza kwambiri, chifukwa imapangitsa masamba kuwola mwachangu. Masamba achichepere amakula, amasintha (kukhala ofanana), amasandulika ofiira. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi matendawa imakhala ndikuchepetsa ndi kuwotcha odwala, komanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa musanathetsere impso ndi yankho la chitsulo (3%) kapena mkuwa (1%).

Mothandizidwa ndi bowa, peyala imasiya kupindika, nkhope zawo zimasiyanasiyana

Ndemanga zamaluwa

Ndikudziwa kuchokera pa zomwe ndazindikira kuti ngale yathu ya North Caucasian looser ikuwonongeka panthaka yac acid ndipo imafunika kusalowerera ndimu. Loosestrife anali yogwirizana bwino ndi mitundu European. Pafupi ndiye chifukwa cha mochedwa zipatso ndi kulawa zonse zodulidwa. Loosestrife anali katundu wa Bon Louise, Williams, wokondedwa wa Klapp, Kukongola kwa Forest, Starkrimzon ngati, Kiefer. Ndipo monga cholowetsa. Zimakhulupirira kuti azungu amatha kuletsa chilala kumadera otentha.

Karen

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Peyala yotseka ndiyosowa kwenikweni pakugulitsa. Samakula mwachangu komanso amaundana (kapena amatenga necrosis). Zithunzizi ndizosawa, zowoneka kwambiri, koma mwachidziwikire muyenera kudula nthambi yosweka - kudzanja lamanja la chithunzi. M'tsogolomu, mapangidwe safunika - kungofupikitsa nthambi zazitali kwambiri, ndikugwirizanitsa korona, ngati sizikula mosiyanasiyana

Rombor

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Ndinaona peyala yososoka paki, pali mitengo ina yolumikizidwa kumtengowo. Panalibe zizindikiro zozizira, kapena sindinazindikire. Mu umodzi mwa mitengo yomwe ili pachakudya ndidangoona mphukira ndi masamba a peyala wamba, koma mu Disembala, pomwe adadza kudzadula ma Anatoly, sindinapeze mphukira iyi.

Klimych

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Ngati mukufuna kukongoletsa mtanda Ngati mukufuna mitengo - dalani ngale yokongoletsera yomwe imamasula bwino ndikuwoneka yokongola onse mu kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira. Mitundu yomwe ilipo ya mitengo yosangalatsayi imakwaniritsa wopanga wopanga mawonekedwe.