Mavitamini a feteleza ndi zinthu zosakanikirana ndi zamoyo zomwe ziri ndi nayitrogeni ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku nthaka kuti zikhale zokolola. Mavitrogeni ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa zomera, chimakhudza kukula ndi kuchepa kwa mbewu, zimadzaza ndi zida zothandiza ndi zakudya.
Ichi ndi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chingathe kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha zomera m'nthaka, ndipo zimapereka zotsatira zotsutsana - zikagonjetsedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika. Manyowa a nayitrogeni amasiyana ndi nayitrogeni omwe ali nawo ndipo amagawidwa m'magulu asanu. Makhalidwe a nitrogen feteleza amasonyeza kuti nayitrogeni ikhoza kutenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala mu feteleza osiyana.
Ntchito ya nayitrogeni ya chitukuko cha zomera
Malo akuluakulu a nitrojeni ali m'nthaka (humus) ndipo amapanga pafupifupi 5%, malingana ndi nyengo ndi nyengo. Mitundu ya humus m'nthaka, yolemera ndi yowonjezera kwambiri. Osauka kwambiri mu azitrogeni ndi ochepa mchenga ndi dothi la mchenga.
Komabe, ngakhale dothi liri lachonde kwambiri, 1% yokha ya nayitrojeni yomwe ili mkati mwake idzakhalapo kwa zakudya zamasamba, popeza kutaya kwa humus ndi kumasulidwa kwa mchere wamchere kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, feteleza feteleza amathandiza kwambiri popanga mbeu, kufunika kwake sikungatheke kuchepetsedwa, chifukwa kukula kwa mbeu yayikulu komanso yapamwamba kwambiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito idzakhala yovuta kwambiri.
Nayitrogeni ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la mapuloteni, omwe amathandizira kupanga mapangidwe a cytoplasm ndi chigawo cha maselo a zomera, chlorophyll, mavitamini ambiri ndi mavitamini omwe amathandiza kwambiri pakukula ndi chitukuko. Choncho, chakudya choyenera cha nayitrogeni chimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi zakudya zamtengo wapatali ku zomera, kuonjezera zokolola ndikukula bwino. Asitrogeni monga feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- Kuonjezera kukula kwa mbeu;
- chomera chodzaza ndi amino acid;
- kuwonjezera kukula kwa maselo a zomera, kuchepetsa cuticle ndi chipolopolo;
- Kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko ya mineralization ya zida zowonjezera zakudya zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'nthaka;
- kuyambitsa nthaka microflora;
- kuchotsa zamoyo zovulaza;
- kuonjezera zokolola
Momwe mungadziwire kuchepa kwa nayitrogeni mu zomera
Ndalama ya feteleza yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji imadalira nthaka yomwe zomera zimalima. Zosakwanira zokwanira nayitrogeni m'nthaka zimakhudza momwe mbewu zimakula. Kuperewera kwa nayitrogeni m'mitengo kungadziwidwe ndi maonekedwe awo: masamba amawongolera, kutaya mtundu kapena kutuluka chikasu, kufa msanga, kukula ndi chitukuko zimachepetsanso, ndipo mphukira zazing'ono zimasiya kukula.
Mitengo ya zipatso pamakhala chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nayitrojeni popanda nthambi, zipatso zimakhala zosalala ndi kutha. Mu mitengo yamtengo, kusowa kwa nayitrogeni kumayambitsa reddening ya makungwa. Komanso, dothi losavuta komanso sodding (kutentha kwa udzu wosatha) wa m'deralo pansi pa mitengo ya zipatso kumayambitsa njala ya nitrogen.
Zizindikiro za nayitrogeni wambiri
Kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, komanso kusowa kwao, kungawononge kwambiri zomera. Ngati pali nayitrogeni wochulukirapo, masamba amakhala amdima wobiriwira, amakula kwambiri, amakhala amadzi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, maluwa ndi kucha zipatso za zomera zobala zipatso zimachedwa. Nitrogeni yochuluka ya zomera zabwino monga alowe, cactus, ndi zina zotero zimathera mu imfa kapena zipsera zoipa, chifukwa khungu lopangidwa limatha. 
Mitundu ya feteleza feteleza ndi njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito
Mavitamini a feteleza amapangidwa kuchokera ku mavitamini ammonia ndipo, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha aggregation, amagawanika magulu asanu:
- Nitrate: calcium ndi sodium nitrate;
- Ammonium: ammonium chloride ndi ammonium sulphate.
- Ammonium nitrate kapena ammonium nitrate - gulu lophatikiza ammonium ndi nitrate feteleza, mwachitsanzo, monga ammonium nitrate;
- Amide: urea
- Zamadzimadzi zamchere zamchere, monga anhydrous ammonia ndi ammonia madzi.
Manyowa ochepa kwambiri ndi potashi: potaziyamu mchere, potaziyamu humate ndi phosphate: superphosphate.
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate - fetereza yabwino mu mawonekedwe a white white granules, okhala ndi 35% azitrogeni. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga ntchito yaikulu ndi zokutira. Ammonium nitrate imagwira ntchito bwino mosakanizika kumadera kumene kuli dothi lalikulu la nthaka. Pa nthaka yowonjezereka, feteleza silingatheke chifukwa imatsukidwa mwamsanga ndi madzi pansi ndi mphepo.
Zotsatira za ammonium nitrate pa zomera ndi kulimbikitsa tsinde ndi kukula kwa nkhuni, komanso zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwa nthaka acidity. Choncho, pakugwiritsa ntchito, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera neutralizer (choko, mandimu, dolomite) kwa ammonium nitrate pa mlingo wa 0,7 makilogalamu pa 1 makilogalamu a nitrate. Masiku ano, mu kugulitsa kwa misala sikupezeka ammonium nitrate, ndipo zopangidwa zopangidwa bwino zogulitsidwa zimagulitsidwa.
Njira yabwino ingakhale chisakanizo cha ammonium nitrate 60% ndi neutralizing peresenti 40%, yomwe idzatulutsa pafupifupi 20% nayitrogeni. Ammonium nitrate imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakumba za munda pokonzekera kubzala. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati feteleza mukadzala mbande.
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulphate ili ndi nayitrogeni 20.5%, yomwe imapezeka bwino kwa zomera ndipo imayikidwa mu nthaka chifukwa cha mchere wa nitrojeni. Izi zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mu kugwa, mopanda kuwopsyeza kuthekera kwakukulu kwa zinthu zamchere chifukwa cholowa m'madzi. Sulphate ya ammonium imakhalanso yoyenera monga ntchito yaikulu ya feteleza.
Nthaka imakhala yowonongeka, choncho, monga mwa nitrate, 1 makilogalamu a ammonium sulphate muyenera kuwonjezera 1.15 makilogalamu a mankhwala osokoneza bongo (choko, mandimu, dolomite, etc.). Malingana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku, feteleza amapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakagwiritsa ntchito kudyetsa mbatata. Ammonium sulphate sichifunafuna malo osungirako, popeza si wothira monga ammonium nitrate.
Ndikofunikira! Ammonium sulphate sayenera kusakanizidwa ndi zamchere feteleza: phulusa, tomasshlak, slaked laimu. Izi zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa nayitrogeni.
Potaziyamu nitrate
Potaziyamu nitrate, kapena potaziyamu nitrate, ndi mchere feteleza mu mawonekedwe oyera a ufa kapena makhiristo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya choonjezera cha mbewu zomwe sizilekerera klorini. Zowonjezerazo zili ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu ziwiri: potaziyamu (44%) ndi nayitrogeni (13%). Chiŵerengero ichi ndi kufalikira kwa potaziyamu chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale pambuyo maluwa ndi mapangidwe a mazira.
Izi zimagwirira ntchito bwino: chifukwa cha nitrojeni, kukula kwa mbewu kumakula, pamene potaziyamu imakula mphamvu ya mizu kuti imwanire zakudya m'nthaka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kayendedwe kake komwe potaziyamu nitrate imakhala ngati chothandizira, kupuma kwa maselo a zomera kumakhala bwino. Izi zimayambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi cha zomera, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda ambiri.
Zotsatirazi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa zokolola zambiri. Potaziyamu nitrate imakhala yochuluka kwambiri, ndiko kuti, imatha kusungunuka m'madzi kukonzekera njira zodyetsera zomera. Feteleza ndi yoyenera kwa onse muzu ndi foliar feteleza, mu mawonekedwe owuma ndi madzi. Yankho limagwira mofulumira kwambiri, choncho limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala.
Mu ulimi, potaziyamu nitrate makamaka amadyetsa raspberries, blueberries, strawberries, beets, kaloti, tomato, fodya ndi mphesa. Koma mbatata imakonda phosphorous, kotero feteleza iyi idzakhala yopanda ntchito kwa iye. Sizomveka kuwonjezera potaziyamu nitrate ndi pansi pa masamba, kabichi ndi radish, popeza kugwiritsa ntchito fetereza sikungakhale kosamveka.
Zotsatira za feteleza za nayitrogeni monga potassium nitrate pa zomera ndikulitsa ubwino ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Pambuyo pa umuna, zipatso zamtundu ndi zipatso zimakhala zodzaza ndi shuga la zipatso, ndipo kukula kwa zipatso zomwezo kumawonjezeka. Ngati mupanga kuvala pa siteji ya kuika mazira ochuluka, ndiye kuti chipatso chidzawonjezera mapulaneti moyo wa chipatsocho, iwo amatha kusunga mawonekedwe awo oyambirira, thanzi ndi kukoma.
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium nitrate, calcium nitrate kapena calcium nitrate ndi feteleza omwe amabwera mwa mawonekedwe a granules kapena crystalline mchere ndipo amasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Ngakhale kuti ndi nitrate feteleza, sizimapweteka thanzi laumunthu ngati mlingo ndi ndondomeko zogwiritsiridwa ntchito zikuwonetsedwa, ndipo zimapindulitsa kwambiri mbewu zaulimi ndi zachilengedwe.
Muzolembedwa - 19% calcium ndi 13% nayitrogeni. Calcium nitrate ndi yabwino chifukwa sichikuwonjezera asidi a padziko lapansi, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya feteleza yomwe ili ndi nayitrogeni. Mbali imeneyi imalola kugwiritsa ntchito calcium nitrate pa nthaka zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka ntchito fetereza ntchito pa sod-podzolic dothi.
Ndi calcium yomwe imalimbikitsa kuti thupi lonse lizikhala ndi nayitrogeni, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mbewu zizikula bwino. Chifukwa chopanda kashiamu, mizu ya zomera, yomwe imasowa zakudya, imakhala yoyamba. Mizu imasiya kuchepa ndi kuvunda. Ndi bwino kusankha granulated ya mitundu iwiri ya calcium nitrate, ndi yosavuta kuigwira, siipiritsi panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ndipo sichinyamulira mlengalenga.
Main Ubwino wa calcium nitrate:
- mapangidwe apamwamba a zomera zobiriwira chifukwa cha kuwonjezera mphamvu;
- kufulumira kwa mbeu kumera ndi tubers;
- kukonzanso ndi kulimbitsa mizu;
- kuwonjezeka kwa matenda, mabakiteriya ndi bowa;
- kuonjezera nyengo yozizira yolimba ya zomera;
- kusintha kwa kukoma ndi zizindikiro zowonjezera za zokolola.
Mukudziwa? Nayitrogeni imathandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mitengo ya zipatso, yomwe urea imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ngati tizilombo. Pamaso pa masamba pachimake, korona ayenera sprayed ndi yankho la urea (50-70 g pa 1 l madzi). Izi zidzapulumutsa zomera kuchokera ku tizirombo tomwe timaphika mu khungwa kapena m'nthaka kuzungulira mtengowo. Musadutse mlingo wa urea, mwinamwake udzawotcha masamba.
Sodium nitrate
Sodiumdium nitrate, sodium nitrate kapena sodium nitrate amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati polima komanso ulimi, komanso m'makampani. Izi ndi makristo olimba a mtundu woyera, nthawi zambiri ndi nsalu yachikasu kapena imvi, yosungunuka bwino m'madzi. Mavitrojeni okhala mu nitrate ndi pafupifupi 16%.
Sodiumdium nitrate imapezeka kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito crystallization ndondomeko kapena mankhwala ammonia, omwe ali ndi nayitrogeni. Sodiumdium nitrate imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama pa mitundu yonse ya nthaka, makamaka mbatata, shuga ndi tebulo beets, ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso ndi mabulosi ndi maluwa pakagwiritsidwe ntchito kumayambiriro kwa chaka.
Zomwe zimagwira bwino kwambiri pa dothi losavuta, popeza ndi feteleza zamchere, zimamera nthaka pang'ono. Sodium nitrate yatsimikiziridwa yokha ngati kuvala pamwamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pofesa. Mankhwala osakaniza sakuvomerezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'dzinja, popeza pali mchere wa nayitrojeni ukulowa m'madzi.
Ndikofunikira! Zaletsedwa kusakaniza nitrate ya sodium ndi superphosphate. Ndizosatheka kuzigwiritsira ntchito pa nthaka ya saline, popeza ayamba kale kutenthedwa ndi sodium.
Urea
Urea, kapena carbamide - crystalline granules ndi mkulu wa nayitrogeni (mpaka 46%). Zowonjezera ndi kuti nayitrogeni mu urea mosavuta kusungunuka m'madzi pamene zakudya sizipita ku nthaka yosanjikiza. Urea akulimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha foliar, chifukwa amachitira mofatsa komanso samatentha masamba, pamene akulemekeza mlingo.
Choncho, urea ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyengo yokula ya zomera, ndi yoyenera mitundu yonse ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito. Feteleza imagwiritsidwa ntchito musanafese, monga kuvala kwakukulu, mwa kukulitsa khungu kumtunda kuti ammonia isasunthike panja. Pofesa, zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito urea pamodzi ndi feteleza a potashi, izi zimathandiza kuthetsa zotsatira zoipa zomwe urea angakhale nazo chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mankhwala oopsa omwe amapangidwa.
Zovala za foliar zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti yam'mawa m'mawa kapena madzulo. Yankho la urea (5%) siliwotcha masamba, mosiyana ndi ammonium nitrate. Feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mitundu yonse ya dothi popatsa mbewu zamasamba, zomera ndi mabulosi, maluwa ndi mbewu zakuda. Urea amalowetsedwa pansi masabata awiri asanafese kuti biuret ikhale ndi nthawi yoti iwonongeke, mwinamwake mitengo imatha kufa.
Ndikofunikira! Musalole madzi a nayitrogeni okhala ndi feteleza pa masamba a zomera. Izi zimayambitsa kuwotcha kwawo.
Zamadzimadzi Zamadzimadzi Zamadzimadzi
Manyowa obiriwira apanga kutchuka kwakukulu chifukwa cha mtengo wogula: mankhwalawa amakhala osachepera 30-40% kuposa omwe ali olimba. Taganizirani zofunikira madzi nayitrogeni feteleza:
- Zamadzimadzi ammonia ndi feteleza yochuluka ya nayitrogeni yokhala ndi 82% ya nayitrogeni. Ndi madzi osakanikirana (osasinthasintha) omwe ali ndi fungo la ammonia. Pochita kuvala ndi ammonia amadzimadzi, gwiritsani ntchito makina apadera otsekemera, ndikuika feteleza mozama masentimita 15-18 kuti isasinthe. Sungani m'matanki apadera.
- Madzi a Ammonia, kapena aqueous ammonia - anapanga mitundu iŵiri ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni 20% ndi 16%. Komanso madzi ammonia ammonia amadziwika ndi makina apadera ndipo amasungidwa m'matangi omangidwa kuti apangidwe kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito bwino, feteleza awiriwa ndi ofanana ndi feteleza omwe ali ndi nayitrogeni omwe ali ndi feteleza.
- Ammonia amapezeka potulutsa mchere wa nayitrogeni mu ammonia amchere: ammonium ndi calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea, etc. Chotsatira ndi feteleza zamadzimadzi, zomwe zimakhala ndi nitrojeni 30 mpaka 50%. Mwa zotsatira zake pa mbewu, ammonia ndi ofanana ndi feteleza okonzeka a nayitrogeni, koma osati wamba chifukwa cha mavuto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ammonacs amanyamula ndi kusungidwa mu matanki osindikizidwa osindikizidwa omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto ochepa.
- Urea-ammonia osakaniza (CAM) ndi madzi othandiza kwambiri a feteleza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama. Zothetsera vutoli zili ndi ubwino wosatsutsika chifukwa cha feteleza zina. Chinthu chachikulu ndizochepa za ammonia, zomwe zimathetsa kuwonongeka kwa nayitrogeni chifukwa cha kutaya kwa ammonia panthawi yopititsa patsogolo komanso kutulutsa nayitrogeni m'nthaka, yomwe imawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ammonia ndi ammonia. Choncho, palibe chifukwa chokhazikitsa malo osungirako osungirako osindikizidwa komanso matanki kuti azitha kuyenda.
Zonse zopangira feteleza zimakhala ndi ubwino wake pazowonjezera - zowonjezereka bwino kwa zomera, nthawi yaitali yowonongeka komanso kuthekera kogawana zovalazo.
Monga feteleza organic mungagwiritse ntchito sideratis, makala, phulusa, utuchi, manyowa: ng'ombe, nkhosa, kalulu, nkhumba, kavalo.
Organic nayitrogeni feteleza
Mavitrogeni amapezeka pang'onopang'ono pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya feteleza. Pafupifupi 0,5-1% nayitrogeni ali ndi manyowa; 1-1.25% - zitosi za mbalame (zomwe zili pamwamba kwambiri zili ndi zitsamba za nkhuku, bakha ndi njiwa, koma ndizoopsa kwambiri).
Organic nayitrogeni feteleza akhoza kukonzekera padera: peat-based based compost mulu muli 1.5% nayitrogeni; mu kompositi kuchokera ku zinyalala zapakhomo pafupifupi 1.5% ya nayitrogeni. Mtundu wobiriwira (clover, lupine, sweet clover) uli ndi pafupifupi 0,4-0.7% ya nayitrogeni; masamba obiriwira - 1-1.2% nayitrogeni; nyanja silt - kuchokera 1.7 mpaka 2.5%.
Ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zokha monga gwero la nayitrogeni sikungatheke. Izi zingapangitse kuti nthaka ikhale yowonjezereka bwino, ikhale yowonjezereka komanso yosapereka chakudya choyenera cha nayitrogeni kwa mbewu. Ndi bwino kupatsa kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta za feteleza ndi feteleza zopangidwa ndi nitrojeni kuti zifike pamtunda.
Zitetezero za chitetezo
При работе с азотными удобрениями обязательно придерживаться инструкции по применению, соблюдать рекомендации и не нарушать дозировку. Второй важный момент - это наличие закрытой, плотной одежды, чтобы препараты не попали на кожу и слизистую.
Особенно токсичны жидкие азотные удобрения: аммиак и аммиачная вода. Onetsetsani kuti mukutsatira mwatsatanetsatane malamulo a chitetezo pamene mukugwira nawo ntchito. Tangi yosungirako madzi ammonia sayenera kudzazidwa kuposa 93% kuti asatayike kuchokera ku Kutentha. Anthu okha omwe ali ndi zovala zodzitetezera zomwe adziphunzira, akuphunzitsidwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa amaloledwa kugwira ntchito ndi madzi ammonia.
Ndiletsedwa kusunga feteleza ammonia ndikuchita ntchito iliyonse pafupi ndi moto (pafupi ndi mamita 10). Fine-crystalline ammonium nitrate mwamsanga kuumirizidwa, kotero sungakhoze kusungidwa mu chipinda chotupa. Makandulo akuluakulu ayenera kupunduka asanayambe kudyetsa, kuti asapitirire kuwonjezeka kwa feteleza pamalo amodzi.
Sodium ya nitrate iyenera kuikidwa m'matumba asanu ndi awiri omwe amapangidwa mu matumba a pulasitiki. Thumba zonyamulira mumagalimoto oyendetsa, zombo zotsekedwa ndi zoyendetsa pamsewu. Simungathe kugawana nawo sodium nitrate ndi zipangizo zoyaka ndi chakudya.
