Onse omwe amagwira ntchito yolima ndi kubzala pachaka kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana za m'munda amakumana ndi vuto la kusowa kwa nthaka, kutaya kwa mchere komanso kusowa kubzala mbewu chaka chotsatira pambuyo pa nyengo yoyamba yamunda. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, pali njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo feteleza, kumasula nthaka, komanso kubzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana m'nyengo yozizira. Ndipo tidzakambirana za njira yotsirizayi m'nkhaniyi, titaganizira zosiyana siyana zamakono.
Ndibwino kuti pakhale paliponse
Nthaŵi yomwe n'zotheka kubzala mbeu zakuthambo zimatengedwa kuti nyengo zinayi: nyengo yachisanu, chilimwe, yophukira ndi yozizira. 
Koma pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, wamaluwa ndi alimi ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mbewu yozizira monga manyowa omwe amawunikira, posonyeza kuti nthawiyi ndibwino kuti muwabzala kuti akonzekere nyengoyo, yomwe imayamba kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu ndikumapeto.
M'nyengo yozizira, minda, monga lamulo, ilibe kanthu, ndipo panthawi ino mukhoza kutenga njira zofunikira kuti mukhalebe ndi chonde m'nthaka.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kuti mbeu zisasanduke namsongole, chikhalidwe chiyenera kugwedezeka kufikira nthawi yomwe mbeu imatuluka m'makutu. Kuti izi zitheke, chikhalidwe cha manyowa chobiriwira chikhoza kubzalidwa pamene chafika pa masentimenti 20-30 mu msinkhu kapena panthawi yamapiri. Zowonongeka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mulching kapena kupanga otchedwa "zobiriwira" feteleza kunthaka.
Ubwino ndi zovuta zowonongeka mu kugwa
Choncho, nthawi yabwino yobzala mitengo imakhala ikuchedwa nthawi ya autumn, mbeu itatha kale, ndipo munda watsala ndikukonzekera nyengo. 
Nthaŵi yodzala imayesedwa yabwino kwambiri chifukwa ili ndi ubwino wambiri, monga:
- Amamasula nthawi pofesa ndi kubzala mbewu zakuyambirira kumunda (oyambirira kabichi, kaloti, mbatata ndi ena);
- imakhala nthawi yamadothi (mpaka May), yomwe imathandiza kumasula mizu ya zomera, kumasulidwa kwina kwa mchere wamchere kuti ukhale woyenera kumapeto kwa mbeu;
- Mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira umateteza kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha, ndipo pambuyo kutchetcha ndi chivundikiro cha mulch.
Pa zochepetsetsa, n'zotheka kuzindikira kuti si mbewu zonse zomwe zimagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu chakumpoto chakumtunda, choncho mbeu kapena mbewu zonse zimafa, ndipo popanda kupereka zotsatira.
Madalitso a chisanu sideratov
Mitundu yambiri ya zomera zobiriwira zimakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, koma zonsezi zimathandiza kuti nthaka ikhale ndi nayitrogeni, potaziyamu, phosphorous komanso mitundu yambiri yofunikira yomwe imathandiza kuti mbewu zamasamba ndi zamasamba zikule bwino. 
Kuonjezerapo, siderata ndi njira zabwino zothetsera tizirombo ta pansi ndi pansi.
Zida zimakhala zosasamala kwambiri kuti zisamalire ndipo zimakhala zosagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha komwe zimakhalapo komanso kusamvana kwawo kwakukulu komwe kumayendera chisanu ndi kutentha.
Mukudziwa? Nthaka pang'onopang'ono imasonkhanitsa salt pamene zopangira feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano horticulture ndi horticulture kuti zikhale zokolola. Zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa nthaka salinization ndi kuchepa kwakukulu mu khalidwe lawo ndi kukolola kosavuta kwa mbewu zonse. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuvutika maganizo kwa mbozi za nthaka poonjezera mchere wa mchere. Koma ndi mphutsi zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakukhazikitsidwa kwa mchere m'thupi la pamwamba pa nthaka.
Technology ya kubzala nyengo yozizira
Imodzi mwa malamulo akulu pamene mukubzala zidothi ndizofunika kubzala mozama ngati ndikutheka, kukulitsa mbewu, malingana ndi kukula kwa mbewu, 2-4 masentimita pansi. 
Kuonjezerapo, pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimatchulidwa mwachidule mndandandawu:
- Kawirikawiri, kufesa kumagwira ntchito ndi nyengo yozizira yozizira, kumabalalitsa mbewu pamadera nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina amathanso kugwiritsira ntchito zida, zomwe zimakonzedwa mwakuti zikhalidwe zina zomwe zimabzalidwa mtsogolo zimayikidwa pakati pa mizere.
- N'zotheka kuyamba kufesa mbewu zadothi m'nthaka mwamsanga, monga momwe mbewu yobzala m'munda inachotsedwa pafupi ndi mapeto a autumn.
- Musanayambe kufesa, mosamala namsongole, kuchotsa namsongole ndi zotsalira za zomera zapita (nsonga, rhizomes, masamba, etc.)
- Pochitika kuti malo amtunda adachotsedwa kwambiri, m'pofunikira kuti tipeze feteleza nitroammophos ndi phosphorous pamtengo wa 30-40 g / sq. m
- Ngati nthaka ikufunika, mukhoza kukumba m'deralo pa bayonet. Njirayi ingalowe m'malo mwa kumasulidwa kwa nthaka mothandizidwa ndi kutaya ndi kukhetsa.
- Ngati dzikolo latha, kuthirira kumayenera kuchitidwa musanafese miyambo ya sideratny.
- Ngati munda ulibe kanthu mpaka November, ndiye kuti njira yobzala kawiri kawiri ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pulogalamu yoyamba yofesa mbewu iyenera kuchitidwa kumapeto kwa August, pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu ndi nthawi yochepa ya kukula ndi chitukuko, monga nyemba, nandolo, balere ndi ena ambiri. Mitengo yawo itangoyamba kutalika kwa masentimita 20-25, masambawa ayenera kudula. Zomwe zimayambira ndi masamba zimayenera kusandulika mu mulch, pambuyo pake zomwe feteleza zimafalikira pa malo onsewa. Choncho, musanayambe kuzizira, phokosoli lidzakhala ndi nthawi yosandulika humus ndi kuthira munda wamaluwa. Manyowa oterewa adzamasula mchere wochuluka mu nthaka ndikupindulitsa ndi zinthu zakuthupi.
- Yachiwiri yofesedwa mutatha kukolola mbewu zoyambirira ziyenera kupangidwa ndi manyowa a m'nyengo yozizira mu zaka khumi ndi ziwiri za mwezi wa Oktoba. Zomera monga clover, vetch, yozizira rye ndi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mbewuyi. Asanayambe chisanu, zomera zimenezi zimakhala ndi nthawi yokhala ndi mizu yolimba komanso yokhala ndi mphamvu. Chifukwa cha chivundikiro cha nthaka, nthaka imatetezedwa ku mphepo, ndipo chipale chofewa, chomwe chimakhala chosewera, chimasungidwa. Pakatikatikatikatikati, kumera kumera kumathandizira kusunga chinyezi padziko lapansi ndikupitirizabe kupangira nthaka ndi mchere, zomwe nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu zili zofunika kwambiri.
Pambuyo polima, mukhoza kuwaza munda ndi zotsalira za mulch. Chifukwa cha mulching, zikhalidwe zovomerezeka kwambiri zidzapangidwa kuti ziwonongeke bwino muzu womwe umakhala pansi. Pambuyo pa masabata angapo, mukhoza kuyamba kufesa ndi munda woyambirira komanso mbewu zakuda.
Ndikofunikira! Pamene kumapeto kwa nyengo imalima dzikolo pamodzi ndi zochepa za mchere wobiriwira, ndikofunika kuti musadwale mnthaka. Ngati mchere wochuluka kwambiri ukakhala pansi, udzavunda ukadzawoneka chinyezi ndi kutentha, kutulutsa fungo losasangalatsa komanso kuwononga nthaka. Ndi bwino kuchotsa chivundikiro chobiriwira cha mbeu yomwe imamera asanayime, kuti asasokoneze ntchito yonse. Mavitambo akhoza kuyika pa mulu kuti apange kompositi: kotero mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe chobiriwira chobiriwira mu njira zonse zotheka.
Ndi mitundu yobiriwira (kulisny) yofesa kumayambiriro a masika, mchenga womwe uli pamwambapa umadulidwa, kuponyedwa mumsewu, utatsekedwa bwino m'nthaka, ndipo patapita masabata awiri, mbewu zambewu zimabzalidwa kapena kubzalidwa pamsewu.
Chikhalidwe chofesa pansi pa chisanu ngati sideratov
Malingana ndi zolinga zomwe muyenera kusankha pa chiwembu chanu, muyenera kusankha chikhalidwe, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuthana ndi vutoli. 
Choncho, kuti mutulutse nthaka muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito rye kapena mpiru, phwitikila kudzakuthandizani kuthetsa zilonda zowola ndi kukula kwa nkhanambo, ndipo kuphatikiza kwake ndi oats kapena marigolds kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Chophimba, nsalu, mpiru kapena nyemba zambiri zimamera nthaka, koma ndi tizilombo zosokoneza zomwe zimawononga m'munda, calendula kapena phacelia zimatha kupirira bwinobwino.
Buckwheat, alfafa, sweet clover, phacelia, ndi lupine amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati siderata.
Tiyeni tione bwinobwino mtundu uliwonse wa mitundu yobiriwira yamtambo wobiriwira.
Zima rye
Rye imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa madzi obiriwira obiriwira obiriwira. Ngati mubzala mbewu kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena pakati pa autumn, ndiye kuti chisanu chidzakhala ndi nthawi yopeza nyonga zokwanira ndikuwonjezera mizu yake kuti ikhale yozizira bwino. 
M'chaka, zimayambira mwamsanga kuchoka ku chisanu ndi sabata patatha nyengo yofunda, malo anu adzasanduka wobiriwira ndi achinyamata mphukira za rye. Pamene kutalika kwake kufika pa masentimita 20-25, mungagwiritse ntchito kondomeko kapena katsamba kachitsulo kuti muyambe kumanga malowa ndi kuulengeza nthawi yomweyo.
Chakumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa April, mungathe kukumba chiwembu ndi rye, kutembenuza zimayambira kuti mutenge nthaka musanadzalemo munda wamaluwa. Zina mwa ubwino wa dzinja lachisanu, mukhoza kukhala odzichepetsa ku mtundu wa nthaka komanso kunyalanyaza mosamala.
Zimaperekanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuthupi, zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri m'munda. Zina mwazovuta ndizokuti rye samadyetsa nthaka ndi nayitrogeni.
Kufesa mbewu zoterozo sikuyenera kukhala wandiweyani, chifukwa ndiye zidzakhala zovuta kukumba chiwembu. Ndibwino kuti mubzale rye mu mzere, kukulitsa mbewu ndi masentimita 4-5 pansi. Mtunda pakati pa mizere iyenera kukhala pafupifupi masentimita 15. 
Oats
Zina mwazinthu zosayembekezereka ndizo: kumasula nthaka, kuteteza tizilombo tosomba ndi namsongole, ndikudzaza dziko lapansi ndi zinthu zofunikira, kuphatikizapo nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, komanso kuletsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Nthawi yabwino yofesa oats idzakhala yoyambilira nthawi ya autumn, kotero kuti chomera chili ndi nthawi yopeza mphamvu isanayambe nyengo yozizira. Zowonjezera mazira bwino, kusunga zinthu zonse zofunika m'nthaka ndi kusunga chivundikiro cha chisanu.
M'chaka chikhalidwe mwamsanga chimayamba kumera. Amagwiritsanso ntchito ulamuliro wa masentimita 20 kutalika kwa mphukira, kenako mtundu wobiriwira umayenera kudula. Oat ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yosungira dongosolo m'munda.
Zingathe kuphatikizidwa ndi miyambo ina iliyonse ya sideratny, potero ikuwonjezera ubwino wake. 
Mukhoza kubzala oats mumzere, womwe uyenera kukhalapo, monga mwa rye, pamtunda wa pafupifupi masentimita 15. Kuya kwa mbeu zoterezi sikuyenera kupitirira masentimita asanu ndi awiri. Oats sizitenga za nthaka ndi chisamaliro chapadera.
Kugwiriridwa kwa dzinja
Kugwiririra kwa nyengo yozizira kumakhala kofatsa komanso kosasinthasintha kwa kusintha kwa zomera kusiyana ndi rye. Komanso kwa iye zidzakhala zowonongeka kwambiri kuti zikhale ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera, choncho ndizotheka kudzala mbewu yotereyi pa nthaka youma.
M'pofunika kudzala m'madera omwe ali pamtunda wapamwamba, chifukwa nthawi zambiri madzi amatha kusefukira pamene madzi akusungunuka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zomera komanso kufa kwa zomera zonse.
Komanso, ngati nyengo yozizira inali yovuta kwambiri, muyenera kutaya chipale chofewa kwambiri pa malo omwe anagwirira kugwiriridwa kuti mizu yake isamaundane. 
Pali kugwiriridwa ndi ubwino wake - kumapangitsa dziko lapansi kukhala ndi nitrogen, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, zomwe ndi zofunika kuti kukula kwa zomera zonse.
Bzalani zofunikira zowonjezera 2-3 masentimita awiri, kapena zongopanizani dera lanu mwachisokonezo. Chikhalidwe ichi chili ndi mizu yomwe sichidzasokoneza kukumba m'chaka.
Musanayambe njirayi, kugwiriridwa kuyenera kutchetcha, osasiya zoposa 3-5 masentimita a zowonjezera pamwamba pa nthaka. Chilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chithunzithunzi kapena kuponyedwa pamulu kuti apange kompositi.
Mukudziwa? Malinga ndi akatswiri ochokera ku World Health Organization, dziko lonse lapansi limatayika mahekitala 6-7 miliyoni a nthaka yabwino. Powonjezereka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu (kuganiza kuti munthu mmodzi akusowa mahekitala 0.3), mahekitala 18-21 miliyoni ayenera kulima pachaka, kuphatikizapo dothi lomwe linachokera ku thumba laulimi. Choncho, kubereka kwa nthaka yomwe ilipo ndikwanira kwa zaka 30-35. Chifukwa ndikofunika kusanyalanyaza kufunikira kosunga dziko lapansi moyenera.
Zimazizira
Nyengo yozizira yochokera ku banja la nyemba ndi yabwino kwambiri, yomwe imatha kupirira tizilombo toopsya, monga chimbalangondo kapena nsabwe za m'masamba, komanso kupereka thandizo lothandiza mu udzu. 
Kuonjezerapo, Vika ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera mineralization ya nthaka: idzadzaza munda ndi nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, komanso zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.
Zina mwazovuta ndizofunika kubzala mu dothi lonyowa ndikukhalabe mu chikhalidwe ichi. Vika samalekerera dothi louma, mosiyana ndi kugwiriridwa kwachisanu. Imodzi mwa ubwino wa chisanu wiki ndi yotheka kwambiri ndi sideratami.
Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi oats, rye, superkitsey ndi zitsamba zina. Vika imathandizira kulima mitundu yambiri ya zomera, kupatulapo achibale awo, omwe ali ndi subspecies of vegetables.
Chomera chomera chiyenera kukhala njira yowonongeka, kukulitsa mbewu ndi 1-3 masentimita. Muyenera kulima mu nthaka yothira bwino kwa miyezi 2-2.5 isanayambe nyengo yozizira, ndiko kuti, kumapeto kwa August kapena kumayambiriro kwa September. 
Kumapeto kwa nyengo, chikhalidwe chimamera pamene chimafika pambali ya masamba ake masentimita 20, kenako nkukumba. Ma masamba ake ndi abwino kwambiri feteleza a mtundu uliwonse.
Monga feteleza, udzu, fupa ndi nsomba, mazira a mkaka, mazira a mbatata, zipolopolo za dzira, peel anyezi, nettle amagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Colza
Maluwa akugwiriridwa ochiza mbewu ali ndi makhalidwe ambiri abwino monga osamalitsa komanso osadzichepetsa ku zikhalidwe za kulima. Chinthu chachikulu chimene chiyenera kusamalidwa asanayambe kufesa mbewu, ndi dothi lokwanira la chinyezi.
Kwa ena onse, ngakhale mtundu wa dothi, kapena acid, kapena kukhalapo kwa namsongole kapena tizirombo tina tizilombo timachita mantha kuti tigwirire.
Mchere wobiriwira wodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi, umachotsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, komanso imadyetsa nthaka ndi mchere ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kubzala mbanja ndibwino kumapeto kwa nyengo yokolola, cha m'ma October. 
Mtundu wake wobiriwira umakhala wolimba mwamsanga, choncho udzakhala wokhazikika komanso wolimba ndi chisanu choyamba. Kubzala kumachitika m'mizere, kukulitsa mbewu pamtunda wa masentimita 5-6.
Pambuyo pa ngalande ikhale yokutidwa ndi lotayirira padziko lapansi ndi pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndi padera wapadera, kupopera kapena kupanikizika ndi ndege ya nsapato yokha. M'chaka, mbewu zimatchetcha, kenako zimalima nthaka, zimamera zomera pansi ngati feteleza.
Msuwa wampiru
Msuwa wa msuzi ndi imodzi mwa zida zochepa zomwe sizingatheke kulima panthaka. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mphukira zake ndi mizu zimafa m'nyengo yozizira yozizira kwambiri, koma amatha kugwira ntchito yawo, kusunga zinthu zothandiza m'nthaka ndi kuzizaza ndi nayitrogeni.
Chinthu chokha chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa ndi kusalana kwa mpiru woyera kumtunda wambiri ndi wouma, koma kwa mitundu ina, izo zimagwirizana bwino. Komanso, mbali iyi ikuphatikizidwa bwino ndi ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo onse omwe atchulidwa m'nkhani yathu. 
Njere za mphonda ziyenera kufesedwa mozama kwambiri kuposa masentimita 3-4, kufalikira kwapansi kumaloledwanso. Mofanana ndi sideratam yina, mpiru imayenera kugwedwa mpaka itayamba kuphuka ndipo mbewu zimayamba kuphuka. Nthawi yabwino yoyendetsa ntchito ndikumapeto kwa August.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungasungire mchere wogwiritsa ntchito maluwa pogwiritsa ntchito kubzala mbeu zadothi mumtunda musanayambe nyengo yozizira ndikukonzekera munda wamaluwa.
Chikhalidwe chilichonse chofotokozedwa m'nkhani ino chili ndi ubwino wake komanso zovuta, koma zonsezi zidzakuthana ndi vuto la kubwezeretsedwa kwa nthaka kuyambira nyengo mpaka nyengo.
