Pofuna kusintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, mu botanyani amamezanitsidwa. Uku ndi kugwirizana kwa mbali zosiyanasiyana za zomera ndi zolemba zawo zochepa. Inoculations amapangidwa osakwatiwa, awiri-ngakhalenso nthano zinayi, kuti apeze zomera zosagwirizana ndi zovuta ndi zokolola zazikulu. Zowonongeka ndi katundu zili zosiyana muzitsulo. Ndizimene zimagwiritsira ntchito mbeu, yomwe inapezeka pambuyo pa katemera. Nkhaniyi idzayang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mizu ya zitsamba, mogwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitengo ya zipatso, yaikulu
Kodi katundu ndi chiyani?
Ichi ndi gawo lalikulu la chomera. Zogulitsa sizimapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtsogolo, mosiyana ndi scion, koma imapereka chakudya chabwino cha zomera ndi kukana zovuta zosiyanasiyana. 
Nkhokweyi imakula mwakuya kapena imapezeka ku mtengo wakale, umene wataya makhalidwe ake obala zipatso, komabe akadali amphamvu kwambiri kuti akhale ngati rhizome ya chipsera chatsopano.
Ndikofunikira! Katemera wotchedwa Interspecies ndi ochepa kwambiri. Iwo ali otsika kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wamkuluwo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa chifukwa cha nthambi zazikulu zowonongeka. Kawirikawiri zipatso za graft zolemera zimapweteka pansi pang'onopang'ono. Samalani pamene mukuphatikiza zomera za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Kodi katundu ndi chiyani?
Zogulitsa zimagawanika molingana ndi chiyambi. Mitundu iliyonse imakhala ndi ubwino wake ndi ubwino kuposa wina.
Clonal kapena vegetative
Kuchokera pa dzinali zikuwonekeratu kuti zomera zoterezi zimapezeka ndi vegetative kufalitsa ndi cuttings wa mtengo kholo ndi zochepa zokolola, koma zabwino thupi. 
Mitundu ya cuttings imakhala yofanana ndi ma genetic code ndi zomera zoyambirira, imachokera mmenemo mtundu wa mizu, malire a kukula ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kapena dothi.
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwalawa ndi chomera chokhazikika chokhazikitsidwa ndi chomera chomwe chili ndi zida zofunikira mutatha kulima.
"Ma Clones" amagawidwa kukhala amodzi, aang'ono ndi aang'ono. Mizu ya vegetative mbande imakula bwino, koma mwachinyengo, kotero katatha katemera, zomera zimasowa zothandizira, zomwe zimapangitsa ndalama zina.
Phunzirani zambiri za mtengo womwe unkalumikiza, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mitengo yambiri mu kugwa ndi masika, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mitengo ya zipatso.
Chinthu chabwino kwambiri ndi chakuti mitengo yotereyi ingabzalidwe m'malo osaya pansi. Kusindikiza, kubzalidwa pamtundu wa zamasamba, umayamba kubala chipatso m'chaka chachitatu, ndipo ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri. 
Nkhumbazi ndizoyenera kwa iwo amene akufuna kupeza zomera zodzala zipatso zonse mwamsanga ndipo pakatha zaka 7-10 kusintha zonse za mmunda.
Mukudziwa? Mawu odziwika bwino akuti "kukula mu msondodzi" amatanthauza munthu yemwe ali ndi maloto ovuta kwambiri. Komabe, katemerawa alipodi. Ndiwo okha omwe samagwirizana ndi msondodzi weniweni, koma ndi pear verbolic yomwe ili ndi masamba ochepa kwambiri a siliva. Iyi ndi mapeyala osiyanasiyana a ku Asia, omwe amatha kugonjetsa ngakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gulu la pakati monga Bera.
Mbewu
Zosambazi sizimatsimikiziranso za mbeu za kholo. Kwa kulima kotere, tengani mbewu za mitengo yosagonjetsedwa, monga Antonovka apulo kapena rowan mtengo.
Chifukwa cha mitengo yautali ikukula yomwe ili ndi mizu yozama kwambiri. Sadzasowa zowonjezera zowonjezera, koma zidzasamala pakusankha malo obzala. 
Munda wokhwima pa mbeu yambewu udzabala zipatso zokolola kwa zaka 40-50 mutabzala.
Zosokoneza za katunduwu ndizowonjezereka (pa chaka cha 8-10th mutabzala) ndikutheka kuti mtengo wa mbeu ukhoza kufa chifukwa cha kutha kwa madzi pansi. Kusamalira mitengo yotereyi kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi nthambi ya korona.
Chitsa cha mbeu cha eni abwino omwe adayika m'munda kwa zaka makumi ambiri ndipo posachedwapa kusintha mitundu ya mitengo sikupita.
Scion mogwirizana ndi katundu
Pogwiritsa ntchito mazanamawa ayenera kutsogoleredwa ndi mfundo ya "yofananamo." Kusagwirizana kwa mitundu kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti pa zomera zazikulu zimakula ndi kupotoka kwa nkhuni zimapangidwira, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa mtengo.
Pankhaniyi, zotsatira zimakhala bwino m'chaka chachitatu kapena chachinai cha kukula, pamene chips chabwino chimayamba kukhala mtengo wamphumphu. Kuti musataye nthawi yochulukirapo, muyenera kuphatikiza kuphatikiza ndi zitsime za mitundu yofanana, kuyesera ndi mitundu. 
Ndikofunikira!Kuti clonal cuttings bwino mizu, musanayambe kukweraAsunge maola khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu muyeso yapadera ya rooting. Ikhoza kugulitsidwa ku sitolo iliyonse yamaluwa. Njirayi idzachititsa kuti ziphuphu zikhale zolimbikitsa kwambiri, ndipo ayamba kukhazikitsa mizu pamalo ocheka.
Nkhokwe ya Apple ndi yabwino kukula kuchokera ku "Antonovka" ndi apulo ya m'nkhalango. Peyala prischepy bwino imachokera pa "Berah", "Bessemyanki" ndi mapeyala apululu. Kuphatikizana kumtengowo pazomwezo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mazira a chitumbuwa cha m'tchire amapereka zokolola kwambiri.
Cherry Ankalumikiza amakula zipatso ndi zothandiza pa katundu wa Magaleb chitumbuwa ndi "Vladimirka".
Phunzirani kukonzekera ndi kusunga cuttings kuti alumikize.
Mukamalumikizanitsa, kutsogoleredwa ndi nthawi yomwe yakucha yakucha ndi zokopa. Ndizosayenera kutenga chips ndi kutsina ndi mawu osiyana.
Pa kupangidwa kwa chipatso korona wotere sungalandire voliyumu yofunikira ya madzi ndi zakudya, ndipo zipatso zidzakhala zosasinthika. 
Ndondomeko yotsatira ikuwonetsa katemera wa interspecific. 
Momwe mungakulire mbewu yambewu
Kuti mupeze mmera wathanzi, muyenera kusankha mbewu yabwino yomwe imayenera kukhala yosungira mbeu zosiyanasiyana.
Kukolola mbewu
Zipatso zokhwima zokha ndizoyenera kutero. Ngati mumagwira ntchito ndi zipatso za miyala, mbeu yanu imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi iwo mwamsanga. Muzochitika zina zonse, chipatso chiyenera kuyika pawindo lotentha lotentha kwa masiku 10-12 kuti zipse.
Nthawi ikatha, dulani chipatso ndi mpeni ndikuchotsa pakati ndi mbeu. Zamkati zimatha kubwezeretsedwa.
Pewani nyembazo muzitsulo zochepa pa pepala kapena zikopa zapanyumba ndi kuziwotcha m'chipinda chofunda komanso chotentha. Onetsetsani mbeu nthawi ndi nthawi kuti iume mofanana komanso kuti isawonongeke. 
Pambuyo kuyanika, sungani izo mu nsalu kapena matumba achikopa mpaka mutabzala. Sungani mbewu pa kutentha kwa + 8 ... + madigiri 10 ndi chinyezi sichiposa 60%.
Mukudziwa? N'zosatheka kumvetsa motsimikiza kuti chaka chomwe zomera za botanist zinayambira kale. M'mabuku, mawu akuti "katemera" mu tanthauzo lodziwika kwa ife likuwonekerayoyamba mu 1814 mu dikishonale yophatikizapo mazinthu a nyumba yolemba mabuku ya Brockhaus.
Kubzala mbewu
Pofuna "kudzutsa" mbewu ndikuwathandiza kusintha patsogolo kuti ayambe kumera, yesetsani kukonzekera. Kawirikawiri, nthawi ya stratification ya zipatso zamwala imakhala miyezi isanu (kuyambira November), komanso kwa mbewu - miyezi itatu (kuchokera mu Januwale).
Lembani mbewu m'madzi ofunda kwa masiku atatu, kusintha madzi maola 10-12. Sakanizani gawo limodzi la mbeu ndi magawo atatu a utuchi watsopano ndikutsanulira madzi osakaniza m'mitsuko kapena mabokosi osanjikiza. 
Ziwometseni pa kutentha kwa madigiri 66 mpaka atayamba kuphulika, kenaka muwaike m'firiji ndikusungira madigiri a zero mpaka mukufesa.
Konzani dothi kuti kasupe afesedwe mu kugwa. Onjezerani 8 kg wa manyowa, 50 g wa superphosphate, 30 makilogalamu a peat ndi 20 g wa sodium kloride pa mita imodzi ya munda wa chiwembu. Dulani pamwamba pa chiwembu kuti muzitha masentimita 30 kuti musakanize feteleza ndi nthaka.
Mu April, tani nyemba zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi utuchi mpaka kufika pamtunda wa mita imodzi ndikuziika mozama. Mulch mizere ndi wochepa wosanjikiza lotayirira peat.
Kusamalira mbande
Poyamba, mbande idzaphulika kwambiri. Pamene mbande zimataya chikwangwani chenicheni chachinayi, chotsani izo, kuchotsani ziphuphu zosasinthika, ndi kukula kwa dothi lonse la masentimita awiri. Nthawi yachiwiri, woonda pambuyo pa masabata atatu. 
Musamameretse nthaka pansi pa mbande. Siyani mphukira imodzi mu masentimita asanu ndi limodzi (6 cm).
Ndikofunikira! Samalani zomera zokhazikitsidwa pokhapokha chinyezi. Magawo amayamba kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo nthawi zambiri amaola kapena amauma. Ngati kudula sikukuphatikizana, sungani minofu ya cambium ndi phula la munda.
Madzi amamera nthawi zonse pamene chimbudzi chimadyeka. Nthaka iyenera kumasulidwa tsiku litatha kuthirira kuti chinyezi chomwe chimapezeka ndi zomera chikhalebe m'munsi mwa nthaka.
Tulutsani nthaka pafupi ndi mbande ndi chikhomo mpaka masentimita 8, ndipo ngakhale chapamwamba pamwamba pake. Gwiritsani ntchito kusamba ndi kumasula, chifukwa namsongole amachotsedwa mosavuta ku nthaka yosalala. 
Mankhwalawa amatenga mbande motsutsana ndi powdery mildew ndi matenda ena a fungicides ndi fungicides.
Mankhwala ophera fungicide monga monga "Sinthani", "Thanos", "DNOC", "Learnzol", "Brunka", "Signum", "Merpan", "Cumulus", "Teldor", "Kuproksat".
Kamodzi pamwezi, manyowa amamera ndi nitrogen ndi feteleza feteleza, milungu iwiri iliyonse ikawatsanulira ndi njira yofooka ya manyowa.
Musanafufuze zikumera kumapeto kwa nyengo, chotsani masamba otsalawo ndikutsanulira nthaka kuti ikhale yopatukana bwino.
Momwe mungakwerere katundu wamagulu
Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osungiramo zamasamba, sizingatheke kuti munthu azikhala ndi nthawi yaitali, koma kukula kwake kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Kugula kwa cuttings
Yambani kukolola masamba obiriwira m'zaka makumi awiri za June. Onetsetsani kuti zidutswazo sizitali zosachepera 1 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kwake sikutsika ndi masentimita 50. Zipsepse zochepa ndi zazing'ono zidzauma asanayambe kuvomereza ndi scion. 
Gawo lakuya la mphukira liyenera kukhala losavuta, ndipo pamwamba - kuwala kobiriwira, ndi masamba asanu kapena asanu enieni. Dulani mphukira mwachitsulo chakuphwanyidwa kapena kumangiriza mpeni pamtunda wa 45 digiri pansi pa Mphukira yoyamba. Mphukira imodzi inagawanika m'magawo awiri. Sambani mapepala apansi, musiye awiri okha.
Mukudziwa? Ngakhale kuti zowonjezera ndi katundu zimagwirizanitsidwa ngati nthambi zosiyana ndi kusonkhanitsa kokha kumabereka chipatso pakukolitsa, chitsa cha munthu wamkulu chimayamba mozizwitsa kuyamba kukolola. Choncho, mutatha kumezanitsa peyala cuttings pa irgu, peyala zipatso zikhale ndi lilac mthunzi. Chimodzimodzi ndi rowan rootstocks. Amajambula zokolola za mzere wofiira komanso amachepetsa kukula kwake.
Tikufika
Bzalani zidutswa zadothi mu nthaka yosungirako amayi mowa. Pa kudula kulikonse, tenga dzenje lozama ndi masentimita 2-3 masentimita amitundu iwiri. Pangani nsalu kuti masamba a pafupi mphukira asakhudze. 
Mutangoyamba kubzala, dothirani mowa ndi kuthirira mowa, sungani ndi tsabola.
Kusamalira kwenikweni
Pitirizani kukhala ndi chinyezi chokhazikika. Madzi amamera ngati mvula yam'mwamba imauma. Pansi pa mphukira kutsanulira 0,5 malita a madzi ofunda. Yambani kudya masiku 20 mutabzala.
Kuthira kwina ndi nayitrogeni ndi feteleza feteleza, kupanga izo patatha milungu itatu iliyonse. Tulutsani nthaka tsiku lotsatira mutatha kuthirira kuti muthe kutsika kwakeko ndi kuteteza kwambiri madzi. Udzu umayamba kuyamba panthawi yomweyo pamene amasula pamene mphukira ikukula.
Malo opatsirana katemera
Kwa chigulitsi cha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, njira ziwiri zothandizanitsa ndizoyenera: kugawidwa kwazitsulo ndi kugwirana. Polemba pamodzi, kudula katunduyo ndi mpeni mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 15 m'nthaka, kupanga chodulidwa molunjika. 
Apatseni kwa kuya kwa masentimita 3-4 chimodzimodzi pakati. Sulani mbali ziwiri za m'munsi mwazitsulo zazitali mpaka 4-5 masentimita kuti mupange mapeto. Ikani zowonjezeramo mu mphanga mu katundu, osati kubweretsa 0,5 masentimita pansi pa kupatukana.
Konzani zowonjezera ndi tepi yofewa, kukulunga ndi tepi ndikuphimba mdulidwe pa katundu ndi munda wamaluwa.
Ndikofunikira! Chovala chakumapeto sichidzapatsa zakudya zokwanira kumtengowo ndi kucha msanga. Yesetsani kuphatikiza zomera ndi zofanana.
Kuphatikizira zomera pogwiritsira ntchito mapuloteni, phulani pang'onopang'ono 20 peresenti yosachepera 4 masentimita pa chips ndi mpeni ndi mpeni. Gwirizanitsani zidutswa kuti zigawo ziwirizi zikhale pamodzi. Konzani inoculation ndi tepi yamatayi ndi tepi. 
Kwa anthu akuluakulu, njira zonsezi zili zoyenera. Pamene kusankhanitsa kumalumikiza pa mtengo wamkulu, scion ziwiri kapena zitatu zikhoza kuikidwa mu chigawo chimodzi cha mthumba, ngati kudulidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthambi ya chigoba.
Pamene adadulidwa pa wochepa thupi kukula nthambi, kuphatikizapo akuchitidwa chimodzimodzi monga zaka ziwiri katundu.
Zolemba zachilendo
Zotsatila zotsatirazi zokhudzana ndi rootstocks zikhoza kuonedwa ngati zowonongeka, chifukwa katemera wa interspecific amapereka bwino kwambiri.
Rowan
Dzuwa lopanda chisanu lopopera phulusa la mapiri lidzateteza chipatso chazitsamba kuchokera kuzizira. Chosavuta cha katemera uwu ndi chakuti m'chaka chachitatu cha fruiting chipatso cha mzere wothira zipatso chimayamba kufooka ndikumapeto kwa chaka chachisanu ndi chiwiri. 
Pothandizidwa ndi kuphatikiza pa phulusa, mukhoza kupititsa patsogolo moyo wa mtengo wa zipatso wowonongeka ndi makoswe kapena chisanu. Apple ndi quince zimakula bwino ndi rowan.
Hawthorn
Malo ofunikira kwambiri kumpoto. Kuwonjezera mopambanitsa chisanu kukana kwa scion ndipo pang'onopang'ono kumakhudza kukula kwa chipatsocho. Peyala yabwino kwambiri ya hawthorn, makamaka mitundu "Kruger", "Bera" ndi "Goverla".
M'chaka chachitatu kapena chachinai mutangoyamba kumene fruiting, zipatso za kumtengowo zimayamba kufiira, koma izi sizimakhudza kukoma ndi zokolola.
Mukudziwa? Mitengo ya zipatso ya apulo yoyamba inafalikira m'madera a mayiko a Slavic m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi limodzi. Awa anali minda yamaluwa ya Kievan Rus, komwe, pansi pa Yaroslav Wochenjera, anayamba kubala mitundu yatsopano ya apulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya prischep. Chifukwa cha ntchito za zomera pa nthawiyi chinali mitundu iwiri yokha ya mitengo ya apulo zakutchire: nkhalango, Chinese, livolistnaya ndi mabulosi.
Irga
Amapereka maziko abwino kwambiri a kukula mitengo yamtengo wapatali. Muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa mosamalitsa kusuntha pa irga - kudula mphukira zina ndi kuyika zothandizira pansi pa nthambi kuti phulusa lolemera lachitsulo lisamavulazidwe ndi nthambi zowonjezera ndi zipatso.
Nkhokweyi ndi njira yabwino yofalitsira mbewu, kupereka zokolola zabwino kwambiri. Zogulitsa sizimakhudza zokolola za scion, ntchito yake ndi kupereka chips ndi zakudya, chinyezi ndi kuonjezera kukana kwa chisanu kapena chilala.
Nkhumba ikhoza kusamalidwa ndi mbewu. Njira yochepetsera yoberekera imakuthandizani kuti muzisunga zofunikira zonse za mbeu ya mayi ndikukolola mbewu yoyamba mkati mwa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi chitatha katemera, ndi mbewu kuti mukhale ndi mitali yaitali. 
Kugwiritsira ntchito katemera wathanzi kumawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo wabwino wa scion ndikupeza zokolola zochuluka za zipatso zomwe mukufunikira.
Mayankho ochokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti
