Mphesa zokhala ndi mbiri - Saperavi: momwe mungabzalire ndikulima mphesa zakale kwambiri

Pali mitundu yambiri ya mphesa yolimidwa. Ena mwa iwo ndi omwe amayesedwa nthawi ndi okondedwa ndi opanga vinyo ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mphesa za Saperavi, zomwe mbiri yake imapita zaka zoposa khumi ndi ziwiri. Kusamalira ndikosavuta, ndipo kukolola kuthengo ndikosangalatsa. Mukasankha kuyesa kupanga mitundu yatsopano, ndiye kuti Saperavi sangakukhumudwitseni.

Mbiri ya mphesa za Saperavi

Georgia imawerengedwa kuti ndi poyambira mphesa. Ndili m'dziko lino kuti mabulosi abwino amalimidwa kuthengo. Anthu akhala akulima mbewu zamtchire kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake dzikolo limadzala mitundu yoposa 500 ya mphesa, zambiri zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri.

Georgia imadziwika kuti ndi malo obzala mphesa, sizodabwitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya mabulosiwa idachokera kuno.

Saperavi amadziwika kuti ndi wakale komanso wotchuka kwambiri wa mphesa zakuda za ku Georgia. Tsiku lomwe linaphatikizidwa mu State Record limawonekeranso kutali mu 1959. Madera ovomerezeka ndi North Caucasus ndi Lower Volga. Kunyumba, Kakheti amatengedwa kuti ndi gawo lalikulu pakukula kwa Saperavi. Malo oyenera kulima mitundu ndi madera a Black Sea bas. Koma kuyambira kalekale, mitunduyi yagulitsa alimi ambiri avinyo, motero Saperavi adalimidwa ku Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Moldova, kumwera kwa Ukraine. Mphesa bwino ku Crimea, mu Stavropol ndi Krasnodar Territories, ndi Dagestan. Zilimidwe pakatikati patali, mphesa izi sizoyenera kwambiri chifukwa cha kupsa mochedwa.

Mitundu ya mphesa ya Saperavi imawonedwa kuti ndiyo yakale kwambiri ku Georgia

Saperavi amatengedwa kuti ndi mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe mphesa zofiira zimapangidwira kwawo. Vinyo wa tebulo wopangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa uyu amadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda, maluwa ambiri, kukoma kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwaukalamba. Kukoma kwapadera kwa vinyo kumaululidwa pambuyo pa zaka 4 zosungirako. Kodi mungaganizireko kuti ndi maluwa ati omwe adzakhala vinyo wakale? Kupatula apo, ikhoza kusungidwa mpaka zaka 50. Kuphatikiza pa vinetal vin, omwe amatchedwa Saperavi, vin yambiri yodziwika bwino imapangidwa ndikupanga magawo osiyanasiyana - Algeti, Kindzmarauli, Pirosmani (ofiira), Mukuzani, ndi ena.

Saperavi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu kubala mitundu yatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, ku Novocherkassk ndi kutenga nawo gawo, Saperavi Northern adapezeka. Ndipo ku Crimea, wozikika:

• Ruby Magaracha;
• Bastardo Magarach;
• Jalita
• Zochulukirapo.

Ruby Magaracha ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yambiri yomwe idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Saperavi

Kufotokozera

Mbande imaphukidwa ndipo imaphukira, masamba ang'ono ali athunthu, ovoid kapena ellipsoid, opindika poyambira. Saperavi chitsamba chili ndi kukula kwapakatikati. Mphukira zapachaka zimakhala zofiirira zokhala ndi mtundu wotuwa, masamba ake ndi abulauni. Nthawi yakula, mphukira zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kusasitsa - 85%. Pafupifupi 70% ya manambala amenewa amabala zipatso.

Masamba amapitilira muyeso wamba, wopakidwa kubiriwira. Mawonekedwe ake ndi ozungulira, nthawi zina ovoid chifukwa cha okwera pakati lobe. Tsamba lamasamba limakhala ndi loboti 3 mpaka 5, koma kutalikirana kumakhala kofooka kapenanso komwe kulibe. Mphepete mwa pepalali limakwezedwa pang'ono. Malo ake ndi osalala, koma mbali yolakwika imakhala ndi mawonekedwe obiriwira, okhala ngati tsamba. Masamba achichepere ndiwobiriwira pang'ono ndi pang'ono pinki. Amaphimbidwanso ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi. M'dzinja, masamba amasanduka achikasu ndikukhala okhathamira ndi mtundu wa vin.

Masamba a Saperavi amasanduliza vinyo owoneka bwino m'dzinja

Maluwa amakhala amitundu iwiri, chifukwa chake zipatso zimakhalapo ngakhale popanda ma pollinators. Masango si akulu kwambiri, masekeli 120 - 170 g. Burashi ndi lotayirira, lozama. Fomuyo ndi yofiyira kapena yopindika. Mwendo waufupi suuma.

Zipatsozo ndizopanda, pakati kukula. Kulemera kuyambira 0,9 mpaka 1.4 g. Khungu limakhala loonda, koma lamphamvu. Imapakidwa utoto wamtambo wakuda komanso wokutira ndi sera wokutira. Kuku zamkati kumakhala kosangalatsa ndi kukoma, kotsitsimula. Zovuta mu juiciness - kuchokera ku 10 makilogalamu a zipatso amalandira mpaka malita 8.5 a madzi owala pang'ono. Pali mbewu imodzi yokha kapena ziwiri mkati mwa zamkati. Saperavi amatanthauza "Dyer." Izi zikutanthauza kuti imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zopaka utoto. Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa mukalawa vinyo - mtundu wofiira sudzakongola milomo yokha, komanso mano.

Masango a Saperavi ndi ochepa koma amakulunga

Mawonekedwe a mitundu ya Saperavi

Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi zake. Ku Saperavi ali motere:

• mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukokoloka kwamaluwa ndi thumba losunga mazira, lomwe ndi lingaliro lalikulu;
• mabulosi hummocks (zipatso zazing'ono zopanda zipatso) zitha kuonedwa;
• osiyanasiyana amadziunjikira shuga, koma nthawi yomweyo amachepetsa acid. Shuga azikhala ndi 17 mpaka 20.1 g / 100 ml (nthawi zina mpaka 26 g), acidity ndi 7.8 - 12.6 g / l.

Feature

1. Saperavi ndi amodzi mwa mitundu ya kucha mochedwa - masiku pafupifupi 160 adachoka chiyambire kuphukira kwa masamba kupsa. Popeza kusintha kwa nyengo, zipatso zimapsa kumapeto kwa Seputembara-pakati pa Okutobala.
2. Mphesa zimapereka zokolola zake zoyamba zaka 4. Zipatso zabwino kwambiri ndizo mpesa zomwe zafika zaka 15. Mu malo amodzi, Saperavi amatha kukula zaka 25.
3. Zabwino sizoyipa - 90 kg / ha. Zipatso zabwino kwambiri ndi 110 c / ha, zikuwonetsedwa kwawo. Kubala ndi pachaka.
4. Frost kukaniza ndi avareji. Chomera chimapirira kuzizira kwa 20 ° C, koma kutsika kutentha kumakhala ndi zovulaza m'maso nthawi yachisanu.
5. Kuleza chilala kwabwino kwambiri. Mizu yabwino yolimba imatha kupatsa chitsamba chachikulire chinyezi chofunikira.
6. Zosiyanasiyana zimatsutsa sing'anga kukaniza matenda ndi tizirombo. Mphesa sizitha kugonjetsedwa ndi khansa ndi oidium, nthawi yonyowa imatha kukhudzidwa ndi zowola za imvi. Koma pakati pa mitundu ina, Saperavi samakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikumabwera kwa mulu wa mphesa.
7. Saperavi ndi amodzi mwa mitundu, yomwe ndi zida zabwino kwambiri zopangira vin. Koma mphesa wakucha bwino umakomera bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zinthu zachilengedwe.

Saperavi amatengedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa mamembala abwino kwambiri.

Ubwino ndi zoyipa - gome

Pambuyo pakucha, zipatso za Saperavi sizimatha kuthengo kuyambira nthawi yayitali.

Zowongolera

Pongotsatira malamulo obzala ndizotheka kukula chitsamba chamafuta ndi zipatso.

Kusankhidwa kwa malo ndi dothi labwino

Mphesa sizothandiza pachabe chotchedwa mabulosi a dzuwa, chifukwa cha mbewu zonse m'munda ndiye amene amadalira kwambiri kuwala. Popeza ichi, yesani kusankha malo omwe adzatsegulire kum'mwera kwa chomeracho. Kuchokera kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kuyenera kutsekedwa kuchokera kumphepo. Ndikofunika kuti mbali iyi pali nyumba, mipanda yayitali kapena malo obzala mitengo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti malowo ndi malo a Saperavi ayenera kupatsidwanso mpweya wabwino kuti asapangitse matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi. Koma mphesa siziyenera kukhala kukonzekera.

Kuwala kosakwanira ndizovomerezeka pachitsamba chaching'ono. Korona wa chomera wachikulire uyenera kuyatsidwa momwe ungathere. Kwa Saperavi, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa mphesa zimachedwa, ndipo kupsa kwake kumagwa nthawi yomwe masana masana akuchepa.

Kwa Saperavi, kuyatsa kwambiri ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa ndi kolembera mochedwa

Mlimi aliyense amafuna kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu la mitengo yazipatso ndi zitsamba patsamba lawo. Koma malo ang'onoang'ono achinsinsi samalola izi. Chifukwa chake, mphesa nthawi zambiri zimapatsidwa malo pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe. Ndikosatheka kuchita izi. Mphesa zimakonda kuthirira, ndipo izi zimatha kuyambitsa maziko. Kubzala pafupi ndi mitengo nako sikofunikira. Mizu yawo idzauma ndi kufafaniza dothi.

Kupita ku dothi la Saperavi undemanding. Koma limakonda kutentha kwanyengo mwachangu. Zofunikira izi zimakwaniritsidwa ndi loamy kuwala, loamy, mchenga loamy dothi ndi chernozems. Amapereka mizu ya mphesa kuti ikhale ndi mpweya wabwino ndi chinyezi, siziletsa mizu kuti isalowe pansi.

Saperavi amakonda dothi lotayirira, lotakasidwa bwino

Osakhala oyenera kukula kwa Saperavi:

• dothi lamchenga - lume msanga kwambiri ndikutaya michere;
• dongo lolemera - litenthe kwa nthawi yayitali, osalola mizu kuti ipume nthawi zambiri, yolimba kwambiri;
• acidic - pamtunda wotere, mphesa zimadwala chlorosis.

Siyenera kubzalidwa m'malo okhala ndi madzi ochepa kwambiri, miyala yamiyala yopanda pansi 1 mita pamwamba, malo oyandikana ndi maboti kapena malo okumbikirana ndi mchere, komanso dothi lamchere.

Kusankha malo abwino oti mubzalemo mbande zamphesa - kanema

Musanabzale, sankhani malo osankhidwa kuti muchotseretu pazomera zonse, miyala, mizu yosatha. Ndikofunikira kusanja pamtunda, mudzaze maenje oyala.

Musanadzalemo mphesa, malowo ayenera kukonzedwa ndikuchotsa mizu ya namsongole wosatha

Kukonza dzenje

Njira yokhayo, yomwe imachitika musanabzale zipatso, imakhala ndi kusiyana kwa mphesa.

1. Ngakhale dothi likakwaniritsa zomwe zanenedwa, dzenje lobzala mphesa limakhala lakuzama pang'ono kuposa masiku onse - 80 - 100 cm. M'lifupi ndi chimodzimodzi. Izi ndichifukwa choti mizu ya mphesa imamera mwachangu ndikulowa mobisa kwambiri - 2 - 3 m.
2. Kupititsa patsogolo kapangidwe kabwino komanso chonde, makamaka pamadothi osakwanira, osakaniza dothi amaloledwa kulowa mu dzenje lobzala, lomwe ndi:
   • kumtunda kwa nthaka yachonde;
   • zolengedwa zowola bwino (zidebe 2 - 3);
   • superphosphate (200 - 300 g);
   • mchere wa potaziyamu (100-200 g);
   • ammonium nitrate (30 - 40 g).
3. Kuti tithandizire kunyowetsa chinyontho, mchenga wowuma, njerwa yophwanyika kapena miyala ina imawonjezeredwa ndi dothi. Ngati dothi ndi dongo, ndiye kuti dothi lamakowa lakhazikitsidwa pansi pa dzenjelo.
4. Kusakaniza kwa dothi kumathiridwa mu dzenje ndikuthiramo madzi ambiri kuti nthaka ikhazikike isanabzalidwe, ndipo michereyo imasungunuka momwemo.

Amakumba dzenje lobzala zipatso zokulirapo ndikuwadzaza ndi mchere

Kummwera, nthawi zina timakhala ndi mavuto ndi madzi. Ndi mphesa, monga mukudziwa - wokonda madzi akumwa. Pofuna kuti musawononge madzi amtengo wapatali pachabe, koma kuti mutsimikizire kuti amathandizira mizu, alimi odziwa bwino amatengera chinyengo chimodzi. Mukakonza dzenje lakufinyamo, mumayikidwa chidutswa cha chitoliro chokhala ndi mainchesi osachepera 8 cm. Dziwani kutalika kwanu, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti chimakwera pamwamba pa nthaka ndi 10 - 20 cm.Madzi amalowa mizu kudzera pa chitoliro ndipo mphesa sizimavutika ndi ludzu. Kudzera mu chipangizochi, kuvala madzi amadzimadzi amathanso kuperekanso.

Ndikofunika kukonzekeretsa pokonza dzenje pasadakhale. Ngati kubzala ndi m'dzinja - kwa mwezi umodzi, kwa kasupe kanyengo, amakonzekera m'dzinja kusanachitike nyengo yozizira.

Nthawi yayitali

Kwa Saperavi, yemwe amakula makamaka m'malo otentha, kubzala kwa yophukira ndi koyenera kwambiri. Komanso, mphukira zake zimakhwima bwino pofika pano komanso mmera womwe udzu wawo ukutha kumene. Njirayi imagwira ntchito pomwe chitsamba chimataya masamba. Nthawi imeneyi, kutentha kwa masana kukuyenera kukhala mkati mwa 15 ° C, kutentha kwa nthawi yausiku sikuyenera kugwa pansi pa 5 ° C. Nyengo zotere zimayamba mu Okutobala.

Saperavi amathanso kubzalidwe mchaka. Nthawi ino ndiyabwino kwambiri kubzala mphesa ndi zodulidwa zodula (njira yomwe imalimbikitsa mapangidwe a mizu, pomwe masamba akupuma). Kufika pagombe lakumwera ndikotheka kuchokera pa Epulo 5 - 10 mpaka Meyi 1, m'magawo a steppe mchitidwewo umachitika masiku 10 pambuyo pake.

Kusankha Mmera

Mosakayikira, njirayi ndi yofunika kwambiri pamwambo wonse wofikira. Mmera wathanzi lokha ndiomwe ungawonetse moyo wopulumuka. Zizindikiro zazikulu pano ndizofanana ndikamasankha zina zobzala.

1. M'badwo. Zothandiza kwambiri ndi mbande zazing'ono zazaka kuyambira 2 mpaka 2.
2. Mmera kutalika kosachepera 40 cm.
3. Mizu yake iyenera kukhala ndi nthambi zikuluzikulu zomwe zaphimbidwa ndi mauna ozika mizu.
4. Thunthu lake ndi losalala, popanda makulidwe, kusinja, kuwonongeka kwa makina. Zoyenera ayenera kukhala 1 mpesa.

Kuti mugule zinthu zodzala, pitani kumalo apadera kapena ku nazale. Nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imalipidwa ndi mbewa yokhala ndi mitengo yosavomerezeka yomwe singakhumudwitse. Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kupeza upangiri woyenera.

Mbewu za mphesa: mizu yotseguka ndi yotseka - kanema

Njira zopangira

Ngati mizu ya mmera yatseguka, yikani m'madzi kwa maola angapo. Izi zikuthandizira kutsitsimutsa mizu ndikukonzekera kubzala.

Zoyambitsa kukula zimatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi madzi. Njira ina yabwino yophatikiza ndi umagwirira ndi uchi - 1 tbsp. l zotsekemera mu 10 malita a madzi.

1. Chotsani gawo limodzi dothi kuti lisakonzedwe ndikupanga kupsinjika kwa masentimita 50-60. Sonkhanitsani dothi lotsalalo pansi monga mawonekedwe a slide.
2. Ikani mmera pamwamba pa phirilo, kuwongolera mizu pansi ndikufalikira. Kuwaza ndi dothi lomwe lakumbidwalo. Onetsetsani kuti palibe voids pansi pa chidendene cha mmera ndi kuzungulira maziko ake.
3. Mangani mmera pachithandizo.
4. Pang'onopang'ono pansi padziko mozungulira ndikutsanulira ndowa ziwiri za madzi.
5. Kutalika kwa muzu wa tsinde kuyenera kukhala pansi m'mphepete mwa dzenje pakubzala 8-10 cm.

Kubzala mphesa mu kasupe pogwiritsa ntchito chidebe - kanema

Chisamaliro chiti chikufunika

Saperavi, ngakhale safuna kusungidwa nthawi zonse, koma malamulo osavuta kwambiri powasamalira ayenera kulemekezedwa.

Kuthirira ndi kudyetsa

Tamba lakale la Saperavi limatha kulekerera nthawi yowuma chifukwa chamizu yolimba, yomwe imalowa pansi mpaka 3 mpaka 4. Koma mukufunikirabe kuthirira mbewu, makamaka nthawi zomwe ndizofunika:

• pa nthawi ya maluwa;
• pambuyo maluwa;
• pa kukula nthawi ya zipatso.

Pa maluwa, Saperavi sayenera kuthiriridwa madzi, chifukwa izi zimatsogolera kukhetsa maluwa.

Saperavi samathiriridwa nthawi yamaluwa, kuti asakwiyitse maluwa

Kutsirira koyamba kuyenera kukhala kochuluka. Pansi pa mtengo wopanga zipatso, muyenera kuthira madzi okwanira 200 malita kuti muyambe kukhazikitsa msipu wobiriwira mwachangu. Gawirani madzi ambiri pamapulogalamu angapo kuti chinyontho chikhale ndi nthawi yokwanira. Kutsirira kotsatirako sikofunikira madzi - ingotsanulira ndowa zachiwiri - zitatu pansi pa chitsamba.

Mphesa zimakonda kuthirira ndi madzi ofunda. Musanafike ponyowa, mutha kusiya ndowa yamadzuwa kapena kutentha mpaka 20 ° C. Madzi ozizira amatha kubweretsa matenda oyamba ndi fungus.

Mbande zimapatsidwa chidwi chochulukirapo. Amafuna kuthirira pafupipafupi kuti chitukuko chikhale chothamanga. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokukula, mbewu zazing'ono zimathiridwa kamodzi pa sabata, ndikuthira madzi 1 ndowa pansi pa chitsamba. Pang'onopang'ono, pafupipafupi kuthirira kumachepetsedwa 1 nthawi pamwezi, ndipo mu Ogasiti, hydration imayimitsidwa kwathunthu kuti mpesa uzitha kucha nthawi yamvula isanayambe.

Kuthirira mphesa kudzera m'mapaipi amadzanja ndikofunikira kwambiri

Saperavi amadyetsedwa kangapo munyengo yolima. Kukula kwa feteleza ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwake zimatengera msinkhu wa mphesa.

Chomera chaching'ono chimadyetsedwa kawiri nyengo:

• kasupe, kulimbikitsa achinyamata mphukira, wamkulu mpaka 15 masentimita kutalika, kugwiritsa ntchito yankho la nitrophoska 15 g pa 10 l madzi;
• Mu Julayi kapena koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, osakaniza 20 g a superphosphate ndi 12 g wa potaziyamu sulfate pa 10 l yamadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Tchire lomwe limapanga zipatso likufunika kwambiri michere, motero limafunikira kudyetsedwa katatu pachaka.

Kuvala kwapamwamba - tebulo

Manyowa amawerengedwa ngati feteleza wabwino kwambiri wa mphesa. Sangangopatsa chitsamba ndi nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, komanso kuwonjezera nthaka ndi zinthu zina zambiri zokutsatira. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito zolengedwa mchaka, kuyambitsa makilogalamu 5 - 7 pa 1 m² kukumba, kapena ngati yankho:

• mphesa zachikulire - 5 - 10 l pansi pa chitsamba;
• chomera chaching'ono 1 - 5 malita.

Manyowa ndi feteleza wabwino kwambiri kwa Saperavi

Kodi ndi njira zina ziti zosamalirira zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito?

1. Nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa chitsamba cha mphesa iyenera kukhala yoyera, kotero kuti kudulira kokhazikika kuyenera kuchitidwa. Izi ndizothandiza kupewa tizirombo.
2. Kutsegula, komwe kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe ndikatha kupukutira kulikonse, kumathandizira kuti nthaka ikhale ndi mpweya, womwe ndi wofunikira mizu.
3. Mulching amateteza mizu ya achinyamata mbeu kuti isatenthe kwambiri nyengo yotentha, imathandiza kusunga chinyezi m'nthaka komanso imalepheretsa kukula kwa namsongole.

Kusintha popanga ndi kudulira

Mapangidwe a chitsamba amachitika m'zaka zoyambirira mutabzala. Izi zimachitika osati kungopereka chikhalidwecho mtundu wina, komanso koyambirira kulowa mu zipatso.

M'madera opondera, ndimapangidwe otsika-tsinde, katundu wa 50-60 amaloledwa pachitsamba cha Saperavi. Kudulira kumachitika pa 10 - 12 diso, ku Crimea - pa 6 - 8.

Kupondaponda

Pakutha kwa nthawi yomera, mmera umakula. Mwa awa, sankhani imodzi, yomwe ikulitsa kwambiri. Ndi zofunika kuti ili pansipa. Aliyense amadula. Mphukira yosankhidwa imadulidwa mpaka kutalika kwa tsinde lamtsogolo. Pamwambapo mphukira uzikhala maso 2 - 3. Kuzungulira chitsamba, pangani dzenje lakuya masentimita 20 ndikuchotsa mphukira ndi mizu ngati ilipo.

Pakutha kwa nyengo yotsatira yokulira, mphukira zimamera kuchokera kumaso amanzere, pomwe nthambi zanthete kapena manja adzapangidwa.

Mgawo lachiwonetsero chobisala, Saperavi tikulimbikitsidwa kuti ipangidwe pamtunda wa 1.2 m.

Kudulira mphesa kwa oyambira kumene - makanema

Kupangidwa kwa chitsamba, njira zotsatirazi zimachitika kuti mbeu iziyenda bwino:

• m'minda zanthete, nthawi yamaluwa, limaphukira, ndipo zimayala nthambi zosabereka m'munsi mwa chitsamba kuti zisachedwe. Mphukira zowonjezera zomwe zikukula kuchokera ku diso limodzi zimachotsedwanso;
• maburashi akayamba kupanga, amasuntha mphukira zobala zipatso kuti masango alandire michere yambiri ndikukula bwino;
• kuti zipatso zake zikule ndikuwonjezeranso, khalani ndi chakudya. Ngati manja ali afupia, chotsani inflorescence yoyambira yoyamba, ena - 3-4 malangizo.

Garter

Mphesa ndizofunikira kwambiri pa mphesa. Njirayi imathandizira chisamaliro chomera komanso kukolola. Chifukwa chakuti mphesa zomangirizidwa zimawombedwa bwino ndi kamphepo kaye ndikalandira kuwala kokwanira dzuwa, matenda ambiri amatha kupewedwa ndipo zipatso zazikulu ndi zotsekemera zimatha kupezeka.

M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, thumba lothandizira limakwanira chomera chaching'ono. Komano, muyenera kupanga kokhazikika kwambiri. Kuti mupange trellis, mudzafunika othandizira (konkriti wolimbitsa, mitengo yamagalimoto kapena matabwa), waya wolimba, mitanda yopingasa (koma mutha kuchita popanda iwo) ndi matope a simenti.

1. Pa mtunda wa 3 m, kukumba ma recesses osachepera 50 cm.
2. Pansipa, ikani chigawo chonyowa, ikani mzati ndikuzaza simenti.
3. Kuti mapangidwe ake akhale okhazikika, khazikitsani mathero akumtunda ndi mitanda yopingasa.
4. Pomwe yankho liziuma, ikani zingwe zama waya, zoyambirira zimakhazikitsidwa pamtunda wa 40 cm kuchokera pansi. Mtunda pakati pa omwe amatsatira ndi 40 - 45 cm.

Ndikosavuta kuyang'anira mphesa pa trellis

Saperavi ali ndi mphamvu yakukula pang'ono, chifukwa chake waya zake 3 - 4 ma waya ndizokwanira.

Pali njira ziwiri zovalira - zowuma komanso zobiriwira:

• youma imachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika, asanaphuke;
• garter wobiriwira amachitika m'chilimwe. Amatembenukiranso kuti ateteze mphukira zazing'ono ku mphepo zamkuntho. Nthawi yakula, garter wobiriwira amachitika kangapo, pomwe mphukira zimakula.

Pogwira chovala chobiriwira, mumateteza mphukira zazing'ono ku mphepo zamphamvu

Pogona nyengo yachisanu

Saperavi amalimbana ndi kuzizira kumadera oyenera kulimidwa. Magawo olimbana ndi chisanu kwambiri ndi mipesa. Amapirira mosavuta chisanu 20 ° C. Koma mizu yake ndiyotetezedwa kwambiri - kutentha pansipa -10 ° C kumatha kuwononga kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuphimba muzu m'deralo musanayambe kuzizira nyengo yokhala ndi mulch kapena spud ndi nthaka youma.

Tchire tating'ono timene timafunika pobisalira. Chifukwa cha izi, mafilimu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti filimuyo singakhudze impso, apo ayi amatha kuwotha kapena kuwotcha kasupe kuchokera ku dzuwa lowala, chifukwa filimuyo imawonjezera zotsatira za kuwala. Kuti mupewe izi, ikani chimango chopangidwa ndi waya wolimba pamwamba pa mipesa, ndikuphimba ndi filimu pamwamba. Mapeto ake amatha kukhazikika ndi miyala, njerwa kapena msomali wa mphesa, kuyiyika paphiri.

Kanema wanyimbo amateteza tchire tating'ono kuti tisazizire

Matenda komanso tizirombo tambiri ta Saperavi, njira zoyeserera komanso kupewa

Saperavi sasiyanitsidwa ndi chitetezo chokwanira, chifukwa chake njira zothandizira kupewa ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa zamitundu mitundu, zomwe, kuphatikizapo chisamaliro choyenera, zimatha kupewa mavuto ambiri. Alimi okhazikika sadzalephera kuyambika kwa matendawa kapena chizindikiro choyamba chosonyeza tizirombo. Mlimi wa novice ayenera kusamala kwambiri, makamaka nyengo yovuta, kuti asalole matenda ndi tizirombo kuwononga mbewu.

Wachikulire

Madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi tsambalo amachepetsa, amakhala achikasu ndi mafuta. Pamasamba achichepere, zoyang'anirazo zimakhala ndi zozungulira; pa achikulire, ndizofanana. Poyamba, mawanga ndi ochepa, koma amaphatikizana ndikujambula padziko lonse lapansi. Masamba amagwa. Matendawa amakhudza ziwalo zonse za mbewu - mphukira, tinyanga, inflorescence, zipatso zobiriwira. Pansanja ya tsamba pansi pa masamba, mycelium amapanga mawonekedwe oyera a ufa. Inflorescence yomwe idakhudzidwa imatembenuka chikasu, kenako imayamba zofiirira komanso youma. Zipatso zimakhala ndi buluu wamtambo, makwinya ndi mdima. Pochita zopaka kapena chakudya, sizigwiritsidwanso ntchito. Nsonga za mphukira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda ziume.

Mildew amatengedwa kuti ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri, chifukwa spores amatha kupulumuka nyengo iliyonse - kutentha, chilala, chisanu kapena chinyezi chowonjezera. Kuchulukitsa kwa matendawa kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa mpweya. Munthawi yotentha, ndi thermometer pa 20 - 25 ° C, matendawa amawonekera pa 4 - 5th tsiku. Ngati kuli kozizira, zizindikiro zimatha kuonekera pambuyo pake. Chinyezi chambiri ndichinthu chabwino pakukula kwa bowa. Njira yayikulu yolimbana ndi Bordeaux fluid. 1 kapena 2% yankho limagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka mapangidwe a fungal spores. Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito Ridomil Gold, Profit kapena Horus.

Kupewa ndi njira yodalirika kwambiri yotetezera nkhokwe ku matenda. Pogula mmera, sankhani mbeu zathanzi zokha. Tsatirani malamulo aukadaulo waulimi:

• osachulukitsa tchire;
• onetsetsani kuchepa;
• kuyeretsa ndi kutentha masamba m'dzinja.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe phokoso limatha kuzindikirika ndi mawanga achikaso pamasamba

Oidium, kapena ufa wowonda

Matendawa amadziwoneka ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wa powdery pamwamba pamasamba. Imafalikira kumunsi kwa tsamba, zipatso. Zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko zimakonda kusweka, kusiya kukula ndikuuma. Masamba azipindika ndi youma.

Mkhalidwe woyenera kwambiri pakukula kwa bowa ndi kuphatikiza kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri (pamtunda wa 25 ° C) ndi chinyezi chachikulu (pamwamba pa 80%). Kukonzekera kwa salfa kumawerengedwa kuti ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yolimbana ndi matendawa. Mphesa zimathandizidwa ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa 1% kwa sulufule ya colloidal kapena 0.5% kuyimitsidwa 80% ya sulufule. Ngati matenthedwe amlengalenga ali pamwamba pa 20 ° C, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kufinya chitsamba ndi sulufule pansi 20 - 30 kg / ha (gwiritsani ntchito zida zodzitetezera pakugwiritsa ntchito). Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mphesa zimapopanitsidwa ndi yankho la 1 - 2% DNOC.

Kuti mupange njira zodalirika zopewera - kupukutira mphukira ndi kudulira kwa mpesa zouma, muyenera kumayambiriro kwa masika.

Oidium samakhudzana ndi masamba okha, komanso zipatso

Gray zowola

Matendawa amakhudza chomera chonse - thunthu, nthambi, masamba. Matenda opatsirana ophwa amawuma. Koma zopweteka zambiri zimachitika kwa zipatsozo, zakupsa komanso kucha kale. Maburashiwo amakutidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira, zipatsozo zimasanduka zofiirira ndi zowola. Mukakhudza gulu lodwala, limayamba fumbi. Chifukwa chake ma spus a fungus amafalikira kumanja ena.

Matenda opatsirana amapezeka mwachangu pamatenthedwe am'mlengalenga komanso chinyezi chachikulu. Choyamba, bowa amakhudza zipatso zomwe zimakhala zowonongeka, kenako ndikugwira gulu lonse. Matenda amapezeka mwachangu kwambiri. Makulidwe obwera chifukwa cha kusasinthika kwa spore amangokhala pang'ono kuposa tsiku, kutengera nyengo. Kuti muthane ndi matendawa, amathandizidwa ndi Topsin (10 - 15 g pa gawo zana limodzi) kapena Euparen (20 - 30 g pa gawo limodzi la zana).

Kupewa kumakhala koyamba kutsatira malamulo a chisamaliro:

• kudulira;
• feteleza;
• chithandizo cha nthaka ndi kukonzekera kwa EM (mwachitsanzo, Baikal M1);
• Kuchotsa zipatso zowonongeka kapena maburashi.

Kuola kwa mbewa kumatha kupatsira gulu la mphesa mwachangu kwambiri

Phyloxera

Ndikosavuta kuzindikira tizilombo tating'ono tili ndi maliseche. Mothandizidwa ndi phenoscis, imayamwa ndikujambulira timadziti topatsa thanzi. Izi zimachitika pamasamba ndi mizu. M'malo oboola masamba masamba amtundu amapangidwa. Tizilombo tambiri titha kuvulaza magawo onse obiriwira a chomera. Mizu phylloxera imadziwika kuti ndiyowopsa. Pa mizu yomwe yakhudzidwa, kutupa ndi kuphatikizika kumapangidwa. Zimalepheretsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwachitsamba, komwe kumatha kukula ndipo mwina kumwalira.

Mvula kapena mphepo yamphamvu yomwe imatha kusuntha tizilombo pamtunda wawutali imathandiza tizilombo. Onyamula akhoza kukhala ziweto komanso anthu. Polimbana ndi phylloxera, mankhwala otsatirawa adziwonetsa okha:

• Karbofos;
• BI-58;
• Wotsimikiza;
• Zolon;
• Kinmix.

Pofuna kupewa, ndikofunikira kupirira zodzalazo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pokhapokha ndikuzibzala pamalo ozama kwambiri, pomwe phylloxera singakhale ndi moyo.

Chimawoneka ngati tsamba lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi phylloxera

Saperavi ndi vinyo wopanga mitundu yambiri. Mphesa woyamba mu winemaking, umaganiziridwa chifukwa cha zomwe zili pamtunduwo, ndipo kupezeka kwa tannin kumapatsa mowa wodziwika bwino kukoma pang'ono pang'ono pang'ono. Koma ambiri amawerengera mphesa osati luso lokhazikika, chifukwa mabulosi okucha bwino amakonda bwino.