Mphesa ndichakudya chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi chomwe chakhala chikudziwika kwa mtundu wa anthu kwa zaka zoposa 7,000. Mphesa zimakhala ndi antioxidants, mavitamini ndi michere yambiri. Chomera chimatengedwa ngati mbewu yakum'mwera yokonda dzuwa. Komabe, pali mitundu ya mphesa masauzande angapo, zomwe zimasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana, komanso kupsa, komanso kuchuluka kotuta. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa iyi, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana pansi pa dzina lokwezeka komanso lolimbikitsa Losangalala.
Mbiri yakulimidwa kwa mitundu ya mphesa Kukwatulidwa
Mphesa Zokometsera zinaonekera chifukwa cha kusankha kosavuta, makolo ake ndi mitundu itatu nthawi imodzi: Dawn of the North, Dolores and Russian Early. Kuyambira woyamba wa iwo, Delight adalandira malo abwino kwambiri osagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, kuchokera kwachiwiri - kukana kuyendetsa, komanso kuchokera kumapeto kwa kukhwimitsa kwa mbewu poyambirira kudutsa.
Zosiyanasiyana zidasanjidwa ndi asayansi aku Russia, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa mu State Register mu 1992.
Pakulima kwakanthawi, Vostorg yadzikulitsa yokha, yosakoma, kupereka zipatso zambiri komanso kulekerera bwino mphesa nyengo yachisanu. Umalimidwa bwino pakati pa Russia, zigawo za Urals, komanso ku Siberia ndi Far East. Achangu a mayiko omwe ali pafupi kwambiri - Belarus ndi Baltic States - amakondanso Changu.
Mphesa za Vostorg zimalimidwa pakati pa Russia, zigawo za Urals, Siberia ndi Far East.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a mitundu
Zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zowoneka bwino, ndipo zimatha kutsogolera nyakulayo mosangalala kwathunthu.
Mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa mbewu:
- chitsamba cha kutalika kwapakatikati, chili ndi thunthu lolemera komanso nthambi zamphamvu. Masamba pa mpesa ndi okulirapo, obiriwira owoneka bwino okhala ndi notches;
- gulu lalikulu kapena lalikulu kwambiri, nthawi zambiri limakhala lofanana mawonekedwe, koma lingakhale lopanda mawonekedwe, lomwe silili chilema ndipo silikuwakhudza mbewuyo;
- mitundu yoyeserera-mungu;
- sangathe matenda ambiri - angapo bowa, zowola, khansa, oidium. Koma osatetezedwa ndi phylloxera;
- imakhala ndi kukana bwino kwambiri kwa nyengo yozizira mpaka -25zaC ngakhale pakalibe nyumba zowonjezera;
- amalekerera nyengo yowuma;
- kusasitsa kumafika pafupifupi 100%;
- Itha kulimidwa m'minda yaying'ono yang'ono komanso yopanga mafakitale.
Kufotokozera za zipatso ndi zipatso zake:
- Pafupifupi, anthu zana limodzi mwa mbewuzo amatha kuchotsedwa pahekitala imodzi yamphesa, pomwe bulashi imodzi imalemera 500 g mpaka 2 kg;
- nthawi yakucha yochepa - masiku 110-120, omwe amakupatsani mwayi kupeza mbewu m'chilimwe;
- zipatsozo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Amapaka utoto woyera kapena wonyezimira pang'ono, womwe zipatso zomwe zimayang'ana mbali ya dzuwa zimasandulika golide;
- Kulemera kwa mphesa kumodzi kuyambira 6 mpaka 12 g;
- peel pa zipatso ndi wandiweyani, ikakololedwa, zipatsozo sizikukula, chifukwa zimasuntha mayendedwe mtunda wautali;
- zipatsozo zimakhala ndi msuzi wowoneka bwino komanso wowuma, wokoma, wosakhwima, pomwe muli ndi shuga wambiri m'mphesa - 20-26%;
- palibe chifukwa chovutira mwachangu mukakhwima, masango amasungidwa bwino mpesa mpaka miyezi iwiri;
- zipatso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya chatsopano, komanso kupanga ma vin, timadziti, zoumba zoumba.
Mphesa amadyedwa osati monga chokha, komanso monga gawo la saladi wazipatso kapena monga chowonjezera m'mbale mbale.
Kukoma Kwabwino kumakondedwa ndi ana komanso akulu.
Kubzala ndi kukula
Kukondweretsa si mtundu wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Kuti mupeze mbewu yabwino, muyenera kutsatira malamulo apang'onopang'ono pakukula mphesa.
Malo ndi nthawi yakamatera
Malo abwino kubzala adzakhala malo kumwera kapena kumwera chakumadzulo, komwe sikungoyang'aniridwa ndi mitengo yayitali ndi nyumba zosiyanasiyana, popanda kukonzekera komanso kusayenda kwa mafunde ozizira. Dothi la mpesa wamtsogolo liyenera kukhala lachonde - chernozems ndi lotayirira loams ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Kupereka mphesa ndi michere zaka 2 musanabzalidwe, nthaka nthawi zonse imaphatikizidwa ndi feteleza wachilengedwe komanso michere. Dziko lapansi Ikhale yonyowa pang'ono, madzi ochulukirapo amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu. Chifukwa chake, kuya kwa pansi pamadzi kuyenera kuchokera pa 2.5 m.
Madambo okumba mphesa sioyenera.
Kukondweretsa kungabzalidwe mu kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira. Koma odziwa zamaluwa amakonda kubzala nthawi yophukira. Cholinga cha izi ndi kukana chisanu kwa mitundu. Mbande zazing'ono zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi mizu yake komanso zomiziridwa kumtengowo zimalekerera nyengo yawo yoyambirira bwino bwino, zimangofunika kuphimbidwa. Ndi isanayambike kutentha, ayamba kukula mwachangu.
Kubzala mphesa nthawi ya masika kumalola chitsamba kuti chizolowere malo abwino komanso kukhazikitsa mizu munjira yabwino. Koma pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kupatsa mbande chisamaliro chabwino - kuthilira nthawi yake, popeza nthaka yamasika ikungoyamba kudziunjikira chinyezi ndipo sangakwanitse kupatsa mphesa zazing'onoting'ono nazo.
Mphesa zazing'ono zakula posachedwa m'munda waukulu
Njira zofalitsira mphesa
Mphesa zimafalitsa ndi mbande kapena kumtengamira. Njira yachiwiri ndiyabwino koposa, chifukwa mu ngozi iyi ya chiwopsezo cha matenda a phylloxera yatsala pang'ono kuthetseratu. Katemera lilinso ndiubwino winanso:
- chitsamba cha mphesa chikukula mwachangu, popeza palibe chifukwa choti zodulidwazo zikulitse mizu yawo ndikukula nkhuni (zonsezi zimapereka chitsa);
- mphesa zometsedwera zimayamba kubala zipatso chaka chotsatira;
- Katemera sikuti amangomangidwa nthawi ya chaka, ndikofunikira kupatula nyengo yachisanu yokha;
- njirayi imakupatsani mwayi wobzala mphesa kapena kupulumutsa chitsamba mutawonongeka, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha zinthu kapena nyama;
- ngati kukula kwa katundu kulola, mitundu ingapo ingazike mizu, kupulumutsa malo m'mundamo.
Pazitsulo sankhani mitundu yayitali kapena yaying'ono. Berlandieri x Riparia Cober 5BB, yomwe imagwirizana ndi kutentha ndi kuzizira ndi matenda a mafangasi, komanso phylloxera, imakhala yabwino kwambiri kwa Kulimbikira.
Ngati katemerayu adakonzedwa mchaka, ndiye kuti ntchito yodula iyenera kuyamba isanayambike chisanu:
- Maso amtsogolo amadulidwa ndi mpeni wakuthwa-kachilombo ka chitsamba chathanzi, chabwino. Kutalika kwake, ayenera kukhala a 10cm masentimita, kukula kwake - osachepera kukula kwa pensulo wamba, ali ndi maso a 2-3.
Zodulidwa zimadulidwa pachitsamba chabwino, chabwino
- Mutha kudulira tizilombo toyambitsa kudula ndikuwasunga kwa mphindi imodzi mu 3% yankho lamkuwa wa sulfate, kenako youma.
- Sungani zakonzedwa zodulidwa pamtunda osapitirira 5zaC wokutidwa ndi nsalu yonyowa kapena polyethylene. Malo oyenera akhoza kukhala firiji, osati yotsika poyambira kapena cellar.
Maanko asanaperekedwe katemera ayenera kusungidwa m'malo achinyezi pamalo abwino.
- Musaiwale kuti nthawi ndi nthawi muzifufuza nthambi zodulidwa nthawi yachisanu ndikuchotsa nkhungu pogwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu permanganate ngati itawoneka mwadzidzidzi pazomera. Kuyanika kwa zodula sikuloledwa. Ngati madziwo atayika, ayenera kuyikidwa m'madzi kwa mphindi 30, ndikukulungidwanso ndi zomwe adasungidwa.
Chapakatikati mphesa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kuphukira masamba, chifukwa chitukuko chake nthambi zokonzeka zimayikidwa mumtsuko wamadzi. Kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala kosasunthika komanso osachepera 15zaC. Nthawi yabwino ndiye m'mawa kapena kunja kuli kotentha, koma osati kotentha.
Pamaso pa njirayi, mutha kutsitsa zidutswa kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 20 mu yankho la mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa kukula, mwachitsanzo, Epin kapena Kornevin.
Katemera wa kasupe katemera amakonzedwa mu kugwa ndipo amakhala ndikudulira chitsamba chakale ndikusenda hemp. Pali njira zingapo zoperekera katemera.
Kubera
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati katundu ndi scion ali ofanana makulidwe. Pa scion pangani chopendekera chodula 1.5-2 masentimita pamwamba kapena pansi pa impso. Kudula kofananako kumachitika pamatangadza. Nthambi zonse ziwiri zimalumikizana m'malo opindulira. Kenako malowa ndi wokutidwa ndi nsalu ndi okhazikika ndi twine kapena pulasitala. Njirayi imalimbikitsidwa kwa alimi odziwa ntchito zamalimi, chifukwa zimafunikira zochitikira zina kuti zitsimikizire kuti malowo ndi olondola. Kupanda kutero, pamakhala chiopsezo chakuti scionyo singazike mizu.
Gawani katemera
Ndi njira yotchuka kwambiri yolumikizira osati mphesa zokha, komanso mitengo yazipatso zosiyanasiyana. Yokwanira ngakhale kwa oyamba bizinesi yolima. Nthambi yomwe katemera udzachitikire imadulidwa ndi secateurs pamtunda wa 5 cm kuchokera pachimake. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito mpeni, chopendekera chimapangidwa chakuya masentimita 3-4, pomwe nsonga ya chida yakuthwa pansi pa mphero yaikidwapo. Misewuyi imakokedwa pamodzi ndikupangika ndi twine, ndipo malo a katemerayo ndi okutidwa ndi nsalu.
Vidiyo: Kugawa ndi kupukuta katemera
Gawanani mobisa
Njirayi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira, mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kupatsidwa katemera lisanayambike Meyi. Thunthu la scion limakumbidwa ndi 20 cm, mizu yowonjezera imachotsedwa. Pakati pakudula, pangani gawo lamtanda (splitting) la 4 masentimita, momwe ma nthambi awiri a scion adayikidwira. Malekezero a nthambi izi ndi opingidwa, ngati njira yapita. Katemera ayenera kukundidwa ndi dongo, mutha kuphimba ndi polyethylene. Pamwambapo mpesawo umakonkhedwa ndi mchenga, womwe umateteza chitsamba ku kutentha kapena kuzizira kwadzidzidzi kwamasana.
Kubowola
Ndi njira yotsogola kwambiri. Dzenje la katemera silipangidwa ndi mpeni, koma ndi kabowoleza, komwe amayenera choyamba kupezeka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Shtamb yogwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira iyi iyenera kukhala yotakata, kuya kwa dzenje ndikofanana ndi kugawanika kwachizolowezi. Nthambi yoti ichotse katemera imatsukidwa ndi makungwa m'malo omwe adzayikidwire mbali yoyesedwayo. Pambuyo poti ma scion ndi chitsa chikuphatikizidwa, gawo ili la mpesa limakutidwa ndi tchipisi ndikuwumangirira ndi dongo. Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti dzenje lobowolalo limapereka chotsekera pakatikati pa mbewuyo. Ndipo izi zimapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa mphesa.
Katemera wa mphesa
M'chilimwe, katemera amatha kuchitidwa “chakuda kubiriwira” kapena “kubiriwira kubiriwira”. Poyamba, zinthu zomwe zimakololedwa mu kugwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Sprigs imafunikira kutsitsimutsidwa ndikuika madzi m'masiku angapo. Katemera gwiritsani ntchito ma scion omwe impso zimawonekera panthawiyi. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yogawanika, kulabadira zomwe zimachitika pakukula kwa masheya ndi scion. Nthawi yoyenera ingakhale kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka pakati pa Julayi.
Ndi njira yobiriwira yobiriwira, sikofunikira kukonzekeretsa kukonzekereratu. Nthambi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimadulidwa kumtengo wa mpesa usanalumikizidwe. Nthawi - Juni ndi Julayi.
Katemera wobiriwira mpaka wobiriwira sikufuna kukonzekereratu kwa zinthu
Yophatikiza mphesa kumera
Katemera mu kugwa mutha kuchitidwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala. Kumbukirani kuti kutentha kwa mpweya sikuyenera kutsika kuposa 15zaC. Katemera, chitsamba chakale chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chomwe ndikufuna kusintha. Mtengo umadulidwa pafupifupi mpaka kumunsi, ndikuchotsa nthambi zochuluka. Gawo limapukutidwa ndi nsalu yonyowa pokonza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndiye kuti kugawanikaku kumachitika. Pulogalamuyo imakonzedwa, monga mu kasupe - poika madzi ndi chowonjezera chokulitsa, pambuyo pake mawonekedwe a impso ndi tinyanga. Kugwiritsa ntchito kudula kambiri kumawonjezera mwayi wopambana. Kuchulukitsa kuteteza chinyontho ndikupereka chitetezo chowonjezera kuzizira pambuyo pa njirayi, ndikofunikira kuwaza mbewuyo ndi chisakanizo cha dziko lapansi ndi mchenga kapena kudzaza ndi udzu, utuchi, nthambi za spruce.
Ndi katemera wa m'dzinja, chaka chamawa ndizotheka kupeza mbewu.
Kubzala mbande
Mbande za mphesa zimabwera m'mitundu iwiri: zokhala ndi masamba. Zoyambirira ndi mbewu zazaka chimodzi zokhala ndi thunthu lamtengo, wokhala ndi mizu yophukira komanso masamba. Zabzalidwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka masiku omaliza a Epulo. Mbande zamasamba zakhala zikulira m'miphika kuyambira mu February, ndipo mizu yake idakali yaying'ono komanso yosakhwima. Muyenera kubzala zitsamba m'nthawi yotentha - kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena June.
Pang'onopang'ono ndondomeko yobzala mphesa:
- Dzenje lakonzedwa kubzala, yomwe ilinso ndi magawo ofanana m'lifupi ndi kuya - 60-80 cm.
Dzenje lodzala mphesa lili ndi magawo omwewo m'lifupi ndi kuya - pafupifupi 60-80 cm
- Denga lamadzimadzi limayikidwa pansi pake, kenako gawo logulitsa michere kuchokera kuzosakaniza lapansi ndi humus, zomwe ziyenera kupunthwa.
- Pamwamba pa chosanjikiza ichi pamawonjezeredwa 300 g ya superphosphate ndi 3 l ya phulusa la nkhuni.
- Gawo lomaliza ndikubwezeretsa dothi pakati ndi mchenga kuti apange mulu waung'ono.
- Mphesa zimabzalidwa patatha mwezi umodzi kukonzekera dzenje, pomwe phiri lokhalamo.
- Asanabzala, mizu ya mmera imasungidwa mu dothi, kenako chitsamba chimayikidwa mu dzenjelo.
Mbande yokhala ndi mizu yotsekeka imayikidwa mu dzenje lomwe lili ndi dothi lapansi pamizu
- Mizu yake iyenera kufalikira ndikuphimbidwa ndi dziko lapansi.
- Denga la pamwamba likapendekeredwa, mbewuyo imathiriridwa ndi zidebe zitatu zamadzi akhazikika.
- Pakapita kanthawi, nthaka imatha kumasulidwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi mulch.
Njira yotsika mtengo yogulitsa mphesa
Kusamalira Mphesa
Kusamalira Zokondweretsa sikubweretsa mavuto kwa wolima mundawo ndipo kumatanthauzanso kuthilira, kuthira feteleza ndi kudulira mipesa:
- Ngakhale kuti Delight imalekerera nthawi yowuma bwino, chinyontho chimafunikira icho, makamaka nthawi yamaluwa ndi zipatso. Panthawi imeneyi, komanso ngati nyengo ili yotentha kwambiri, muyenera kuthilira mphesa 1 munthawi ya masiku atatu. Komabe, ngati dera lomwe likukula limadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mvula yachilengedwe, ndikofunikira kukhetsa chinyezi chambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodulira madzi;
- Mitundu ya mphesa iyi imayankha bwino kuvala kwapamwamba. Itha kuthira manyowa ndi mankhwala a potaziyamu-phosphorita omwe amadziwitsidwa m'madzi. Pafupipafupi kuvala kwapamwamba - 1 nthawi pamwezi;
- kudulira kosangalatsa kumatha kuchitika onse mu kasupe (masamba asanatseguke) ndi kugwa, kusiya mpaka masamba 10 pa mphukira. Maso ochepa adzatsala (koma osachepera 3-4), zokulirapo lidzakhala maburashi ndi zipatso. Ngati kudulira kumachitika mu kugwa, ndibwino kusiya gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mphukira kuposa momwe adalimbikitsidwira. Izi zimathandizira kuti mbewuyo ichira msanga nyengo yachisanu ikapanda kutaya zipatso. Komanso, maluwa asanayambike, tsitsani mphukira kuti mphesa zisakule, ndipo michere yambiri ndi inflorescence;
- Kukwatulidwa kwa mphesa kumatanthauza mitundu yosafunikira kuphimbira nyengo yachisanu. Koma kwa mbewu zazing'ono, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuchita izi.
Ndemanga
Ndakhala ndikulimbikira kuyambira 2000. Zosiyanasiyana ndizodalirika, chaka chatha chokhacho, ndipo palibe mavuto. Sindinamuwonepo Mildyu pazaka zonse zaulimi pa iye, koma ndiwochezeka kwambiri ndi oidium. Masika omalizira, ndinali ndi chisanu ozizira, mitundu yambiri idavutika nayo, ndipo Kukwatulidwa kunachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Imapachika nthawi yayitali, shuga akupeza bwino, mpesa ukupsa pafupifupi mpaka kumapeto. Patsamba langa pobisikira, palibe zodabwitsa pambuyo pa dzinja.
Antipov Vitaliy//www.vinograd7.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=88
Kukondweretsa ndikoyenera tsamba langa - limatha kugwidwa ndi matenda, kuphukira koyambirira, mtundu wa mabulosiwo uli pafupi ndi amber, umakoma bwino, koma kuthekera kwake kobwezeretsa sikunali kwabwino - tchire la mizu yozizira nyengo yachisanu ya 2006 "yakhazikikanso" koyambirira kwa Julayi. Kwa nthawi yozizira ndimagwiritsa ntchito pobisalira kuwala kwa Spunbond ku Delight.
Andrew//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=416
Ndi nthawi yocheperako komanso ndalama, mphesa Zokwatulidwa ndizosavuta kuthokoza omwe adalandira. Ngati mukukhala m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia kapena zigawo zowawa kwambiri, ndiye kuti ichi sicholinga chodzimana nacho zipatso zokoma za manja. Komanso, ndizotheka kupanga mkaka wokoma kapena mowa wopangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo.
