Mitundu ya mphesa yaukadaulo: momwe "mungakulire" vinyo wokoma

Mphesa ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino komanso chotchuka cha zipatso. Chifukwa cha kusankha kwakukulu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano monga gwero la mavitamini ndi zakudya, komanso zida zopangira kukonza mawini abwino ndi timadziti tachilengedwe. Sikovuta kupanga vinyo wopangidwa ndi nyumba kuchokera ku zipatso zokulira bwino ndi dzuwa. Mukungoyenera kusankha kalasi yabwino yaukadaulo ndikukula mphesa.

Zojambula zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa

Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa 25,000 ya tebulo ndi mitundu ya mphesa zamatchire zimadulidwa.

Maonekedwe a mphesa za tebulo ndi awa:

1. Zipatso zazikulu, zokongola zautoto, zophatikizidwa m'magulu olemera.
2. Zipatsozi zimakoma mchere, kutsekemera komanso acid, mnofu wowonda.
3. Kukana kwazizira kwa mitundu ya patebulo kumasiyana kuchokera pakatikati mpaka kukwera.
4. Kukaniza matenda ndi tizirombo ndi kwapakatali komanso kwapakatikati.
5. Mitundu ya tebulo imakulidwa makamaka pachikuto.
6. Zipatso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakumwa kwatsopano.

Mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (vinyo) zimakhala ndi zake, kuphatikizapo:

1. Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, tokhala ndi khungu loonda, kowoneka bwino.
2. Magulu amakhala ang'ono komanso akulu.
3. Kutentha kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri kwa chisanu (mpaka -40^ºC), yomwe imakulolani kuti mukule mphesa zonse pachikuto ndi mawonekedwe.
4. Kukana kwambiri ndi matenda a fungal ndi tizirombo.
5. Osadzikuza pochoka.
6. Kuchokera pamitundu yamatekinoloje, zida zopangira zimapezeka kuti apange mawayile ndi vinyo, ma cognac, juisi, zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi. Zipatsozi zimakonzedwanso kukhala zoumba ndi zoumba zoumba.

Mitundu ya mphesa ya Universal imadziwikanso monga gulu lopatula, lomwe limaphatikiza bwino zikhalidwe zoyenera za tebulo ndi mitundu yaukadaulo. Mphesa zoterezi ndizofunikira kwambiri chakudya komanso kukonzedwa.

Beckmes, halva, churchkhela, sorbet, uchi wa mphesa, madzi, kupanikizana, marinade ndi zakudya zina zamtengo wapatali komanso zakudya zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku mphesa. Mphesa zina zamitundu yamitundu zimapangidwa kukhala vinyo. Zinyalala zochokera ku mphesa ndi winemaking zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kuyambira pomwe mowa, enanthic ether, mafuta, viniga, tartaric acid, enotanine, yisiti wazakudya, enokrasy ndi zinthu zina ndi mankhwala amapangidwa.

G.S. Morozova"Viticulture wokhala ndi zoyambira za ampelography", VO "Agropromizdat", Moscow, 1987

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yaukadaulo kuchokera kwa ena onse kumatengedwa kuti ndi shuga wambiri (mpaka 30%) ndi msuzi (70-90% ya kulemera kwa mabulosi amodzi) pazipatso. Nthawi yomweyo, zipatso zamitundu mitundu zimakhala ndi mtundu wina ndi fungo lake.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mphesa, yomwe idapatsa dzinali mitundu yofananira ya mavenda abwino: Chardonnay, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Muscat (Pink, Wakuda, Odessa, Aksaysky), Isabella, Merlot, Aligote, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi, Riesling, Rkatsiteli.

Mafuta okhutira ndi zipatso, omwe amaphatikizidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi kapangidwe kazinthu, kuchuluka kwa zipatso mu gulu ndi kuchuluka kwa chipeso - zonsezi zikuwonetsa mtundu wa vin vinini zamtsogolo. Chofunika kwambiri kuti mupeze zopangira zapamwamba kwambiri ndi:

• mphesa zikukula
• kapangidwe ka nthaka
• kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwachaka.

Kanema: Kulima mphesa zamalonda

Kusamala mosagwiritsa ntchito kumathandiza kukulitsa mitundu ya mphesa za mafakitale m'njira yofikira paminda yayikulu. Nthawi yomweyo kubzala mbande, kulima (feteleza, kuthilira, kulima) ndi kukolola zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopangidwa mwaukadaulo.

Kubzala mbande (nthawi yambiri yogwiritsa ntchito mphesa pakukula) kumathandizira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito makina azolimo

Amadziwikanso ndi mitundu yamavinyo yomwe imapangidwira ulimi wam'makomo, makamaka:

• Alievsky,
• Manych
• Chowawa
• Zelenolugsky Rubin,
• Citron Magaracha.

Tekinoloje yokulira mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana

Mwambiri, ukadaulo wokulira mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana siusiyana ndi kukula mitundu ina.

Kubzala mbande zamphesa

Mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga tebulo, zimakonda dothi lopepuka, lofunda, lotayirira lomwe silimaloledwa kapena pafupi ndi acid reaction (pH 6.5-7.0). Ndikofunikira kuti zidutswa zamiyala ndi mchenga wosweka zikupezeka m'nthaka. Izi zimawapatsa malo monga madzi abwino komanso mpweya wabwino. Zadziwika kuti misuzi ndi viniga kuchokera ku mphesa zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pamiyala yamiyala ya tectonic zimakoma bwino, pomwe mapikidwe ampikisano amawonjezeredwa, kuwonekera bwino komanso kuthekera kwa vinyo kukalamba, ndi msuzi posungira nthawi yayitali kumalimbikitsidwa. Ngakhale zochitika za kukula mphesa pamadimba acidic zimawonetsa kuti ngakhale zinthu zitavuta, mavinidwe apamwamba ndi misuzi amapezeka kuchokera kwa iwo. Poterepa, mawonekedwe a mbewu amatenganso gawo lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya mphesa ya Riesling, Sylvaner ndi Traminer pinki amakonda dothi lomwe lili ndi pH ya 4-5. M'malo okhala acidic, mizu imatenga ma microelements mwachangu, komanso m'nthaka osalowerera kapena poyandikira, ma macroelements.

Madera ofunda amayenera kusungidwa chifukwa cha zipatso zakupsa zakupsa, komanso mphesa zokhala ndi zipatso zambiri za zipatso (tebulo, mphesa zouma zoumba pamodzi), komanso, mphesa zozizira kwambiri zamitundu yoyambirira kucha ndi mitundu yomwe mbewu yake idapangidwira kupanga champagne ndi mphete zowala za tebulo zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga wochepa komanso acidity yayikulu.

G.S. Morozova"Viticulture wokhala ndi zoyambira za ampelography", VO "Agropromizdat", Moscow, 1987

Chiwembu chobzala mphesa chizikhala chathyathyathya kapena malo ocheperako (5-8), owala bwino tsiku lonse. Kuteteza mbewu ku mphepo yozizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mizere ya munda wamtsogolo uziyikidwe, mpanda wokwera kapena mitengo yazipatso ya akulu yopanga khoma losatha.

Masamba a mphesa amafunikira kuyatsa kwabwino tsiku lonse.

Pokhala mbewu yolekerera chilala chochuluka, mphesa sizingalekere dothi lonyowa, loterera komanso la saline. Mukafuna kudziwa malo oti mubzale, mulingo wa madzi oyimilira pansi uyenera kukumbukiridwa - sayenera kukhala osakwana 1.2-1.3 m kuchokera padziko lapansi.

Pobzala, timasankha mbande zapachaka 0,4-0,5 m kutalika ndi masamba asanu mpaka asanu ndi awiri ndi thunthu mulifupi mwake pafupifupi 4-8 mm. Pofesa ndi mizu yotseguka, mizu iyenera kupendedwa mosamala: iyenera kukhala yoyera, yoyera, yopanda makulidwe ndi nkhungu.

Wokonzekera kubzala mbande ayenera kukhala athanzi, popanda kuwonongeka ndipo ali ndi masamba a 5-7 ophukira

Ngati mmera wagulidwa koyambilira, uyenera kubzalidwa mumtsuko wokhala ndi malita awiri kapena asanu (kutengera kukula kwa mizu) ndikusungidwa pamalo otentha (+ 20-25^ºC) mpaka nthawi yakufika pansi. Pakati, nthawi yabwino kwambiri yodzala mphesa m'malo okhazikika m'mundawo ndi kumapeto kwa Meyi - kuyambira Juni, pomwe nthaka imayamba kutentha mpaka + 12-15^ºC. M'madera akumwera, nthawi yobzala mphesa imakhazikitsidwa mwezi umodzi m'mbuyomu, mpaka Epulo-Meyi.

Pali njira zingapo zobzala mbande za mphesa: m'dzenje, pansi pa fosholo, pa mtunda wa dothi. Kutengera nthawi yakubzala komanso dera lomwe mukubzala, njira yoyenera kwambiri imasankhidwa. Alimi aluso, akukonzekera kubzala masika, konzani dzenje mu nthawi ya kugwa, nthawi yake ndi humus kapena kompositi ndikusiya mpaka masika. Ngati palibe zoterezi, ndiye kuti mu nthawi ya masika ndikofunikira kuti muzikumba dzenje pasadakhale, pafupi mwezi umodzi musanabzale mbande.

Ndikofunika kubzala mbande ndi mizu yotseguka kasupe, kuti isanayambike nthawi yophukira chitsamba imakhala ndi mizu komanso kukonzekera nthawi yachisanu

Nthaka pamalowo ikhoza kukhala yopanda chonde, yopanda chonde. Poterepa, m'madzi othirira (ataimirira, ofunda + 20-28^ºC) 20-40 g ya feteleza wophatikizira wa mchere (nitroammofosk, azofosk, nitrophoska) ndi 10-20 g wa ammonium nitrate pa 10 l ya madzi ayenera kuwonjezeredwa.

Kubzala mu masika mmera wokhala ndi mizu yotsekeka (ZKS) kumachitika motere:

1. Pansi pa dzenje lomalizidwa muyenera kudzaza zidebe ziwiri zazing'ono (5-12mm) ruble, miyala kapena miyala yotulutsira madzi.
   

   Dambo losemphana ndi mwala lomwe lidzaphwanyidwe limateteza muzu wa chitsamba kuti usasanduke madzi

2. Dothi losakaniza labwino limakonzedwa pasadakhale: zitini ziwiri za phulusa la nkhuni, zidebe ziwiri za humus kapena kompositi, ndowa 1 yamchenga ndi zidebe ziwiri za turf (munda) lapansi; kwathunthu, zidebe 4-5 za osakaniza ziyenera kupezedwa.
3. Hafu ya dothi lokonzedwayo iyenera kuthiridwa pamwamba pa ngalande, mtunda wawung'ono uyenera kupangidwa pakati pa dzenjelo, ndipo mmera ubzalidwe, mutabzalidwa kale. Mizu ya mmera uyenera kukhala pamalo akuya pafupifupi 0.45 m kuchokera pansi.
   

   Mmera uyenera kutulutsidwa mosamala muchotsekeracho, ndikutembenuzira kumpoto, ndikuyika chophatikizira kumtunda kwa dzenje
4. Kuti zitheke kuthirira komanso kuvala pamwamba, payipi yoyikira imayikidwa pafupi ndi mmera (chubu la pulasitiki lomwe mulifupi mwake 8-10 mm lomwe lili ndi mafuta osalala). Mukadzaza dzenjelo, chitolirochi chimayenera kudulidwa kutalika kwa 10 cm kuchokera pansi.
   

   Thumba la pulasitiki 60-70 cm mulitali mulifupi mwake komanso mabowo opakidwa pansi amaikika pafupi ndi mmera

5. Kenako mmera umathiriridwa ndi madzi ofunda, osakhazikika ndipo utatha kuthilira madziwo, umakutidwa ndi nthaka yotsala mpaka 1/2 kutalika kwa mmera.
6. Dothi lozungulira tchireli limayalidwa ndi humus kapena peat, udzu wouma.
   

   Ntchito yobzala ikamalizidwa, kusunga chinyontho ndi kupulumuka mu mizu yabwino, dothi lozungulira chitsamba limakutidwa ndi mulch

7. Mu nthawi yophukira, dzenje lokhala ndi mbewa yaing'ono lifunika kudzazidwa pamwamba ndikapangira mulunda pamwamba pa chitsamba 20-30 cm

Vidiyo: Kubzala mbande za mphesa poyera

Mitundu ya mphesa yaukadaulo, imakhudza dothi lomwe limakutidwa pakati pa mizere tchire. Mutha kuyiyika ndi udzu wouma, kompositi kapena kubzala manyowa obiriwira. Koma alimi odziwa ntchito amalimbikitsa kuphimba dothi pakati pamizeremizere ndi chimango cholowera, chomwe chingakhale chowongolera chabwino komanso chosunga kutentha. Izi zitha kuteteza nthaka kuti isakokoloke, komanso iteteza madzi amvula kugwa ndi kutuluka kwa madzi ake. Chifukwa chake, malo abwino kwambiri ophukira ndi kutalika kwa mphesa amapangidwa.

Kudyetsa ndi kuthirira mphesa

Pakakulima mphesa zamitundu yamitundu, chokhazikika komanso chamtundu woyenera chitha kupezeka pokhapokha malamulo onse aukadaulo azamalonda azisamalidwa, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi kuvala kwapamwamba pazigawo zina za chitukuko cha mbewu. Feteleza wamkulu umayikidwa mu dzenje lobzala kamodzi kasupe kapenanso kugwa, kutengera nthawi yakubzala. Mutabzala kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, mbande safuna feteleza.

Tchire la mphesa zachikale zimaphatikizidwa ndi manyowa (manyowa, humus, kompositi) kamodzi pakatha zaka zitatu kapena zinayi, 3-4 kg / m^² (pamadothi osauka - 6-8 kg / m^²) Zosavuta (ammonium nitrate, urea, superphosphate, mchere wam potaziyamu) ndi feteleza wovuta (nitrophoska, azofoska, ammofoska, nitroammofoska) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wa mchere.

Chapakatikati, feteleza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe amadzimadzi amakhala bwino odziwika, pakugwa - mu granular kapena mawonekedwe a ufa.

Malinga ndi njira yobweretsera michere kumagawo osiyanasiyana a chomera, kuvala pamwamba kumagawika mizu ndi foliar. Mizu imalowetsedwa m'nthaka pansi pa tchire, masamba - mwa kupopera masamba a mphesa.

Mukamasamalira zitsamba zamphesa, zimadyetsedwa pansi pamizu kanayi pakulima:

1. Chapakatikati (masabata awiri isanafike maluwa) - urea, superphosphate ndi mchere wa potaziyamu. Kuchuluka kwa feteleza komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadalira mphesa komanso kukula kwa mbewu ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi malangizo. Feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, phosphoric - pouma.
   

   Urea ikhoza kulowa m'malo mwa ammonium nitrate.

2. Pambuyo pa maluwa, zipatsozo zikafika kukula kwa peyala yaying'ono, kuvala pamwamba kumabwerezedwanso ndi mawonekedwe omwewo, koma gawo la gawo la nayitrogeni limadulidwa.
3. Mu Juni-Julayi, munthawi yakudzaza ndi kucha, kuvala pamwamba kumachitika kokha pogwiritsa ntchito superphosphate ndi mchere wa potaziyamu, mankhwala a nayitrogeni samayikidwa.
4. Mukakolola, mu Seputembara-Okutobala, nthawi yakwana yoti idye yomaliza. Pakadali pano, chitsamba cha mphesa chimayenera kupatsidwa nayitrogeni mu mawonekedwe a organic kanthu (humus kapena kompositi) ndi feteleza wa mchere monga gawo la superphosphate, phulusa la nkhuni ndi ammonium sulfate. Zida zonse za umuna zimapezedwa m'nthaka pakati pa tchire kuti kukumba kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti mbewu zimalandira chakudya chambiri m'nyengo yozizira, kuuma kwawo kwa dzinja kumawonjezeka, mpesa umacha bwino.

Vidiyo: kuthira feteleza ndi kuthira manyowa

Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambilira kwa nyengo yophukira, mutakolola, ndikofunika kwambiri kuchiritsa zitsamba za mphesa ndizophatikiza ndi mchere womwe uli ndi zinthu zazitali (MicroMix Universal, Polydon Iodine) molingana ndi malangizo.

Kudyetsa mphesa mwachangu kumayendetsa maluwa, kumakuthandizani kuti muzimva zipatso zambiri zam'mimba ndikupititsa patsogolo zipatso, kukoma kwawo ndi shuga, kuwonjezera zipatso kuchokera ku chitsamba. Nthawi yovala zovala zapamwamba, komanso muzu, zimatengera nthawi yomwe mbewu ikukula. Kumwaza kumachitika sabata asanadutse, masabata awiri mutayamba maluwa ndi masabata atatu asanakolole. Pakudya kwamtunduwu, gwiritsani ntchito kulowetsedwa kwa phulusa la nkhuni kapena kukonzekera kwanu:

• Chomera
• Kemira
• Novofert,
• Mphunzitsi

Kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino, muyenera kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala aliwonse.

Nyengo yabwino kwambiri yopezetsa mphesa imadziwika kuti ndi tsiku lamitambo lotentha pafupifupi 20^ºC (osatsika ndi 15 komanso osapitirira 25 digiri).

Kanema: Mphesa yapamwamba yovala bwino

Mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizolekerera pachilala komanso mosasamala mu chikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, kuthirira tchire, amenenso ndi gawo la kukula, kumachitika ndikofunikira, poganizira kuchuluka kwa mvula yachilengedwe. M'chaka choyamba mutabzala m'malo okhazikika, mmera umafunikira kuthirira kamodzi pa sabata. Zikatentha nyengo yotentha, kuthirira kumaloledwa tsiku lililonse kapena tsiku lililonse.

Pambuyo pake, pogwira ntchito yosamalira mphesa, kuthirira kumaphatikizidwa, ngati kuli kotheka, ndikovala pamwamba, madzi am'madzi pachitsamba chimodzi ndi zidebe zisanu ndi chimodzi (40-60 l). Simungathe kuthirira tchire nthawi ya masika nthawi yamaluwa; chilimwe, kuthirira kumayimitsidwa masabata awiri kapena atatu zipatso zisanapere.

Kuti zitheke bwino mpesa ndi kutseguka kwa mizu mu kugwa masamba atagwa kubala kuthirira komaliza (chanyontho). Itha kukula kwambiri nthawi yozizira ku thengo.

Vidiyo: thirirani mphesa molondola

Kudulira

Kuchepetsa mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yophimba komanso zosaphimba mbewu zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi. Mulimonsemo, mphukira imayenera kudulidwa panthawi yanyengo yazomera, mbewu isanayambe. Kwa mitundu yopanda kuphimba maluso ndi kutentha kwambiri chisanu, tchire limadula nthawi yophukira-nyengo yachisanu, patadutsa masiku 15 mpaka 20 masamba atagwa, ndikupitilira nthawi yonse yozizira (masiku opanda chisanu) mpaka masamba atatseguka masika. Kuchepetsa kumene kumapangidwira kukuchepetsa kutentha pang'onopang'ono madigiri asanu.

Kuphimba mitundu ya mphesa, kudulira kumachitika m'magawo awiri:

• zoyambilira (nthawi yophukira) - isanayambike nyengo yozizira komanso pogona la chisanu. Kudulira kumachitika pa mtengo wakucha kuti apange maulalo atsopano.
• chachikulu (kasupe) - mutatsegula tchire kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, masamba asanatseguke.Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa zipatso (maso) okhazikika ndi kutsimikiza ndipo chitsamba chofunikira chimakhazikitsidwa. Pakudulira masika, mphukira zonse zowonongeka, zosalimba ndi zonenepa, mikono yayitali yopanda zipatso za mpesa imachotsedwa.

Katundu wazitsamba ndi mphukira (maso) ndi kuchuluka kwa zipatso zomwe zimatsalira pachitsamba mutadulira. Imapereka zokolola zambiri popanda kuchepetsa mphamvu za tchire pazaka zotsatira.

Pali njira zotsatirazi zokonzera: zazifupi, mpaka maso 4 - pamaselo amfumu, kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe a cordon, mfundo zophatikizira; pafupifupi, mpaka 7-8 maso - akamadulira mipesa yazipatso zamitundu yambiri pamtunda wokutira; Kutalika, kuyambira maso 9 mpaka 14 - pamitundu yamphamvu ndi chikhalidwe cha gazebo. M'malo ambiri a viticulture, kudulira kosakanikirana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito - kochepa komanso kwapakatikati

A.Yu. Rakitin "Kukula zipatso. Makhonsolo agolide a Timiryazev Academy." Lik Press Publishing House, Moscow, 2001

Mitundu ya mphesa yaukadaulo, pali njira yovomerezeka yomwe ingatsimikizidwe kutalika kwake kwa kudulira kwa mpesa pamalo oyandikira kulima:

• mpaka 4-5 maso - ofowoka ofooka ndi awiri of 5-6 mm;
• kuyambira 8 mpaka 10 ocelli - mitundu yoyambirira (mitundu ya Aligote, mitundu ya Muscat);
• kuyambira 2 mpaka 14 ocelli - mitundu yapakati komanso mochedwa (Cabernet Sauvignon, Traminer, mitundu yoyera ya Muscat).

Kanema: Njira yodulira mphesa

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphesa pamatenda ndi tizirombo

Popeza mitundu ya mitundu, mitundu yonse yaukadaulo yolimbana ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga titha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

• mokhazikika;
• mitundu yokhala ndi kukana kwapakatikati;
• osakhazikika kwa matenda oyamba ndi fungal ndi phylloxera.

Gulu loyambalo limaphatikizapo mitundu, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi chisanu chambiri, chomwe chimalimidwa bwino kumadera akumpoto ndi kotentha pakati. Awa ndi Crystal, Platovsky, Ruby, Azos, Stanichny. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yomwe Zelenoluchsky Rubin, Stremenny, Cabernet Sauvignon amatenga matenda a fungus, ndipo Platovsky, Cabernet AZOS, Krasnostop AZOS, Mphatso ya Magarach ndi yololera ku phylloxera. Mphesa za mitundu iyi m'mikhalidwe yomwe ikukula bwino popewa kuthana ndi matenda a fungicides. Kupopera kamodzi kapena kawiri kumapangidwa nthawi yakula.

Pakukonzekera bwino gwiritsani ntchito kukonzekera komwe Kemira anakonzera, Fitosporin ndi kuwonjezera kwa Zircon, komanso yankho la potaziyamu permanganate. Kumayambiriro kasupe, ndikofunikira kupopera tchire ndi msanganizo wa 3% Bordeaux (300 g ya osakaniza pamalita 10 amadzi) kapena 5% yankho la iron sulfate (500 g pa 10 malita a madzi).

Kanema: Nthawi yokonza mphesa kuchokera ku matenda a fungus

Mphesa zamtundu wa sing'anga komanso zofowoka zosagwirizana ndi bowa zimayenera kuthandizidwa ndi fungicides nthawi zonse za chitukuko. Pakukwapula tchire, njira zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa ntchito yokonza: Ridomil Golide, Champion, Quadris 250, Acrobat, Sumylex. Malinga ndi malamulo a ukadaulo waulimi, kukonza mphesa kumachitidwa kasanu pa nyengo:

• mukatsegula tchire kumayambiriro kwa masika;
• ndi kutseguka kwa impso ndi kumayambiriro kwa masamba;
• musanafike maluwa (masiku 7-10);
• pambuyo maluwa (masiku 20-30 asanakolole);
• ikadzaza nthawi yophukira ya mpesa isanapezeke nyengo yachisanu.

Posankha ndende ya fungution yothetsera kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, zofunika za malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ziyenera kuonedwa mosamalitsa. Kusunthira nyengo yachete, m'mawa kapena madzulo, kusunga malamulo otetezeka (magalasi oteteza chitetezo, magolovesi, zovala zazifupi zamanja).

Kanema: Kuteteza munda wamphesa ku matenda

Tizilombo tomwe timakhudza kwambiri mphesa timaphatikizira nsabwe za mphesa - phylloxera, kangaude ndi nthata za mphesa, komanso agulugufe agulugufe (mphesa ndi gulu). Tchire lamphamvu komanso lokonzekera bwino sizikhudzidwa ndi tizirombo. Chinsinsi cha kukana bwino kwa iwo ndikudula dothi nthawi zonse pamsongole, kuvala pamwamba komanso kuthilira, mpweya wabwino wa tchire, komanso kuthana ndi tizilombo komwe kumayambira mu mitundu ya mphesa.

Kanema: phylloxera - aphid mphesa

Kuwononga phylloxera pochiza tchire mobwerezabwereza kapena ndi Aktellik ndi Kinmiks njira zoteteza. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwamphamvu kwa munda ndi nsabwe za m'minda, zitsamba zimadulidwa pansi pa muzu ndikuwotchedwa. Ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono monga "mankhwala wowerengeka" parsley yofesedwa m'mbali mwa munda wamphesa ndi ma timipata, fungo lomwe limasokoneza nsabwe za m'masamba.

Pofuna kuthana ndi nkhupakupa, mankhwala opangira tizilomboto Tiovit Jet, Phosphamide ndi yankho la 2% la sulufule ya 200 koliforamu (200 g ya sulufule mu malita 10 amadzi). Ntchito yotetezedwa bwino imaperekedwa ndi oyang'anira tizilombo toononga tizirombo - Actofit, Haupsin, Fitoverm. Leafworms amawonongeka chifukwa chothira mphesa ndi mankhwala a Arrivo, Fastak, Fufanon, Karbofos, Aktara. Ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mbozi zam'mera, zotsatira zabwino ndi chithandizo cha mphukira ndi zochita za Bitoxibacillin.

Vidiyo: kukonza mphesa zochokera ku mphesa (kuyabwa)

Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya mphesa

Zomwe zimafunikira posankha digiri yaukadaulo ndiyo nthawi yakucha zipatso, zipatso zambiri, kukana matenda oyamba ndi fungus, gawo lokwanira la chisanu. Mu nyengo yam'malo apakati, kumpoto kumpoto, ku Urals ndi Siberia, ndikofunikira kulima zipatso zam'mphesa zoyambirira. Kucha koyambirira kumalola chipatsocho kuti chisonkhanitse shuga wambiri nyengo isanathe, ndipo mpesa - kukhwima kwathunthu ndikukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Kumagawo akum'mwera, pakati, mochedwa komanso mochedwa mitundu imalimidwa, yomwe imawonongeka ndi chisanu ndipo imafunikira kutentha kwakukulu (ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa madigiri oposa 3000).

Kanema: Mitundu ya mphesa zavinyo yabwino kwambiri

Mitundu ya mphesa zoyambirira

Mwa zigawo za kumpoto kwa viticulture, chamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi mitundu yokhala ndi nyengo yochepa, ikuphukira kwa zipatso ndi kuthamanga chisanu:

• Aligote,
• Bianca
• Mitundu yakuda ndi yapinki
• Crystal
• Riddle of Sharov,
• Platovsky,
• Mphatso ya Magarach,
• Rkatsiteli Magaracha ndi ena angapo.

Mitundu yabwino kwambiri imawerengedwa m'malo opatsidwa.

Ngati winemaking ndi gawo lakufunika kwamaluwa achilengedwe m'deralo, ndiye kuti mitundu ya mphesa yolingana ndi mtundu wawo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga vin.

Kanema: Chinsinsi cha mphesa cha Sharov

Gome: mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a mamembala oyambirira aukadaulo

* Zosiyanasiyana zimalimbikitsidwa ndi State Record of Kukula Zinthu Zomwe Zivomerezedwa Kuti Zigwiritsidwe Ntchito Kukula Pachuma cha Pakhomo.

Kanema: Mphesa za Plogsky zosiyanasiyana

Zithunzi Zazithunzi: Mitundu ya mphesa zam'mphepete zoyambirira

Mphesa mitundu

Mitundu yaukadaulo yamapeto imadziwika ndi nthawi yayitali yakucha (kuyambira masiku 135 mpaka 160), yomwe imakulolani kukolola kumapeto kwa Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Mikhalidwe yotereyi imapangidwa ndi nyengo yam'mwera yakum'mwera yotentha kwambiri. Kwenikweni, mphesa zimabadwa mu chikhalidwe chosaphimba. Pambuyo pake mitundu imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu winemaking.

Gome: Zolemba ndi mawonekedwe a mamaliza maukadaulo aukadaulo

* Zosiyanasiyana zalimbikitsidwa ndi State Record of Breeding Achievements zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pakukula mu Chuma cha Pakhomo.

Zojambulajambula: Mitundu ya mphesa zakumwa mochedwa

Kanema: Mphesa za Aliberna zosiyanasiyana

Vinyo wamphesa wopangidwa tokha, wopangidwa ndi manja anu kuchokera ku zipatso zomwe mumakonda dzuwa - zomwe zingakhale zokongola komanso zosangalatsa! Pali mitundu yambiri yamawonekedwe odabwitsa ochokera kwa wokondedwa wa Cabernet Sauvignon, Isabella, Merlot, Aligote, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Muscat. Kodi mwalawa vinyo wosakanizika? Mtundu uliwonse wa vinyo uli ndi zabwino zake komanso zovuta zake: imodzi imakhala ndi kukoma kosazolowereka, koma shuga wochepa, inayo, M'malo mwake, imakhala ndi shuga wambiri, ndipo kukoma kwake ndikosavuta. Ndikufuna kugawana zokumbukira zaunyamata wanga pamene agogo anga amapanga vinyo wosakanikirana. Anali ndi maphikidwe ambiri, komanso mitundu ya mphesa, koma panali imodzi, yokondedwa kwambiri. Zomwe zimatha kuledzera popanda kudumphadumpha, ndipo pamadyerero "adathawa" choyambirira. Panyengo yophukira, mphesa za Saperavi zidakhazikika kale kuposa wina aliyense pachimacho - agogo ake adamupatsa "Georgians". Sindimamukonda - wowawasa kwambiri komanso wopanda pake. Kumapeto kwa Seputembala zipatso za Saperavi zitatulutsa utoto wokongola kwambiri wa buluu, agogo akewo adadula matchuniwo pachikuni, atawotcha pang'ono ndi madzi ndikuwayika "pofinyira" - poto wawukulu. Zipatsozo zidaphwanyika ndi pusher wamkulu wamatabwa - "bastard", momwe agogo anga ankazitchulira. Ataponda mphesa, shuga pang'ono adawonjezeredwa ndikutsikira, zotsatira zake zidakutidwa ndi kansalu ndikukhazikika kukhitchini, m'malo otentha kwambiri mnyumbamo. Ali komweko anayimirira kwa masiku angapo. Agogo anga anasakaniza gruel m'mawa ndi madzulo, mpaka idayamba kuwira ndikukwera pamwamba pa mbale. Pinki pinki lidawoneka pang'onopang'ono pamtondo, ndipo nyama yowawasa idanunkhidwa kukhitchini. Pambuyo pake, zamkati, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zamkati za opanga zopakasa, zidasefa ndikusefa kudzera mu sizi. Shuga adawonjezeredwa ndi mafuta opepuka a pinki, adathiridwa mu botolo lalikulu, ndipo mawonekedwe a rabara adayikidwa pamwamba pa khosi. Pambuyo pa sabata, magolovu ali pabotolo amawoneka ngati dzanja la munthu - anali atatupa kuchokera ku yisiti yamphesa yosapsa. Agogo anawonjezera shuga mumadzi owondedwedwa katatu ndikuwabwezeretsanso botolo. Patadutsa mwezi, ndipo tsiku limodzi labwino lidatsika, adagwa, nkulankhula, agogo nati: "Zachitika!" Madzi opaka a pinki osasinthika anali amasefedwa kuchokera ku mpweya wabwino ndikutsukidwa kwa mwezi umodzi m'chipinda chozizira kuti athetse ndikumveketsa. Pomwe agogo anga anali kupanga vinyo kuchokera kwa Saperavi, patatha sabata limodzi mphesa za Opiana zakuda - zomwe ndimakonda, ndi zipatso za zipatso, zokoma za mtundu wakuda kwambiri, pafupifupi wakuda. Ndinkakonda kwambiri msuzi watsopano watsopano wamphesa uwu, wokoma kwambiri, wopepuka wa muscat. Zipatso za Black Opiana zidadutsa chimodzimodzi ndi Saperavi. Sabata - masiku khumi atatha opiana, agogo ake anali akututa mitundu yake yatsopano m'munda wake wamphesa - Odessa Black. Ndinkakondanso izi mosiyanasiyana ndi kununkhira kwachilendo kwa zipatso - zimafanana kwambiri ndi kukoma kwamatcheri. Pamene vinyo wachinyamata anali wokonzeka kuchokera ku Odessa wakuda, komanso kuchokera ku mitundu yam'mbuyomo, kale inali yakuwala kale pabwalo. Agogo aamuna amatulutsa mabotolo onse a vinyo kuchokera m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba ndipo ufiti weniweni unayamba. Anatenga pang'ono vinyo aliyense ndikusakaniza iwo mwanjira inayake. Ndinayesa, ndinapukusa mutu posakwiya ndikuphatikizanso. "Kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa Odessa ndi Black Opiana sikuyenera kubisa kuwawa kwa Saperavi, koma kuyenera kuphatikizika mogwirizana. Kotero kuti mavinyo sangasokonezedwe, koma amalumikizana ndi kukoma wina ndi mnzake," agogo anga ankakonda kunena. Ntchito yophatikiza itamalizidwa, vinyo waluso adamalizidwa adatsanuliridwa m'mabotolo agalasi ndikuwotumiza kumalo osungirako nyumba kuti akakhwime komaliza ndi kukongoletsa. Pa Chaka Chatsopano, "zakumwa za milungu" zomalizidwa zidatumizidwa patebulo.Kuphatikizika ndi kukoma kosayerekezeka, mauka owuma kwambiri a ma plums ndi ma cherries adatsanulidwa ndi mafuta osakhwima, ndipo mtundu wowala wa vinyo wopangika unapangitsa chisangalalo chosangalatsa.

Maukadaulo amitundu ya mphesa ku Ukraine

Popeza kupezeka kwa nyengo zosiyanasiyana za dera la Ukraine, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mphesa yomwe tafotokozayi ndi yoyenera kukula m'deralo m'dera linalake. Kumpoto kwa Ukraine, mitundu yosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu yobzala mwachangu iyenera kubzalidwa, pakati ndi kum'mwera, mitundu yapakati komanso mochedwa, mchikhalidwe chophimba.

Mitundu ya mphesa za Chardonnay ndi Riesling Rhine, ndiyotero, yapakatikati komanso yapakatikati mitundu. Mtundu uliwonse wamabulosi uli ndi mtundu wake wamitundu mitundu ndi chipatso chofewa kwambiri. Mitundu yonseyi imakhala yogonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, kupilira kuzizira mpaka -18-20^ºC, koma nthawi yozizira amafunika pogona. Mphesa zimatha kutenga matenda oyamba ndi fungus (makamaka oidium), motero, zimafunikira chithandizo chokhazikika kuchokera kumatenda ndi tizirombo. Popaka winem, mitundu ya Riesling Rhine ndi Chardonnay amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga vin yoyera yoyera.

Kanema: Mitundu ya Riesling Rhine ndi Chardonnay

Mphesa wamtundu wa thermophilic unachokera ku France, koma unakhazikitsidwa kalekale m'minda yamphesa kumwera kwa Ukraine. Zipatso zakuda za buluu zakuda zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kosakhazikika ndi kununkhira koyambirira kwa nightshade. Madzi omveka bwino a mphesayi amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tebulo ndi vin zina zofiira.

Kanema: Mitundu yavinyo ya Merlot

Isabella wakale wakale amatengedwa ngati "mtundu wa mtundu." Mwinanso, kulibe dziko lotere kapena chiwembu chawekha, kumpoto kapena Kumwera, kumene mphesa zakuda zamtambo, zodziwika bwino kwa ambiri, zomwe zili ndi chipatso chachilendo cha sitiroberi yamtchire sizimera. Isabella nthawi zina amasokonezedwa ndi mphesa za Lydia, komanso vinyo, koma ndi zipatso za burgundy. Ulimi wosaphimbira, wophatikizidwa ndi kuuma kwambiri kwa dzinja komanso kukana matenda, umalola kugwiritsa ntchito mphesa za Isabella pokongoletsa ma arbor, zipilala komanso kukongoletsa makoma a nyumba. Kusamalira mosasamala komanso kuthekera kopanga vinyo wabwino wopangidwa ndi zipatso kuchokera ku zipatso kumapangitsa kuti ngakhale wamalonda wa novice azibzala mitundu iyi ndikupeza zipatso zabwino zonunkhira.

Kanema: Mphesa za Isabella

Ndemanga za omwe amapanga vinyo

Riesling Rhine. Ndili ndi ma tchire awiri okha pakadali pano, ndimakayikira ngati zitha kucha. Chaka chino chinali chipatso choyambirira, shuga msinkhu wa 23,8, koma sindiganizira kwambiri izi chizindikiro - chaka chabwino, katundu wochepa. Sindikukonzekera kuchita zochuluka mtsogolo, makilogalamu awiri kuchokera pachitsamba, timenyera ufulu wa vinyo. Zakudya za shuga zamtunduwu zimatha kukhala 16 mpaka 40 brix (izi ndizofunika kutuluka pofinyira mphesa za ayisikilimu pa ayisikilimu). Monga momwe Valuyko amalembera m'buku la "Mphesa Zamphesa," zonunkhira zabwino zimawonedwa mu mitundu ya Riesling yokhala ndi shuga wokhala ndi 17%, koma zowona zimapezeka kuti zonunkhira zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ndi mphesa zomwe zimachedwa, i.e. ndi shuga wambiri. Kuti mupeze vinyo wabwino kuchokera pamitundu iyi, ndikokwanira kukhala ndi shuga pafupi 17 ndi pamwambapa. Ku Germany, amapanga mabotolo abwino kwambiri okhala ndi mowa wambiri mpaka 9%, pomwe vinyo amakhala wokwanira, onunkhira, nthawi zina wokhala ndi shuga yotsalira, m'malingaliro athu amakhala owuma.

Prikhodko Alexander, Kiev//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=1925

Moni nonse kuchokera ku Magnitogorsk. Zaka 8 zapitazo, mudabzala ma Alpha oyamba (odulidwa mwangozi adagwa m'manja). Zipatso zaka 5. Nthawi zonse imacha. Pa icho ndinaphunzira kudula, mawonekedwe. Tsopano popanda pobisalira mu gazebo. Pinki nutmeg iyenera kuyamba kubereka chaka chino, ngakhale chitsamba chili ndi zaka pafupifupi 5, koma chinayenera kusinthidwa kupita kumalo ena mchaka cha 3. Pa Alfa kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, adalandira Aleshenkin m'njira zitatu - ndi chishango, podula komanso pogawanika. Pasoka adapita kale pang'ono. Ndinaganiza zongoyesa, ndipo chifukwa chosungira malo - chifukwa, Alfa ndiye woyamba, ndipo amatenga malo abwino kwambiri - ndidaganiza zoyamba kuyesera. Malo paphiripo, otsetsereka pang'ono kumwera, kumwera chakumadzulo. Ndimaona momwe zinthu zilili kudera lathu.

Vic, Magnitogorsk//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=62&page=5

Kututa Aligote anasangalala. Dulani pa Okutobala 1. Pafupifupi, kuchokera kutchire la 4th zamasamba, 7,7 kg adapezeka. Zomera sizigwirizana. Pa mphukira zina ngakhale masamba 4 anali omangidwa, pomwe kucha kwa mphesa ndi mipesa kunali kwabwino kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yamdzuwa, pakuwunikira kwawotcha, kunalibe chowotcha, matani ndi shuga okha ndiwo anali kuwonjezeredwa. Nyengo yake inali yabwino kwambiri.

Victornd, Kharkov//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=4830&page=3

Bianca Zosiyanasiyana ndizabwino. Ndimakulira pafupifupi zaka 8 mu fomu ya arbor ndipo ndikuganiza kuti mawonekedwe awa ndi abwino kwambiri kwa iye. Zochulukitsa zimakhala zapamwamba, zokhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, chaka chatha ndidatenga ma kilo 18-20 ku chitsamba cholimba kwambiri. Chaka chino adamuwonjezera kwambiri, ndikukhulupirira kuti atenga zochulukirapo - mitundu yosakhazikika pang'onopang'ono pafupifupi katundu wonse, ndimangoyambitsa mphukira "zakufa" kwambiri ndi inflorescence. Magulu amakhala makamaka kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 200 g. Pa mphukira, kutengera mphamvu yakukula kwake, ndimachoka pamipanda iwiri mpaka itatu (i.e. pafupifupi kapena pafupifupi). Kusakhazikika kovuta ndikokwera, m'malo anga mu Julayi-Ogasiti nthawi zina m'malo ena kumakhala kofinyira pang'ono. Zipatso sizikhudzidwa ndi chilichonse. Vinyo wapamwamba kwambiri wa Bianchi ndi msuzi. M'mikhalidwe ya "kuthengo" nayonso mphamvu, mafuta a semisweet opepuka omwe amakhala ndi matanthwe ofewa amapezeka. Zosiyanasiyana sizikhala zamavuto (Ndikukumbutsani: Ndilembera zofunikira zanga).

Poskonin Vladimir Vladimirovich, Krasnodar//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=4351

Kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa zaukadaulo, aliyense wamaluwa wamtchire amasankha imodzi yomwe ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe amakonda. Vinyo wapadera wopangidwa tokha, fungo lonunkhira bwino ndi mphesa zouma, mphesa zouma, churchkhela - iyi si mndandanda wathunthu wazovuta, zomwe zingathe kukonzedwa kuchokera ku mphesa zanu.