Chuma chilichonse, kaya ndi kanyumba kapenanso nyumba ya anthu, ipatsidwe madzi. Popanda chinyezi chopatsa moyo, iwo sangathe kukula, kusangalatsa diso ndi maluwa opepuka, ndipo palibe mbewu zobzalidwa zomwe zingabale chipatso kwathunthu. Chitsime chopangira chokha chokha, ngakhale chikuwoneka kuti ndi chabwino, njirayi ndi yotheka kutulutsa madzi, omwe angathe kuchitika mwaokha osagwiritsa ntchito zida zokumba zazitali. Pali njira zingapo zobowoleza zomwe ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo sizimakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamtengo wapatali komanso kuyesetsa kwakukulu.
Zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yam'madzi
Kupanga kwamadzi kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana. Mitundu yayikulu ya zitsime zamadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa chinyezi chopatsa moyo:
- Kapangidwe ka chitsime, kamene pakakhala kasupe wabwino, kamadzaza msanga ndipo, kukhala kasungidwe kabwino kwambiri ka madzi, kamatha kupitirira ma 2 mamilimita a madzi;
- Chosefera bwino pamchenga, womwe ndi chitoliro d = 100 mm, womizidwa ndi kanga kuya kuya kwa 20-30 mita. Mphero yopanda zitsulo imakhazikika kumapeto kwenikweni kwa chitolirocho, chomwe chimachita ngati kusefa ngati kumizidwa mu mchenga wouma. Kuzama kwa chitsime ndi 10-50 metres, moyo wautumiki ndi zaka 5-15.
- Chitsulo chopanda zojambulajambula chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutunga madzi m'miyala yamiyala yamiyala yamiyala. Kuzama kwa chimbudzi ndi 20-100 metres, moyo wautumiki ndi pafupifupi zaka 50.
Kuya kwenikweni kwa chitsime sikungadziwike kale. Mwabwino, uwu ndi madzi ozama, monga chitsime chomwecho choyimbidwa m'malo oyandikana nawo, kapena chitsime chopezeka pafupi. Popeza kupatuka ndikotheka chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi malo okhala dothi, mapaipi osungira amayenera kugulidwa potengera magawo am'madzi omwe amapezeka kale pamalopo, koma poganizira kusintha pang'ono.
Kapangidwe ka kasupe wamadzi ndi mtundu wa chitsime chopapatiza
Moyo wa zitsime mwachindunji umatengera kulimba kwa magwiritsidwe: pamene mawonekedwewo akagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, amakhalapo nthawi yayitali
Manja kubowola bwino
Kuti agwire ntchitoyi, pobowola palokha, nsanja yobowola, chopondera, ndodo ndi mapaipi opopera amafunika. Chipilala chobowola ndichofunikira mukakumba chitsime chakuya, mothandizidwa ndi mapangidwe ake, kubowoleza kumamizidwa ndikukula ndi ndodo.
Njira yosavuta yoyendetsera kuchimba chitsime chamadzi ndi chitsime chosinthika, chomwe chimachitika mwa kuzungulira pobowola
Mukakumba zitsime zosaya, chingwe chochita kubowola chitha kufikira pamanja, ndikugawa kwathunthu ndi nsanja. Zingwe za kubowola zimatha kupangidwa ndi mapaipi, zopangidwa zimalumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito dowel kapena ulusi. Bar yotsika kwambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi kubowola.
Kudula nozzles kumapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha 3 mm. Mukakulitsa m'mbali mwa mphuno, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti m'mene makina oboolerawo azungulira, ayenera kudula dothi mozungulira.
Tekinoloje ya kubowola, yodziwika ndi eni nyumba ambiri, imagwiranso ntchito poika chitsime pansi pa madzi
Nsanjayi imayikidwa pamwamba pa malo okuboolera, kutalika kwake kuyenera kupitilira kutalika kwa ndodo yokhomerera kuti izithandizira kuchotsa ndodo mukakweza. Kenako, chiwongolero chowongolera chimakokedwa mu fosholo ziwiri za bayonet. Kutembenuka koyamba kwa kubowoza kumatha kuchitidwa ndi munthu m'modzi, koma chitoliro chitamira, thandizo lina likufunika. Ngati kubowola sikukoka koyamba, mutembenukire kumbali ndikuyesanso.
Pamene kubowoleza kumakulirakulira, kuzungulira kwa chitoliriko kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Kutsogolera ntchitoyi, kufewetsa nthaka ndi madzi kungathandize. Pobowola pansi, theka lililonse la mita, pobowolerayo liyenera kubweretsedwa pansi ndi kumasulidwa pansi. Kuzungulira kwa kubowola kumabwerezedwanso. Pa gawo pomwe chogwirira chidacho chikufanana ndi nthaka, kapangidwe kake kamakulitsidwa ndi chowongolera chowonjezera.
Popeza kukweza ndi kuyeretsa kubowoleza kumatenga gawo lalikulu la nthawiyo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso kwambiri mwakugwira ndi kuchotsa gawo lalitali kwambiri la dothi pansi.
Mukamagwira dothi lachiguduli, mapaipi oyikira ayenera kumaikiridwamo pachitsime, osalola kuti nthaka ichotse kuchokera kumakoma a dzenjelo ndikudzaza chitsime
Kubowola kumapitirirabe mpaka kulowa m'madzi, komwe kumatsimikizika mosavuta ndi malo omwe nthaka ikuchotsedwa. Kudutsa chinsalu, kubowola kumadzamira kwambiri mpaka kukafika pathanthwe losagwira madzi pafupi ndi chimbalangondo. Kumiza kumlingo wosaloledwa ndi madzi kumawonetsetsa kuti madzi azilowa pachitsime. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kubowola kwamanja kumangoyendetsa madzi am'madzi oyambira pomwe akuya, osazama kuposa mita 10 mpaka 20.
Pakupopera madzi akuda, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito pampu ya dzanja kapena pampu yopopera. Pakadutsa ndowa ziwiri kapena zitatu zamadzi am'madzi, nyanjayo imatsukidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri madzi amawoneka. Ngati izi sizinachitike, chitsimecho chiyenera kuzamitsidwa china mita 1.5.
Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito ntchito yolemba kukumba, kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito pobowola ndi pampu yama hydraulic:
Rogwe Chingwe Chowopsa
Chinsinsi cha njirayi, momwe mungapangire madzi bwino ndi manja anu, ndikuti mwala umasweka mothandizidwa ndi galasi lamkuwa - chida cholemera chochokera pamtunda wa nsanja yokhala ndi zida.
Kuti mugwire ntchitoyi, muyenera kupanga chingwe chopangira nyumba, komanso zida zogwiritsira ntchito chingwe chowombelera komanso kuchotsa dothi pachitsime.
Chipilala chokhala ngati chitoliro wamba chimatha kupangidwa ndi mapaipi achitsulo kapena mitengo yamatabwa wamba. Miyeso ya kapangidwe kake izikhala yolingana ndi miyeso ya chida chotsikira.
Chiyeso chabwino kwambiri ndi kutalika kwa nsanjayo, kupitirira kutalika kwa dzenje pansi ndi mita imodzi ndi theka
Mchitidwewo umakhala kutsitsa galasi loyendetsedwa, lomwe limaphwanya ndi kutenga mwalawo, ndikukweza kumtunda ndi tsamba lakugwidwa.
Kuti mupange zida zokumba, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chitoliro chachitsulo, chomaliza chomwe chimakhala ndi chipangizo chodulira. Mpheka yodula, yofanana ndi hafu yotembenuzira, idzalumikizana mwachindunji ndi nkhope. Bowo lipangidwe theka la mita kuchokera m'mphepete mwa chitoliro chachitsulo chomwe dothi lomwe limachotsedwako limatha kuchotsa, ndikutsitsa galasi. Chingwe chimaphatikizika kumtunda kwagalasayo, mothandizidwa ndi chomwe chimatsitsa galasi ndikutsitsa zomwe zili pansi. Galasi liyenera kumasulidwa pansi pomwe malowo akuya kwambiri theka lililonse la mita.
Nayi chithunzi cha kanema wakufukula motere:
Nuances yokhazikitsa casing
Mbobo pansi pa madzi ndi manja anu imafunanso casing ina, yomwe imatha kuchitidwa kuchokera ku chitoliro cholimba cha asbestos-simenti, komanso magawo amapaipi a asbestos. Pogwira ntchito ndikudula, chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa kwa mulifupi m'mapaipiwo kuti muwonetsetse kuti kumangidwe konse kumakonzedwa. Ulalo uliwonse wamapaipi umasungidwa kuti usayende ndikutseka mabatani, omwe amabisidwa pansi pazitsulo.
Chitsime chamadzi chokha mutha kuchiritsidwanso ndi mapaipi achitsulo kapena pulasitiki.
"Kuyika" kwa chitoliro ndikofunikira:
- kuteteza kukhetsa khoma pakubowola;
- kuteteza kutseka kwa chitsime pakugwirira ntchito;
- kuphimba madzi am'madzi ndi madzi osalala.
Chitoliro chokhala ndi fyuluta chimatsitsidwa pansi pa chitsime, chopangidwa ndi mauna abwino osadutsa mchenga ndikupereka madzi osefera. Chitoliro chomwe chimatsitsidwa kuti chikhale chakuya chimatetezedwa ndi chitsitsi. Izi zitha kupewa kuchepa kokha.
Ndi luso la kasupe wamadzi, gawo lomwe lili pamwambapa limabisidwa ndi caisson - mutu woteteza gwero kuchokera ku kuipitsidwa.
Mutu ndi thanki yotsekeka ndi mulifupi wamabowo yomwe imalola madzi kulowa osasokoneza
Popita nthawi, kutha “kufinya” pang'ono kwa chitoliro m'nthaka kuonedwa. Kapangidwe kachilengedwe kokakweza mapaipi pamwamba pa nthaka sikufunikira njira zowonjezera zakuya.
