Nkhaniyi inasankha zinthu zomwe zimakudziwitsani za mbewu yapadera, yomwe ili ndi dzina losangalatsa komanso losazolowereka - "triticale."
Ndi mtundu wotani umene uli, chifukwa chiyani triticale imabzalidwa ndi chidziwitso cha kulima kwake, werengani pansipa.
Triticale - ndi chiyani icho
Triticale ndi chipatso cha manja a anthu. Kuyesera kwa nthawi yaitali kwa obereketsa kunaloledwa kusonyeza kuwala kwa chotsatira choyamba cha tirigu wopita - rye ndi tirigu.
Mukudziwa? Dzina "triticale" lopangidwa kuchokera ku mawu awiri Achilatini: triticum - tirigu, secale - rye.Kuyambira kale zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo ku Germany zakhala zikuwonetseratu kuti pali kusiyana kwa mbewu. Mtundu wosakanizidwa unakhazikitsidwa mu 1941 ndi katswiri wa sayansi V. Pisarev. Anali iye amene adadutsa tirigu woyamba wachisanu ndi rye. Mitundu ina yonse ndi mitundu inagwedezeka kale pamaziko a mtundu uwu. Kuchokera mu 1970, triticale inayamba kukula pakukonzekera.
Zopadera za mbewuyi ndizoti zimadutsa zomera za kholo lawo muzinthu zazikuluzikulu (mwachitsanzo, phindu la zakudya ndi zokolola). Pofuna kutsutsana ndi zovuta zina, kutentha kwa nthaka, matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, ndi dongosolo lapamwamba kwambiri kuposa tirigu komanso ndi rye. Zowonjezera zokolola za mbeu ndi 33.2 olemera pa hekitala, obiriwira - 400 mpaka 100 pagulu pa hekitala. 
Mapesi a udzu amakula kuchokera pa masentimita 65 mpaka 160. Mapangidwe a khutu ali ofanana ndi tirigu - pali mbewu zoposa ziwiri mmenemo. Mphuno yamphongo yofiira, ya lanceolate ndi maluwa akuzungulira ndi ofanana ndi rye. Maonekedwe a tirigu akhoza kukhala osiyana, ndipo mtundu - wofiira kapena woyera.
Zima za triticale zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimasiyana ndi mbewu zina. Wosakanizidwa ali ndi mapuloteni apamwamba - 11-23% (omwe ali 1.5% kuposa apakati a tirigu, ndi 4% apamwamba kuposa a rye) ndi amino acid: lysine ndi tryptophan. 9.5% ya mapuloteni ofunika kwambiri a triticale mbewu kuposa a tirigu. Mtundu wa gluteni mu wosakanizidwa umawoneka kuti uli wochepetsedwa kuposa wa progenitress.
Mosakayikira zidzakuthandizani kuti mudziwe zambiri za chakudya cha beet, mabele, alfalfa, sainfoin omwe angagwiritse ntchito ngati kudyetsa ziweto.Ubwino wa wosakanizidwa wa rye ndi tirigu umaphatikizaponso:
- mbewu zazikulu;
- chomera cham'mimba chamakono;
- kudziletsa pa kulima;
- chisanu kukana;
- Kukaniza powdery mildew, dzimbiri la bulauni, smut wolimba;
- kudziwonetsa nokha
Zowononga zikuphatikizapo:
- Kusiyanitsa kwa tirigu ku mankhusu;
- kuwonetsedwa kuzu wa zowola ndi chisanu nkhungu;
- kukula msinkhu
Mukudziwa? Zimakhulupirira kuti zabwino kwambiri pazochitika zapamwamba ndi mkate wopangidwa ndi ufa wosakaniza, womwe umaphatikizapo 70-80% ufa wa tirigu ndi ufa wa 30-30% wa triticale.Monga chakudya, chakudya chapadera ndi zakudya za tirigu mitundu triticale, komanso udzu, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mitundu ya triticale ndi yofunikira chifukwa cha kufunika kwake chifukwa cha kupezeka kwakukulu kwa ziweto ndi nkhuku kuposa mbewu zina.
Akuluakulu masiku ano ndi mayiko a EU monga Poland (akutsogolera kupanga), France, ndi Germany. Triticale imatulanso ku Australia ndi ku Belarus. 
Maiko ena ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi chikhalidwe. Malingana ndi kachitidwe ka agronomic, mbewu yambewu imeneyi sidziwika bwino.
Mitundu yayikulu
Triticale imagawidwa mu mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu:
- nyengo;
- nyengo.
Malingana ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito, mitundu yotsatira ikusiyanitsidwa:
- mbewu;
- chakudya;
- kudyetsa tirigu.
Kwa nthawi yaitali udzu udakhalapo, mitundu yambiri ya triticale inalengedwa. Zomwe zimakonda kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira ndi: ADP2, ADM4, 5, 8, 11, Zenit Odessa, Amfidiproid 3/5, 15, 42, 52, Kiev, Early, Cornet, Papsuevskoe. 
Pakati pa kasupe: "Sitimayi Kharkov", "Krupilsky".
Mmene mungabzalidwe chomera
Makhalidwe a kubzala ndi kukula kwa triticale ndi ofanana ndi kulima mbewu zina. Komabe, pali maonekedwe ena.
Kukula nthaka
Chomeracho sichingafune dothi, chimatha kukula pamtundu uliwonse wa dothi, kupatula mchenga wosasunthika komanso peatlands osasunthika. Komabe, zingakhale bwino kukula mu nthaka yakuda. Mu dothi, lomwe limakhala ndi mchenga kapena peat, wosakanizidwa amatha kubereka mbewu yochuluka kuposa makolo ake.
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pH ya nthaka ya mbewu zitheke ndi 5.5-7. Choncho, zabwino zopangira triticale ndi dothi lokhala ndi asidi ochepa komanso osalowerera. Kuwonjezera pH kufika 6-6.5 kumawonjezera zokolola za zomera ndi 14-25%. Ngati dothi ndi lowawa kwambiri, liyenera kufesedwa kale musanafese. 
Zotsatila bwino za triticale zidzakhala chimanga, nandolo, udzu wosatha (osati cereal), mitundu ya mbatata yoyamba. Musayambe kubzala mbeu pambuyo pa mbewu zina, makamaka pambuyo pa tirigu, balere ndi tirigu - izi zikudzala ndi kufalikira kwa matenda ndi tizilombo towononga.
Ndikofunikira! Nthawi yofesa idzakhala yosiyana malinga ndi dera. Ndikofunikira kuganizira nthawi yobzala tirigu m'nyengo yam'mlengalenga kumene akukonzekera kufesa triticale.Pasanapite nthawi, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza feteleza ndi feteleza. Nthaŵi yomweyo musanafese, nthaka iyenera kuyesedwa mpaka mozama kubzala.
Kulimala kwa kufesa kudzadalira kwambiri anthu omwe anawatsogolera, chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe chomwe chimakhalapo pamalo omwe udzu umakonzedwa, komanso kukula kwa namsongole ndi mitundu yawo.
Ife tikuwulula subtleties za kufesa kaloti, tsabola, kolifulawa, biringanya, parsley, nkhaka.
Kusankha Mbewu
Pakufesa kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu zapamwamba kwambiri ndi 87%. Mbeu yambewu imaphatikizapo Kutentha ndi mpweya wotentha, kuvala ndi fungicides ndi tizilombo tolowetsa tirigu wozizira, chithandizo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuchiza matenda kumapitirira patapita masiku khumi ndi limodzi musanafese.
Mbewu za chisanu cha triticale ziyenera kudutsa nyengo yakukula chisanafike chisanu. Iye ali masiku 40-60. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunika kubzala tirigu kuyambira nthawi ya August 25 mpaka September 25. 
Zomera za chakudya
Njira yofesa - m'munsimu (masentimita 15) kapena mbewu zochepetsetsa (7.5 cm). Kuwonjezeka kwa mbewuyi ndi 3-4 masentimita, ndi kutalika kwa mphepo ndi kuyanika kwa pamwamba - 5-6 masentimita. Kufesa kuyenera kuchitidwa osati masiku asanu.
Kutentha kwakukulu kwa mbewu kumera ndi +20 ° C, osachepera ndi +5 ° C, ndipo pamtunda wake ndi +35 ° C.
Mphukira iyenera kuonekera patangotha sabata itatha kufesa. 
Zizindikiro za kukula
Pofuna kuteteza zomera kuchokera kumsongole, matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi ndi zamatsenga nthawi.
Kudula namsongole kumachitika ndi kuwononga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a herbicides. Mankhwala monga "Quartz", "Racer", "Cougar" angagwiritsidwe ntchito masiku angapo mutatha kubzala. Pa nthawi ya mapepala atatu oyambirira, kuphatikiza pa ndalama zomwe tatchulazi, gwiritsani ntchito "Super", "Gusar", "Marathon", "Satis". Mtengo wamodzi wa chaka chimodzi amamenyedwa mothandizidwa ndi "Cowboy", "Lintur".
Mudzakhaladi okondwa kuphunzira za kulima chimanga, tirigu manyuchi, mapira, buckwheat, oats, shuga beet, balere wamasika, rye, nyengo yachisanu, ndi kugwiriridwa.
Chitetezo ku matenda ndi tizirombo
Posankha mankhwala ochizira matenda osiyanasiyana, m'pofunika kuika maganizo pa fungicides yomwe imaloledwa kwa tirigu wozizira. Zowopsa kwambiri pa triticale: nkhungu yachisanu, ergot, septoria, mizu yovunda. Pofuna kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala m'nthaka, njira zothandizira ndi "Ferazyme" zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo panthawi yopita mu chubu - "Agat".
Udzu umakhudzidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, thrips, ntchentche za Swedish, pyavitsa ndi tizilombo tina. Mu gawo la masamba awiri komanso panthawi yopuma ndi kupuma, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumaphatikizapo "Dezi-yowonjezera", "Fastak", "Senpai", "Sumi-alpha". Pa nyengo yokula pogwiritsa ntchito "Ziperon", "Sharpay". 
Kufuna kudya zovala
Grass amafuna chakudya. Mlingo ndi mitundu ya feteleza ya triticale yozizira idzadalira kukula kwa nthaka, kuchuluka kwake kwa chinyezi, komanso momwe kukonzekera kukonzekera.
Ndi bwino kubweretsa zonse zomanga thupi ndi feteleza. Ndi bwino kudyetsa feteleza, nitrogen, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu (60 makilogalamu / ha) pa nthaka yabwino kwambiri ndi kubzala pambuyo pazomwe zisanachitike.
Mukudziwa? Ngati chomeracho sichikhala ndi phosphorous, chidzachepetsa tillering ndi kupanga mapangidwe abwino. Kupanda potaziyamu kudzakhudza chisanu kukana udzu.Ngati chodzala chikachitidwa pambuyo pa otsogolera oyipa kwambiri, phindu la feteleza liyenera kuwonjezeka kufika 90 kg / ha.
Phosphorus ndi potaziyamu zimayambika musanafese. Asitrogeni - nthawi ya kukula. Mlingo woyamba wa feteleza wokhudzana ndi nayitrogeni sayenera kukhala oposa 60-70 kg / ha. Chitani kunja kwa tillering. Yachiŵiri ikuchitika m'nthaŵi ya kumasulidwa mu chubu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ndi zofunika kuti tizilumikiza feteleza ndi feteleza. 
Kukolola
Kukolola kumachitika m'njira yosiyana kapena mwachindunji kuphatikiza. Kusonkhanitsa kosiyana kumaphatikizidwa mu gawo la kuphulika kwa tirigu. Kuphatikiza kwachindunji kumachitika nthawi yakucha. N'kosatheka kulolera kukonzanso zakumwa, chifukwa izi zadzala ndi kuswa kwa zimayambira.
Choncho, triticale ndi mitundu yodziimira yokha ya zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zofanana ndi rye ndi tirigu. Izi zinanenedweratu kuti posachedwa mbewuyi idzakhala yofunika kwambiri popanga chakudya, chakudya ndi chakudya. Komabe, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mbeu yambewu ndizochokera ku majeremusi, omwe mphamvu zawo pa thupi la munthu sizinaphunzirepo.
