Medlar ndi wobiriwira kapena wobala zipatso wopatsa kuchokera ku banja la Pinki. Ndi ya subfamily Yablonevye ndipo imapezekanso pansi pa mayina lokva, sheess ndi eriobotria. Zomera zimakhala kumadera akum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kwa Asia (kuyambira Japan kupita ku Abkhazia). M'dziko lakwathu, zipatso za medlar zimadziwika kwa aliyense. Amayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo komanso kuchiritsa kwawo. Koma kumadera akumpoto kwambiri, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa za mbewuyi, chifukwa zipatsozo sizoyenera kuyenda. M'malo mwake, sizovuta kuti mukule medlar m'munda ngakhale kunyumba.
Kutanthauzira kwa Botanical
Medlar ndi mtengo wosatha kapena shrub wamkulu wamtunda wa 4-8 m. Kukula pachaka kumakula kwambiri pazaka 7. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chikufika zaka 50. Mizu yake imakhala ndi nthambi zambiri, ili pafupi ndi nthaka. Nthambi zimakutidwa ndi bulawuni wosalala, pafupifupi wakuda, makungwa. Mphukira zachichepere zimakhala ndi imvi.
Masamba akulu akulu amtali kapena owumbika mawonekedwe ndi pubescent kapena glabrous. Pamaso pake pali khungu. Pakati pa masamba opindika, otupa. Kutalika kwa mbale kumafikira 30 cm, ndipo m'lifupi ndi masentimita 8. Masamba ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira wamdima.
Maluwa amayamba kasupe (Epulo-Meyi) kapena kugwa (Okutobala-Novemba). M'matumba a masamba a nthambi zazing'ono kapena chaka chatha, panicles zowonda zimaphuka ndi kirimu kapena maluwa oyera 1-2 cm. Corolla iliyonse imakhala ndi mafiyala aulere 5, thumba losunga mazira 2-3 ndi ma stamen 40. Maluwa amatulutsa kununkhira kosangalatsa ndi malingaliro a amondi.
Masabata angapo mutamasula, zipatso zamtundu wazithunzi, zooneka ngati peyala kapena zozungulira zimacha. Pakatikati pawo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 6-8. Pakatikati pake pali mbewu zazikulu 1-5 zosafunikira. Zipatso zimakhala ndi zamkati zachikasu kapena lalanje. Maluwa a medlar ndiwowoneka bwino. Ili ndi kakomedwe kabwino komanso wowawasa ndipo nthawi yomweyo imawoneka ngati apulo, peyala ndi sitiroberi. Peel ya zipatso imakhala yopyapyala komanso yowonongeka mosavuta, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imadyedwa mwatsopano, osasungidwa komanso osatengedwa.
Mitundu ya Medlar
Gulu lochepera kwambiri la medlar lilipo ndi mitundu itatu yokha. Mwa awa, 2 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima.
Medlar Japan. Zomera zomwe zili ngati mtengo wophuka mpaka 8 m kutalika zimakhala ndi nthambi zopyapyala zokutidwa ndi makungwa amdima. Zithunzi zoyambira mpaka 25 masentimita ndipo 7-8 cm mulifupi zimakhala ndi chikopa cha pubescent. Leaflets amakula pamtundu wa petioles. Kuopa inflorescence pachimake mu September-Okutobala kumapeto kwa mphukira. Amakhala ndi maluwa oyera kapena achikasu achikuda omwe amakhala ndi masentimita awiri mpaka 5. Mitundu ya thermophilic simalola kutentha koyipa. Pakutha kumapeto kwa masika, zipatso za mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena mawonekedwe a peyala zimacha. Amapezeka m'magulu okwana 12 zidutswa. Zipatsozo zimakhala ndi thupi lake, lonunkhira komanso khungu lowala lachikaso. Zosiyanasiyana:
- Tanaka - zipatso zosanjidwa ndi lalanje ndi chikasu chokhala ndi thupi la pinki ndi mkoma wokoma ndi wowawasa;
- Champagne - zipatso zachikasu zokhala ndi fleecy khungu komanso zamkati;
- Ma Sayles - zipatso za apricot ngati zolemera 80 g;
- Frost - zosiyanasiyana kunyumba ndi wowonjezera kutentha zimayala zipatso zazikulu zofiirira popanda nyenyezi.
Medlar GermanCaucasus kapena Crimea. Zomera zodziwika bwino m'malo otentha zimatha kukula mpaka 8 m. Mphukira zake zosalala, zophukira kwambiri zimakutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira amtundu wamtali masentimita 8 mpaka 15 m'lifupi. M'mwezi wa Meyi, maluwa oyera amayambira. Zipatso zimacha pakugwa. Ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso mtundu wamafuta ofiira. Mkati mwake muli mbewu zochepa. Usanayambe chisanu, zamkati zimakhala zotsekemera, zowawasa komanso zolimba, kenako zimakhala zofewa komanso zotsekemera. Mitengoyi ndi yozizira kwambiri ndipo ndiyoyenera kupezeka pamalo kotentha.
Njira zolerera
Medlar akhoza kukhala wamkulu mu njira ziwiri:
- kuchokera fupa;
- munyu.
Kumagawo akum'mwera, kubzala kumachitika pansipa. Asanabzale, amayesetsa kuti asachotse mbewuzo pachipatsocho, chifukwa mbewu zouma zimataya kumera msanga. Ayenera kuyamba kuchepetsedwa kenako ndikuwanyowa kwa masiku 2-3 m'madzi ofunda. Pambuyo pake, zimagawidwa m'mabokosi amchenga kapena chida cha utuchi. Kwa milungu iwiri, chidebe chimayikidwa mufiriji, kenako ndikubwerera kuchipinda chofunda nthawi yomweyo. Kusinthana kubwerezedwa kwa miyezi itatu. Kenako njere zimabzalidwa mumiphika ndi dothi lamchenga mpaka akuya masentimita 3. Popanda kukonzekera kotero, kumera kungapitirire mpaka chaka chimodzi.
Kuwombera kumawonekera patatha masiku 30 mpaka 40. Chipinda chokhala ndi masamba atatu chimadumphira pansi, kudulira muzu. Mbande za Medlar zimakula msanga ndipo sizifunikira chisamaliro chowonjezera. Tikuchera makamaka makamaka pochotsa dothi lapansi, kuti tisawononge mizu yosalimba. Ngati m'malo mwa mtengo muyenera kupeza shrub, tsina pamwamba. Maluwa ndi kubereka kumayambira zaka 4-5 za moyo.
Caucasian loquat imatha kufalitsa ndi zigawo. Kuti muchite izi, panthambi yapansi m'dzinja amawononga makungwa ndikuwombera pansi. Imakonzedwa ndikuwaza ndi dothi. Kakhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse kumathiriridwa. Njira yodzala mizu siyathamanga, ndipo chizimba chodzaza matendawa chitha pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri. Kulekanitsidwa kwa magawo ndi kufalikira kumachitika masamba atagwa.
Japan medlar mwachilengedwe bwino kufalitsidwa ndi kudula. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito mphukira za chaka chatha ndi masentimita 12-15 cm.Mbale za masamba zimafupikitsidwa ndi theka. Dengalo limathandizidwa ndi phulusa la nkhuni ndikubzala mumiphika ndi dothi lotayirira mpaka masentimita 4-5 mosamalitsa. Chingwechi chimathiriridwa madzi ndikuphimbidwa ndi filimu. Kutentha kwachipinda kuyenera kumakhalidwa pa + 25 ... + 27 ° C. Mizu imatenga pafupifupi mwezi.
Zomera zamitundu mitundu zimafalitsidwanso ndi katemera. Monga katundu mungagwiritse ntchito maula, peyala, hawthorn, quince. Ankalumikiza ndi khola kapena kumbuyo kwa khungwa.
Kubzala kunja ndi chisamaliro
Nthawi zambiri, kunja kwa subtropics, German medlar ndi mitundu yake imalimidwa m'munda. Chomera chikuyesera kutenga malo owoneka bwino kwambiri ndi dzuwa. Dothi liyenera kukhala lopepuka, lotayirira komanso lopatsa thanzi (sandam loam chernozem, turf land, loam). Nthaka yokhala ndi acidic pang'ono yokhala ndi madzi akuya ndizoyenera bwino.
Popeza medlar ili ndi phokoso lalapamwamba, fossa yofikira yakuya masentimita 50-70 idzakhala yokwanira. Iyenera kukhala yachitatu kwambiri kuposa mizu ya mbewu. Malo aulere amadzazidwa ndi zinthu zotulutsira madzi (dongo lokulitsidwa, mwala wosweka, miyala). Danga pakati pa mizu limadzaza ndi nthaka yosakanizidwa ndi mchenga ndi kompositi.
Mutabzala, mbewuzo zimaphatikizidwa ndi nitrophosphate kapena superphosphate. Nthaka pafupi ndi thunthu limayikiridwa ndi peat kapena humus. Ngakhale medlar ndi mbewu yabwino kwambiri, kuti ikolole bwino, mitengo itatu imabzalidwe pafupi kuti iwonongeke. Koma kubzala apurikoti kapena nati pafupi nayo sikuyenera. Kope lililonse limafunikira malo aulere a 3-4 m.
Medlar amakonda kuthirira nthawi zonse, koma gawo lamadzimadzi liyenera kukhala lotero kuti limalowetsedwa m'nthaka. Komanso, masulani nthaka nthawi zambiri.
Chomera chimakhala ndi nyengo yayitali ya masamba, chifukwa chake, pamakhala vuto loti mphukira zazing'ono sizipsa ndi kuzizira. Kuti muchepetse njirayi, pangani feteleza. Mbande zazing'ono zimadyetsedwa masiku 20-25 onse, kuyambira pomwe zipatso zimawonekera. Zambiri zokhwima - miyezi 1.5-2 iliyonse. Ngati chovala chapamwamba, njira ya mullein imagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso phosphorous ndi potaziyamu.
Kuti apange korona ndikulimbikitsa mbewu, kudulira kumachitika nthawi zonse, chifukwa maluwa ndi zipatso amapangika pa mphukira za zaka 1-2 za moyo. Muyenera kuchotsapo nthambi zakale ziwiri komanso malo owonda. Nthawi zambiri amadula nthambi 25-50%.
Medlar pafupifupi samadwala matenda azomera. Nthawi zina zimakhudzana ndi fungo lam soot kapena dzimbiri. Monga prophylaxis kumayambiriro kwamasika (masamba asanaonekere), mankhwalawa ndi Bordeaux madzi amachitika (3%). Nthawi zina pamasamba mutha kuwona nkhanambo kapena aphid. Bioinsecticides amathandizira. Zilibe vuto lililonse ndipo sizipeza zipatso.
Kukula kunyumba
Indian medlar yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomera chokongoletsera nyumba, malo osungira, ndi malo ena. Amatchedwa maluwa otentha. Mtengowo ungabzalidwe mumphika kapena wambiri wakugudubuza. Zoyerekeza zazing'ono amazika pambuyo pake zaka 2-4 zilizonse, ndipo pomaliza pake zimangobwezeretsera dothi lapamwamba.
Medlar amakonda kuwala kwambiri, chifukwa chake amayenera kuyikidwa m'malo owunikira kwambiri, pansi pa dzuwa. Zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimamera nthawi yozizira zimafunikira zowunikira zina, apo ayi zipatso sizingayambike.
Kutentha kokwanira kwa mpweya ndi + 18 ... + 25 ° C. M'chilimwe, mphika umakhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Ndikofunika kuteteza chomera kuti zisakololedwe ndikulowetsani nthawi yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse kutentha mpaka + 2 ... + 5 ° C.
Thirirani madzi mkati komanso pafupipafupi. Ndikofunika kuti dothi lisamere konse. M'nyengo yozizira, kuthirira kumachepetsedwa kuti pasakhale kuzizira komanso kukula kwa zowola. Pakati pa kuthirira, nthaka imamasulidwa.
Popeza mbewu zimakhala m'malo otentha, chinyezi chofunikira ndizofunikira kwa iwo. Komabe, kupopera mankhwala pafupipafupi ndikosayenera kwa masamba a pubescent. Ndikwabwino kuyika matreyi ndi madzi ndi dongo lonyowa pafupi. Kusamba kotentha kumaloledwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
Mu Epulo-Seputemba, tchire limadyetsedwa kawiri pamwezi ndi feteleza wachilengedwe. Imadzala bwino ndikuthira m'nthaka.
Zomera zamkati zimakonda kupangidwa ngati chitsamba zobiriwira, mtengo kapena bonsai. Kuti muchite izi, tsinani ndikuchotsa mphukira zowonjezerazo. Nthambi zamtundu zimapangidwa mofooka ndipo zimangoyambira zolakwika za masamba apamwamba. Nthawi yakupsa ndi kututa ndi yoyenera kudulira.
Zothandiza katundu
Medlar ndi chomera chosowa chomwe chiri chonse chothandiza. Zipatsozi zimakhala ndi sucrose yambiri, fructose, pectins. M'magawo onse muli mavitamini, michere ndi micro, komanso ma tannins ndi zinthu zopanda pake.
Zipatso zimatha kudyedwa mwatsopano, kupaka kupanikizana, compote ndi mowa. Decoctions ndi infusions amakonzedwa kuchokera masamba ndi makungwa. Mankhwala amateteza kugaya, kulimbana ndi matumbo ndi colic. Pa nthawi yomwe mayi ali ndi pakati, kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso kumapangitsa kuti thupi la mkazi lipange chilichonse chofunikira kuti mwana wakhanda akhazikike. Amavulala kuchiritsa, kuletsa, kupweteketsa katundu. Posachedwa, asayansi atulukira mu zinthu zopangidwa ndi medlar zomwe zimachedwetsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa.
Komabe, muzonse muyenera kudziwa muyeso. Chomera chimakhala ndi ma cyanides ochepa, omwe amatha kudziunjikira m'thupi ndikupangitsa kuti apange poizoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso mopitirira muyeso, makamaka osapsa, kumakhala kotupa. Wodutsa wina ndiwophatikizika kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la m'mimba, gastritis ndi chifuwa.
