Amaluwa ena, pofuna kupewa mbeu yomwe imatayika ku matenda a mbatata, amafesa mbewu zatsopano pamakina, matumba komanso pansi pa udzu. Koma posachedwa amakhulupirira kuti sichimasunga tubers kuchokera ku mabakiteriya, bowa ndi mavairasi omwe amachititsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Iwo amamenya mwamphamvu zomera zabwino ndi zipatso zawo kuthengo, wowonjezera kutentha komanso ngakhale m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Onyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri amakhala tizirombo ndi tizilombo tina. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane, kodi matenda a mbatata ndi chiyani, ndi njira zothetsera iwo?
Ndikofunikira! Ndizosatheka kuti nthawi yomweyo achiritse anthu omwe anabzala tubers ku matenda a chikhalidwe chilichonse. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambitsa nthaka kapena mbeu. Chotsatira chake, kumenyana nawo kuyenera kuyambika ndi kukonza ndi kuchiza zipatso, komanso kukonzekera bwino kwa mabedi obzala.
Mabakiteriya Mbatata
Matenda a bakiteriya a mbatata amakwiya ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, zomwe zimachokera ku tubers pang'onopang'ono kufalikira kupyolera mu zimayambira, kubweretsa mbewu yonse. Ndizovuta kwambiri kumenyana nawo, popeza nthaka yomwe mizu imakula ikufunikiranso kuteteza thupi.
Kuti mupirire ntchito yotereyi, mukufunikira nthawi yeniyeni komanso yoyenera. Nthawi zina zimatenga zaka zambiri ndikumafesa m'malo omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka mbeu zomwe zimagonjetsedwa, monga: tirigu, chimanga, balere, radish, beet, kabichi, fodya, nyemba.
Brown Bakiteriya Rot
Matendawa amapezeka chifukwa cha ntchito za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda Ralstonia solanacearum pa mbatata. Mawonetseredwe ake oyambirira amawonekera pa nyengo ya maluwa, pamene mizu imayamba kupanga. Panthawiyi, pali chikasu ndi masamba a masamba, imakhala yosalala komanso yopanda moyo, ndipo zimayambira pansi ndi kutembenukira bulauni ndi nthawi.
Kufikira kwa kubalana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, njira zofewetsera ndi zochepetsera zimatchulidwa m'munsi muzu wa tsinde. Ziphuphu zimayang'ana bwino pamphukira, ndipo mitsempha yodwala imakhala yofiirira yovunda.
Mukadula tsinde la nthenda yodwala, mafinya amtundu wofiira amatha kuwona pa mphete yodula. Mukamapiritsa tizilombo toyera, tizilombo tambirimbiri timatuluka.
Botanist zovunda zofiira zimapereka mavitamini odwala kwambiri ndipo zimasonyeza imfa ya tchire chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mitsempha ya xylem ndi minofu yambiri. Pali milandu pamene matendawa amavumbulutsidwa pokhapokha ngati wodwalayo amawotchera, komanso palibe chokhachokha. 
Matendawa amadzimadzi a mbatata amasonyezedwa ndi mphete yamphongo yochepetsedwa komanso maonekedwe a bulauni. Kawirikawiri njira zowonongeka zinayambira mu zosungirako. Zimaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso fungo losasangalatsa. Mbatata yotereyi imayambitsa matenda onse oyandikana nawo.
Mukudziwa? Malinga ndi International Finance Corporation, anthu a ku Ukraine amadya pafupifupi matani 4 miliyoni a mbatata pachaka, koma kukolola kwapakati pa chaka ndi mbewu zokwana 18-19 miliyoni.Akuluakulu a zaulimi a dzikoli akuyang'ana alimi ndi eni nthaka kuti kulimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya a mbatata kuyenera kukhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe tawatchula pamwambapa. Pamtima pazochitika zonsezi ndi kuyang'anira maubwenzi pakati pa anthu akunja ndi kunja.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti chomeracho chiyenera kutetezedwa nthawi yonse ya kulima ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupanga mbewu ndi kayendedwe ka bungwe ndi zachuma, komanso mfundo za mbewu.
Ndi maonekedwe a zovunda zofiirira, kusinthasintha kwa mbeu ndi kukhazikitsa kwa feteleza bwino ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulimbana nazo. Zidzatheka kudzala mbatata m'munda wodwala pokhapokha patatha zaka zisanu. Mbewu yamachubu imayenera kupukuta mosamala ndikuonetsetsa kuti imatha kutentha kwa masiku 20 mpaka 30. Izi zidzakuthandizani kuzindikira molondola zinthu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zidzasonyezanso ndi njira yeniyeni ya succinic acid yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza chipatso kwa theka la ora.
Ngati mutabzala apo palifunika kudulidwa mizu, mpeni ayenera kutetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi potassium permanganate. Mbewu za mbatata zathanzi, zowonjezereka, zimabzalidwa musanadzalemo ndi mankhwala monga: "TMTD", "Rizoplan", "Baktofit", "Polycarbotsin", kubwereza kawiri kawiri mankhwala asanayambe.
Mitundu yabwino yolima bwino ndi kuonjezera kupirira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: "Zothandizira", "Ulyanovsk", "Luck", "Volzhanka". Kulimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya a mbatata kumaphatikizapo kuyang'ana malo nthawi zonse ndikuchotsedwa kwa zomera.
Akatswiri amalangiza kupanga yoyamba kutsuka pambuyo pa zimayambira kufika 25 masentimita mu msinkhu, wachiwiri - pa maluwa, ndi lachitatu - masabata pang'ono asanakolole. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti nthawiyi ikhale yowuma musanayambe kukolola zipatso. Zokolola zonse zikhale zouma bwino musanayambe kugona m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Ntchito yokonzekera ikufunika pakhomo.
Pofika pamapeto pake, amachotsa masamba ndi zipatso zonse za chaka chatha, kuthira mankhwalawa ndi 2% aqueous solution ya mkuwa sulphate ndikupanga makoma ndi mandimu. Pakhomo la nyumbayo, mumakhala mphasa yodzaza ndi 5% yothetsera vitriol ya buluu.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kutetezera tubers m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, masiku 20 oyambirira firiji sayenera kukhala pansi +13 ° C, ndipo chinyezi chiyenera kukhala pa 90%. M'tsogolomu, muyenera kupititsa pang'onopang'ono madigiri 2.
Zowola
Zizindikiro za zowola zowonongeka zimadziwika kwambiri pa tubers ndi mazira a mbatata. Iwo amawoneka pambuyo maluwa mwa mawonekedwe a chikasu wochepa mphukira ndi masamba opotoka. Zojambula zovuta zimakhala zovuta kuwombera, ngakhale ndi maselo ambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya mbewu ndi mphukira.
Matendawa amayamba ku mizu, koma zizindikiro zake zoyamba zimawoneka pa zipatso pokhapokha atadulidwa. Mzere wofiira kapena wofiira pamphepete mwa chiwonetsero ukuwonetsa chitukuko choonjezera cha njira zowonjezera zomwe zidzasokoneza mwanayo wonse. Mukamapindikizidwa, imvi yamkasu imatuluka kuchokera kumadera okhudzidwa.
Ngati pakuwona mbeu simunazindikire zizindikiro zowola ndikubzala mizu yotere, yochepa, yosauka bwino, yaphulika bwino ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono opunduka. Musaganizire zokolola zazikulu ku tchire.
Kawirikawiri, matenda a bakiteriya a mbatata amayamba chifukwa cha kusalidwa bwino kwa mbeu, kapena chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa makina pa nthawi yokolola mbewu, kutengako ma tubers m'matope, komanso kuphwanya malamulo osungirako. Masiku ano, palibe mankhwala apadera oopsa omwe amawagwiritsira ntchito pazirombo zowonongeka.
Zimamenyedwa ndi njira zodzipatula zomwe, kuphatikizapo kukonzekera koyenera kubzala zinthu ndi kukolola, zimaphatikizapo sevosmenu kwa zaka zitatu, kusankha mitundu yosagonjetsedwa, feteleza m'minda ya mbatata ndi mapangidwe a potaziyamu ndi kuchotsa mosamala zomera za matenda pa zizindikiro zoyamba zowola.
Mukudziwa? Matenda a mbatata amawononga 30 mpaka 65%.
Madzi ovunda
Matendawa amayamba ndi chiyambi cha tubers ndipo, nthawi zambiri, mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko ndi zovuta kudziwa. Zotsatira zake zimakhala mabakiteriya kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amalowa muzu wa mbeu pamene awonongeka kapena akunyamulidwa ndi tizirombo. Malingana ndi izi, zimakhala zomveka chifukwa chake mbatata imangowola mwamsanga.
Izi zimawonetseratu kutonthozedwa kwa tubers ndi kufalikira kwamphamvu. Minofu yowola ndi yoyera, kenako imatembenuza bulauni, imatenga mdima wandiweyani. Mwa njira, peel imakhudzidwa pamene mkati mwavunda kwathunthu. Izi zimachitika kuti pamwamba pa mizu ya mbewu imadzazidwa ndi mdima wakuda, zomwe zimakhala zoyera zowonjezera.
Ngati muzu umalowa m'nyengo yozizira, maso ake amatha kufa, ndipo kuwonongeka kumayamba. Choncho, izi tubers sayenera kusamalidwa, ndi bwino kuzigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo, mwinamwake iwo adzasokoneza mbewu yonse. Alimi amadziwa kuti kawirikawiri mbatata imakhudzidwa ndi matendawa m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, makamaka pamene mankhwalawa ali oundana, kapena, amalowetsedwa m'chipinda cham'mulu ndi kusungidwa kutentha pamwamba + 4 ° C.
Maonekedwe a chonyowa amadziphatikizidwanso amapezeka ndi chinyezi mu chipinda komanso osawuka mpweya wabwino. Izi zimachokera ku kusowa kwa oxygen, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepetsa chitetezo cha zipatso za mbatata. Mukhoza kuchotsa vutoli, kachiwiri, ndi njira zovuta. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunika kuonetsetsa kuti dothi limene chikhalidwe chikukula silili mvula ndipo limamasulidwa. Mukasungika yosungirako, sankhani mavitamini abwino ndikuwuma bwino.
Ndibwino kuti muzitha kuchitira mbatata mbeu musanalowe m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, mankhwala akukonzekera "Maxim". Komanso chitetezeni mbewu kuchokera kumtundu uliwonse wa abrasions ndi kudula, pakapita nthawi, tengani njira zothetsera tizirombo. M'nyengo yozizira, pindani mizu, mosasamala kanthu za cholinga chawo, mabokosi kapena ukonde wa masamba. Pamene mwapeza nkhumba zovunda, chotsani ma tubers kuchokera kumalo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka ndikuyesera kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga. Onetsetsani kutsatira malamulo oyang'anira mbatata (tazitchula pamwambapa).
Mukudziwa? Chaka chilichonse, anthu a ku Ulaya akukolola matani 35 a mbatata pa hekita, pamene ma Ukrainiya amatha matani 15 okha. Kusiyana kotereku kumachitika chifukwa chakuti 95 peresenti ya mankhwalawa ikulima m'minda yaing'ono, yomwe, ndithudi, imawonetseredwa ndi ubwino wa tubers.
Zosakaniza zamkati zimavunda
Matendawa a tubatata, monga mitundu yapitayi ya bacteriosis, amapezeka pamene nyengo yachisanu ya mbewu imakhala yolakwika komanso chifukwa cha mawotchi abrasions, zotsatira zake, mabala. Zizindikiro zimadalira mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amene timagwira minofu yambiri ya tubers. Mukhoza kusonyeza zizindikiro za zowonongeka kapena zowuma ndi zowuma zomwe zafotokozedwa kale ndi ife. Kuphimba kofiira, kofiira kapena kofiirira kudzawonekera kumadera okhudzidwa.
Njira zothana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendazi n'zosiyana ndi zomwe tatchula pamwambapa. Ntchito yanu yaikulu ndikuteteza mbewu kuchokera kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe, kuti muonetsetse kuti zinthu zili bwino kuti mupulumutse. Zomera zambewu ndi zofunika kuti asanamwe mankhwala asanayambe mankhwala aliwonse a antibacterial ndi antifungal. Olima alimi omwe amapereka mankhwala amalangiza mankhwala "Fludioksonil" ndi "Maxim".
Msolo wakuda
Matendaŵa amayamba chifukwa cha kubereka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Pectobacterium, yomwe imatha kukhala pa udzu wosiyanasiyana ndipo imakhala bwino pamtambo wa 2 ° C mpaka 32 ° C. Ndikofunika kupereka msonkho kupirira kwa tizilombo, popeza iwo, akulowa m'nthaka, amasungidwa kumeneko kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri. Poyamba, tizilombo tokhala ndi thanzi timadetsedwa. Pazigawo zoyamba n'zosatheka kudziwonekera.
Matendawa amayamba kudziwonetsera pakangopita nyengo yabwino: kuwonjezeka kwa dampness kapena nyengo yotentha, yotentha. Mu chilala, njira ya matendayi ndiulesi ndipo imakhala yayikulu. Mguu wakuda ukuwonekera m'magulu awiri a pansi pa nthaka ndi pansipa: tsinde pansipa limatembenuka lakuda, masamba amasanduka chikasu, shrub pang'onopang'ono imatha, ndipo mizu imayamba kuvunda.
Kutentha, patatha mlungu umodzi, muzitsamba za mizu, kuchepa kwa ziphuphu kudzayamba, komwe kawirikawiri kugwa chifukwa cha kulemera kwake. Zitsanzo zosokonezeka zimatulutsidwa mosavuta; zobisika zamkati zimapezeka pazigawo za tsinde. Tizilonda timadula kuchokera ku stolonny malo, okhala ndi madontho a mdima. Chizindikiro chotsimikizika cha matendawa chimakhala ndi mazira pa mbatata, khungu lakuda, ming'alu yomwe imatulutsa madzi akumwa. Mizu yotereyi ndi yopepuka kwambiri, yomwe imasonyeza kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa ziwalo zawo ndi mabakiteriya.
N'zotheka kuthana ndi mwendo wakuda, kutsatira malamulo a agrotechnical kulima mbatata, kusonkhanitsa ndi kusungirako. Pachifukwa ichi, kusinthasintha kwa mbeu, kubzala mbewu zabwino, kutulutsidwa kwa nyengo nthawi yake, kufotokozera zokolola ndi udzu, kutaya zida zogwirira ntchito n'kofunikira. Tubers musanadzalemo, ndizofunika kuzidya ndi mankhwala monga: "Maxim", "Prestige", "TMTD".
Ndikofunikira! Kuti mbeu ya mbatata ikhale yosungidwa mpaka masika, kugwa kumafunika kukhala kobiriwira.
Matenda a mbatata
Gulu ili la matenda a mbatata amatanthauzira kuti ndi lalikulu kwambiri komanso loopsa. Kuwoneka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa pa tchire kapena mizu ya mbatata kumaphatikizapo matenda.
Nthawi zambiri amalekerera ndi tizilombo towononga kapena amachititsa kuti zinthu zisayende bwino. Taganizirani zochitika zachidule za matenda omwe amapezeka ndi fungal omwe amagwiritsa ntchito.
Mbewu zomwe zimafunikanso chithandizo cha matenda ndi tizirombo: kabichi, beets, tomato, nkhaka, turnips, dzungu, katsabola, biringanya, kaloti, strawberries, raspberries.
Common nkhanambo
Matendawa amawonekera chifukwa cha ntchito yofunikira ya bowa lamoto la Streptomycetes. Otsogolera zochitika zawo ndizochepa zamagetsi, miyala yamchere, mchenga, mchenga wamchenga ndi mvula. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadutsa mu tubers. Zipatso zopweteka zimataya kukoma ndi kuwonetsera. Mawanga aang'ono omwe amaoneka ngati a bulauni amaoneka pa mbatata, zomwe pamapeto pake zimakhala "cork".
Malingana ndi kukula kwa nkhanambo, zilondazo zimagwirizana pamodzi, ndipo pambewu zomwe zimangobedwa kumene mycelium sichitha kuoneka. Dzuŵa limauma mwamsanga ndipo imataya chikwangwani chake. Cholinga cha mbewu zoterezi, ngakhale kuti chilombochi chimapanga kunja, sichimasintha. Pofuna kupewa njira zothandizira komanso zowononga, Wophunzira wa Sayansi ya Zamoyo, Pulofesa NULiP wa ku Ukraine Ivan Markov akulangizitsa kuti azitsatira kayendedwe ka mbeu komanso malamulo odyetsera mbatata.
Malinga ndi sayansi, manyowa atsopano, kompositi, kuwonjezera pa zinthu zakuthupi ndi feteleza zokhudzana ndi nayitrogeni zimathandizira kuti chitukuko cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chikhalepo. Choncho, ndikofunika kufotokozera zinthu zakuthupi za thupi ndi chiwerengero cha makilogalamu 60 pa 1 ha, zomwe zimapezeka manganese sulphate ndi ammonium sulphate. Mavitamini a stabilizers ndi ofunikira.
Kuipa kwa nkhanambo kwachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi mlingo woyenera wa salimu ya potaziyamu, calcium chloride, manganese, boron, mkuwa, cobalt. Pezani chiwerengero chofunikira cha mankhwala omwe adatchulidwa pa gawo linalake akhoza kukhazikitsidwa pa kafukufuku wake wa agrochemical, omwe angakhoze kuchitidwa ndi katswiri.
Ndikofunikira! Manyowa osakanizika ndi nsonga zotsalira pambuyo pokolola zimathandiza kuti bowa liwoneke.
Ngati palibe njira komanso njira zothetsera ma laboratory, mungagwiritse ntchito njira yotsika mtengo yothetsera nkhanambo, ndikuyang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata. Musachite mantha ndi matenda a fungus "Bozhedar", "Kosen 95", "Chernigov 98", "Lugovskaya", "Borodyanskaya Roza", "Vesta", "Symphony", "Vodogray", "Veloks", "Gatchinskaya", "Volovetskaya" , "Kuwala", "Lybid", "Drevlyanka", "Serpanok", "Poren", "Rosara" ndi mitundu ina yokhala ndi khungu lofewa la maonekedwe ofiirira.
Komanso, mwini munda aliyense ayenera kusamalira nthaka. Polipindulitsa ndi zinthu zothandiza, ndizomveka kukonza zolimira: lupine, clover kapena alfalfa. Kusankhidwa chifukwa chodzala mbewu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri asanayambe instillation amachiritsidwa ndi "Maxim", "Prestige" kukonzekera ndi "Agat-25K". Mbewuzo zikayamba kumera pa mbande, m'pofunika kuthirira nthaka kwa masabata 4, kusunga chinyezi pa 75%.
Powdery nkhanambo
Nkhumba ya ufa ndi causative wothandizira Spongospora subterranea plasmodyomycete, omwe amatchedwa slimeevik kapena bowa wonyenga. Ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kamene kamene kamatha kusuntha ndi kutsogolera moyo wathanzi pokhapokha maselo a zomera. Pamene amatsagana ndi zinthu zovuta, amabisala muchitetezo chokhala ndi chitetezo ndipo amatha kukhala kansalu yogona, yomwe ingakhale yotheka kwa zaka 4.
Mu dampness, chipolopolo chapamwamba chimapangidwa ndi ntchentche, zomwe zimalola kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisunthe. Potero amafika pa mizu ndi tubers ya mbatata. Заболевшие экземпляры становятся уязвимы к бактериозам и гнилостным бактериям, а также к опасным вирусам. Проявляется порошистая парша инфицированием корневой системы, что влечет за собой увядание и гибель стеблей. 
Palinso zofiira zoyera pa mizu ndi pustules pa peel. Patapita nthawi, zilonda zam'mimba zimatuluka, zimapanga mpumulo, kenako zimadzaza ndi ufa wochuluka wa bowa wa parasitic ndi mabwinja a minofu. Zagawo za khungu zimapatsa pustules nyenyezi mawonekedwe. Mu dothi lonyowa ndi lolemera, mvula yamtambo, matendawa amakula molimbika kwambiri.
N'zotheka kusunga mbatata kuchokera ku slyshevik pogwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha kawirikawiri, pobzala mbewu zapamwamba, zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kale ndi fungicides ("Maxim"). Kukolola kwa mbewu zimayenera kukhazikitsidwa nyengo yozizira, kutentha, kusunga malamulo omwe ali pamwambawa pokolola ndi kusunga ma tubers. M'madera omwe ali ndi kachilombo koopsa, kubzala kachilomboko kumatheka kokha pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Mukudziwa? Malingana ndi deta ya Main State Inspectorate ya Chitetezo cha Mitengo ya Ukraine, mu 1996, minda yonse ya mbatata ku malo okhala nyumba ndi m'mabizinesi a ku Lviv dera lawo anakhudzidwa ndi nkhanambo. Kumeneko kunali kukulirakulira kwa bowa. Dongosolo lachidule pa matenda a tubers 17 - 24%.
Silver nkhanambo
Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a bokosi la Helminthosporium solani, lomwe limakhudza kagawo kake ka tubers. Pazigawo zoyamba, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sizimatulutsa, ndipo ngati mycelium imafalikira, khungu limakhala lofiira. Mizu yotereyi makamaka imayang'aniridwa ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngati chipatso chokhala ndi kachilomboka chilowa muzobzala, zofooka zopanda moyo zidzakula kuchokera pamenepo.
Pambuyo pa nyengo yokula, ya izi, zokolola zimakhalanso zotheka, koma zidzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhanambo. Dziwani kuti nkhungu za parasitic zimakhala mumzuwu, nthawi yomweyo mukukolola, kuyang'anitsitsa zovuta za mbatata. Kuchotsa icho pansi, iwe ukhoza kuwona mawanga osiyanasiyana ofiira.
Pakati pa kasupe, amatha kusonyeza zowonongeka bwino ndi zowonjezera siliva, zomwe zimayambitsa njira zovuta zowonongeka kwa minofu ndi kupeza mpweya wa mpweya kumapangidwe opangidwa. Zikakhala pali matenda akuluakulu, chipolopolo chapamwamba cha chipatsocho n'chopunduka kwambiri, kutaya chinyezi.
Zinthu zothandiza kuti chitukuko chikhale chonchi pa mbatata chimatengedwa ngati dampness yosungirako komanso kutentha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pakupanga mkangano wa matenda, 1 ora pa +15 ° C ndikwanira. Pa 3 ° C, palibe bowa omwe amapangidwa.
Komanso, mudzakhala ndi chidwi chodziwa za fungicides zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa matenda: "Oda", "Trichodermin", "Abiga-Peak", "Titus", "Kvadris", "Skor", "Strobe".
Njira zothana ndi nkhanambo za siliva, monga kale m'matenda a mabakiteriya ndi a fungal. Zimasiyanasiyana kupatula njira zothandizira mavitamini mbeu. Agronomists amalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa: "Vivatak 200", "Learnzol", "Maxim", "Bontani", "Titusim", "Nitrafen", "Tekto 45". Protravka iyenera kuchitika mwamsanga mutatha kusonkhanitsa mizu.
Black Scab (Rhizoctoniosis)
Poyerekeza ndi siliva ndi nkhanambo wamba, rhizoctoniosis imakhudza osati tuber, koma zomera zonse. Matendawa amapezeka kuchokera kumagulu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. Nkhanambo wakudawu umasiyana ndi mitundu ina ndipo imakhala yaikulu kwambiri kwa tizilombo tomwe tinkakhala m'munda ozizira.
Mitundu ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi matenda odwala ali ochepa kwambiri komanso opsinjika. Madontho ofiira amdima amaoneka pamzu wa masamba, omwe amawombera mosavuta komanso amatha kuphatikiza pamodzi.
Pa zimayambira, matendawa amawonetsedwa ndi zilonda zofiira, zomwe zimaphimbidwa ndi maonekedwe a mdima wambiri, ndi zovuta kuwona mizu. Misa kufalikira kwa fungal spores akhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri zokolola ndi kuwononga kwathunthu m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba.
Kukula kwake kumapangitsa kuti kuzizizira ndi kuzizira. Choncho, chifukwa cha prophylaxis, musathamangire kudzala mbatata, kulola dothi kutentha ndi kutaya chinyezi. Onetsetsani bwino mizu ya mbeu, kutaya zitsanzo za kachirombo ka HIV.
Musanabzala, mankhwala a tubers ndi "Fundazol", "Prestigem" kapena "Maxim" ndi ofunikira. Kusinthanitsa kwa mbewu nthawi yamunda, kuchotsa nsonga za mtengo musanakolole ndi kubzala zotsalira pambuyo pake, feteleza dothi lokha ndi zinthu zowonongeka kwambiri komanso zofunikira.
Ndikofunikira! Kuonjezera zokololazo, zaka zinayi zilizonse, mbatata ziyenera kusinthidwa, kupatsa zokondweretsa mitundu ya anthu osakanikirana, omwe alibe kachilombo ka Dutch.
N'kofunikanso kumera mbeu zapansi pa dzuwa, popeza zimamera mumdima zimakhudzidwa ndi nkhanambo yakuda yoyamba. Matenda a matenda, agrochemists akulangizidwa kuti azichiza mankhwala osokoneza bongo: "Ditan M-45", "Kolfugo", "Mancozeb", "Fenoram super."
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kusunga mbatata yathanzi ku mliri wa nkhanambo yakuda, tikulimbikitsidwa kukonzekera kukolola koyamba kwa zipatso.
Alternaria (youma spotting)
Alternaria mbatata yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi bowa wa mtundu wina wotchedwa Alternaria, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito nyengo yowuma ndi yotentha. Mukhoza kuona zochitika zawo kuyambira nthawi ya maluwa. Matendawa amatchulidwa asanayambe kukolola mbewu. Matendawa amadziwonetsera pa masamba, amamera, kawirikawiri bowa amawopsa. Muyenera kuchenjezedwa ndi mabala a bulauni a mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena katatu omwe amawoneka pa masamba kapena zimayambira.
Mycelium imasamutsidwa mosavuta mothandizidwa ndi mphepo, ndikuyambitsa malo atsopano m'munda. Mmenemo muli ngozi ya Alternaria matenda a masamba a mbatata. Zimatsimikiziranso za kupopera mbewu pambali pa mkangano. Mapangidwe awo amalimbikitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa nthawi zamvula ndi nyengo yowuma, kusowa kwa chinyezi, kutentha kwa nthaka, kusowa kwa potaziyamu ndi nayitrogeni, ndi phosphorous owonjezera.
Zipatso zazing'ono zimakhudzidwa ndi bowa, zimakhudzana ndi kukumba, ndi okhwima ngati ataya ndi zina zowonongeka. Kuti awononge nkhungu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwume zowuma, choyamba ndicho kuchotseratu zinthu zomwe zimayambira pansi. Izi zimachitika ndi kugwa kwa autumn kulima. Mabedi ndi mbatata m'tsogolomu ayenera kuikidwa pamatope, chifukwa Alternaria ndi woopsa.
Mbewu ya tubers iyenera kufufuza mosamalitsa, kutaya zitsanzo ndi zakuda kapena zofiirira pamwamba ndi madontho ochepa a concave ndi zosafunika koma zamphepete. Mphukira zazikulu ndi zofunika kuti manyowa azikhala nthawi. Mukangoyamba kuona zizindikiro zoyamba za matendawa, nthawi yomweyo fulani mbewuyi ndi fungicide. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kumalangizidwa kudalira kuchuluka kwa kachilombo ka HIV ndi ntchito ya nthawi yaitali ya mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kutsekula kwa disinfection kumachitidwa bwino pamalo oziziritsa komanso ozizira, kungakhale mvula yamkuntho. Chiwerengero cha zokolola zanu zimadalira kutsata malamulo a kukolola ndikusungira m'chipinda chapansi. Momwe tingachitire molondola, tanena kale.
Ena wamaluwa amagawana ndi zochitika zobzala mitundu kusagwirizana ndi alternariosis. Mwachitsanzo: "Lina", "Neva", "Kupambana", "Nthano ya Fairy", "Reserve", "Lyubava", "Skoroplodnaya", "Volzhanka", "Master".
Mukudziwa? Alimi a ku Spain anakana kwambiri kulima mbatata pokhapokha podziwa kuti mizu yawo inkachita mantha ndi zikhulupiriro zawo, zofanana ndi anthu, mawonekedwe.
Khansara ya mbatata
Izi ndi matenda omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalikira ku mizu ndi mizu ya mbewu. Khansara imawonetsa kukula kwa wavy structure yomwe ikufanana ndi kolifulawa. 
Pakapita nthawi, mawonekedwewa akuwonjezeka, amasintha mitundu, amasunthira kumalo amodzi a zimayambira ndi miyala. Pamapeto pake, zimakhala zakuda ndi zowonongeka. Spores zimasinthidwa mosavuta ku zipatso zabwino, makamaka nthawi ya chinyezi. Zimagwa pansi mothandizidwa ndi zida zogwirira ntchito, nyama ndi manyowa, zimatha kukhala zaka 4.
Pochotseratu vuto la zipatso ndi mapulaneti, perekani mafuta, mafuta osungunuka kapena formalin ndi kuika kuya kwa mita imodzi. Mosiyana ndi ena, alimi amapereka zowononga zomera zonse zomwe zimakhudza, ngakhale mbatata yosatha si yoyenera mbewu, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi tubers zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pofuna chakudya.
Pofuna kuteteza kufalikira kwa tizilombo m'munda, ndibwino kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikufesa mbewu za tirigu kapena tisiye pansi pa sitima pomwe malo adayang'ana. Kwa zaka 5, khansa ya mbatata ikhoza kugonjetsa mitundu yosagonjetsedwa, monga: "Pavlinka", "Lvovskaya Belaya", "Baranovsky", "Iskra", "Zorka", "Oyambirira Bwino", "Smachny", "Spark", "Temp" , "Vilia".
Inde, kugula mbewu kumapangidwira pokhapokha ku malo apadera. Musanabzala, ayang'anitseni tubers - pansi pa nthaka yokhazikika pamwamba pake ikhoza kubisa khansa. Mavitamini ndi zowonjezera mavitamini zimathandiza kuti nthaka ikhale ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, nkofunika kuonetsetsa kuti manyowa ndi perepel. Njira zothandizira kansalu ya mankhwala zimapezeka pokhapokha poyang'aniridwa ndi kuyimika kwaokha chomera. 
Ndikofunikira! Musanafese, tubers zomwe zafalikira kumadera omwe zimakhudzidwa ndi khansa zingathe kutetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pogwiritsa ntchito 1% ya Readzole.
Zowola zowuma (Fusarium)
Zifukwa zowuma zowoneka pa mbatata ndi zolakwika zazikulu mu ulimi wa zaulimi ndi nthaka yosasangalatsa, komanso kuwonongeka kwa makina ndi kusapsa kwabwino kwa tubers m'nyengo yozizira. Matenda a chidziwitso cha matendawa amapezeka bwino pa tubers monga mawonekedwe a mdima wonyezimira, omwe pamapeto pake amasintha kukhala osaya. Khungu pa madera okhudzidwawo akufalikira, mapepala apamwamba akuoneka. Chithunzi chomwecho mkati mwa mwanayo.
Tchire la mbeu panthawi ya Fusarium ikuyamba kutha, kuchepetsa zimayambira ndi kutaya mphamvu zawo. Mukadula mphukira yodwalayo, mukhoza kuwona mphete yamdima pamalo pomwe tsambalo likudutsa.
Pofuna kuwononga zowola zouma zoumba, zimalimbikitsanso kutsata malamulo a zogwirira ntchito ndi kusungira mbewu zokolola, chomera zokhazokha, kuteteza mbatata ku zoopsya ndi kudula pa nthawi yokolola, ndipo chaka chilichonse chisanadze kufesa tuber ndi fungicides (mwachitsanzo, Maxim, Prestige). 
Kuwonongeka kochedwa
Matenda oterewa a mbatata mochedwa kuchepetsa amaonedwa kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri pa mndandanda wonse wa matenda. Zimakhudza zomera zonse kwathunthu, koma zimawonetseredwa makamaka m'ma masamba pa budding ya tchire. Kuti mudziwe za kuoneka kwa choipitsa chingakhale cha bulauni chomwe chimapangidwa m'munsi mwa masamba, ndipo chikukula, chophimba chomeracho ndi chovala chofiira choyera chokhala ndi maluwa. Pa zimayambira za matendawa zimapanga mdima wambiri. Chomera chotero sichitha kukula bwino, chimayamba kuwonongeka.
Mavuto okondweretsa zochitika mochedwa kwambiri ndi mvula yambiri pambuyo pa mvula yambiri, nyengo yofunda ndi kusowa mpweya wabwino. Nyengo ikadzayamba ndi nthaka ikauma, bowa sizimagwira ntchito. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti mukugonjetsa matendawa, chifukwa mvula yoyamba idzayamba kupita patsogolo mvula yoyamba. 
Pofuna kuchiza chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo njira zamakolo, kulima ndi kusungira mbewu, zimakhala zofunikira kuti panthawi yoyamba yowonongeka, kupopera tchire ndi boron osakaniza, Oksikhom kapena Polykhoy. Ena m'nyengo ya chilimwe chifukwa choletsa malo opita ku mateloji ambiri, kasanu ndi kawiri akuchiza masamba a tincture a adyo. Yambani izi kumayambiriro kwa maluwa ndi kubwereza masiku khumi ndi awiri.
Kukonzekera kwa mbeu zakuthupi n'kofunikanso. Kuwonjezera pa kuphuka ndi kugwedeza zonse zosayenera, tubers ayenera kuchiritsidwa ndi Fitosprin, boric acid kapena mkuwa sulphate. Nthaka m'madera osokonezeka m'chaka ndi m'dzinja, nayonso, imayikidwa ndi zokonzekera pamwambapa.
Mukudziwa? M'zaka za zana la 17, a French adayambitsa mafashoni kuti azikongoletsera zovala ndi wigs ndi maluwa a maluwa a mbatata. M'dziko lino, chomeracho chakhala chikulimbidwa ngati chokongoletsera.
Mbatata fomoz
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda fomoz talowa mkati mwa mizu ya zimayambira ndi statony mbatata, kuvulaza iwo. Maonekedwe aakulu omwe amaoneka ngati osaphika, omwe ali ndi madontho a bulauni.
Kufikira kukula, fungal spores imatulutsa mphukira ndipo salola kuti chikhalidwe chikhalepo. Tchire chokhudzidwa ndi zosiyana ndi kuwonongeka kwabwino kwa mtundu wa masamba ndi masamba. Ngati simutenga kanthu, mbewuyo idzafa. Pa mbewu za tuber, zizindikiro za phomosis zimawonetsedwa ngati zilonda, zomwe zimafalikira ku masentimita 6. Pakapita nthawi, zimbudzi zimapezeka m'malo okhudzidwa. Zitsanzo zomwezo zosungidwa m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, zimalimbikitsa kubereka kwa mycelium. Iwo amatsatiranso ndi zotsalira zokolola pambuyo pake ndi namsongole atasiyidwa m'munda.
Zili zosatheka kuti tipewe mbatata, koma ziyenera kumenyana ndi tizilombo m'munda ndi mbewu. Pachifukwachi, mbewuzo zimatha kubzala mbeu zowonjezera pambuyo pa zaka zitatu, posankha bwino tizilombo tomwe timabzala ndikuziwotcha dzuwa, komanso mankhwala omwe akukonzekera ndi Readzol ndi ofunikira.
Mbatata matenda a tizilombo
Matenda oopsa a mazira a mbatata amachititsa kuti mbewu ziwonongeke pang'onopang'ono, zofanana ndi nthawi ya bomba. M'zaka zoyamba, moyo wawo umakhala wosavuta, koma m'tsogolomu amawononga zipatso zokwana 50%. Nyerere za Colorado, nsabwe za m'masamba, cicadas ndi tizirombo tina zimakhala ngati zonyamulira matenda otero. Komanso ndizotheka kutenga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda. Tiyeni tiganizire za matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi mavitamini.
Mosaic Mosaic
Zimakwiyitsa chimodzimodzi ndi mavairasi angapo. Pazinthu zabwinozi ndizojambula ndi kupezeka kwa tizilombo towononga m'munda. Zikuwonekera pa masamba ang'onoang'ono omwe amaoneka ngati kuwala kobiriwira. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kutentha kumeneku kumafalikira ndipo kumafalikira ku chitsamba chonse.
Ndikofunikira! Mavairasi samakhazikika m'munda, ngati mumayambitsa matenda obzala ndi mkaka kapena mkaka. Yankho lirikonzedwa molingana ndi 1 chikho pa 10 malita a madzi.
Maonekedwe ophwanyika
Akakhala ndi kachilomboka, masamba a minofu amaphuka, kupanga mapepala. Zimachokera ku kutuluka kosauka kwa mankhwala owonetsedwa. Zaka 3 mutatha kulima mbatata, mumayang'ana momwe zomera zimabweretsedwera kukhala ndi makina osakanikirana ndi masamba komanso osalimba kwambiri. Chitsamba ichi sichikhoza kumangiriza masamba ndi kupereka zipatso. Adzatha nyengo yake yowonjezera mwezi pambuyomo kusiyana ndi zitsanzo zabwino.
Zithunzi zojambulidwa
Kwa zojambulajambula, zizindikirozo ndizo zidutswa zamakono, zomwe, poyamba, zimawonekera pazitsamba zam'munsi ndi zamkati. Pambuyo pake, mikwingwirima yakuda ndi kupenya m'mitsempha imapangidwira kumadera okhudzidwa. Masamba amamasuka mosavuta, amafa mofulumira, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi popanda moyo, amaletsa tsinde asanayambe kuphulika. Overwintering pathogen muzu masamba.
Mbatata ya mavitamini
Matendawa amapezeka kudzera mu ingress ya Vertenoid monga matenda a IUCS, omwe amatchedwanso "verteblasti". Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amawonetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa tubers, kuwonongeka kwa kukoma kwawo ndi kuwonetsera. Masamba a tchire ndi matenda ochepa kwambiri, amayamba molakwika. Pakati pa m'mphepete mwawo, masamba amenewa ali ndi mthunzi wa anthocyanin. Nthenda zimakula bwino, zimatha kuseri, ndipo mtundu umatayika pa tubers za mitundu yofiira. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mizu yozukula imakula pang'ono kukula ndi mawonekedwe opangira mawonekedwe.
Mukudziwa? Mavitamini a PLPV ndi a PVY amadziwika ngati mavairasi owopsa kwambiri, omwe amachepetsa kulemera kwake, kuchulukana kwake ndi kuchulukira kwa tubers, kupha mpaka 80%.
Mbatata tuber necrosis
Kukula kwa necrosis pa mbatata kumayambira kugwa m'nthaka komanso pa tubers ya tizilombo toyambitsa fodya (Fodya ya chiwombankhanga), zomwe zimachepetsanso zowonjezera zowonjezera ndipo zimatsogolera ku chipatso cha necrosis. Zizindikiro za matendawa ndizochepa zomwe zimaphimba masamba, maonekedwe a inflorescences, madontho a mdima wodetsedwa pa mizu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imalowa m'mikwingwirima yokongola, mitsempha kapena mphete.
Kufalikira kwakukulu kwa kachilomboka kumapezeka m'madera a mchenga ndi amphepete mwa nyanja. Masiku ano palibe mankhwala odwala matenda a tizilombo a mbatata, omwe angathe kuthetsa vutoli mwamsanga. Komabe, kuti musatayike mbeu yonse, ngati mavitamini ena alionse atchulidwa, yambani kuyamba kuyeretsa phyto, kubwereza nthawiyo mpaka mutachotsa zomera zonse zomwe zakhudzidwa.
Onetsetsani kuti palibe namsongole ndi majeremusi m'munda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timathandiza kuchotsa tizirombo (Aktara, Aktellik, Bi-58 Watsopano). Ndifunikanso kugwiritsira ntchito ubwino wokwirira, kutaya tubers ndi ziphuphu zamtundu.
