Kuwonjezera pa tizirombo, minda ya mbatata imayambanso ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Matenda ena a tizilombo tafika polimba kwambiri m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, ndipo izi zikudetsa nkhaŵa pakati pa wamaluwa. Pakalipano, palibe chifukwa chowopsyezera - ngati mukudziwa momwe phytophthora imadziwonetsera mu mbatata ndi momwe mungamenyane nayo, mukhoza kusunga zokololazo.
Zifukwa ndi zizindikiro za matendawa
Nthendayi ya causative ya matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a dzina lomwelo. Ndili pakati pa bowa pansi (oomycetes).
Matendawa amafalitsidwa kudzera ku phytospores, omwe amatsukidwa kuchoka kumalo ena a zomera ndikudutsa m'nthaka ya capillaries pa tsinde kapena tubers. Nthawi yosakaniza ikuchokera masiku 3 mpaka 16. Pa nthaka yofooka kapena pamaso pa tizilombo mu kubzala, bowa limapita mofulumira kwambiri, mu masiku 3-4.
Tubers nthawi zambiri amadwala panthawi yokolola. Ngati wodwala akukwera m'maso ndi maso ake, ndiye kuti gawo lina la mbeu likhoza kufa. Pomwe mukuganiza, chiopsezo chimenechi chimawonjezeka kwambiri.
Ndikofunikira! Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndikutembenuza mbewu. Ngati mbewu zomwezo zowonongeka zimakula pamalo amodzi chaka ndi chaka, dothi liyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi Bordeaux madzi.Phytophthora monga tizilombo towa kwambiri amakonda chinyezi kwambiri. Masiku ochepa amvula pa kutentha kwa 15 mpaka 25 ° C ndizobwinobwino kwa izo. Mulu wa kubzala umangowonjezera zotsatira: muzochitika zotero ngakhale mame wandiweyani ndi okwanira. Kutentha, matendawa amatha kukula, koma izi siziphweka kwa zomera.
M'madera ambiri, n'zotheka kuwona zipsera za masamba kapena masamba a mbatata mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, ngakhale kuti kumadera akum'mwera kwa mitundu yoyambirira mvula yochepa mvula ya June ndi yokwanira.
Zowopsa ndi kuti ngakhale kuchokera ku tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono ta phytospore mu masabata 1.5-2 akhoza kufalikira ku minda yonse, ndipo ngati sichiyenera kutenga, ndiye kuti masiku 17-20 zomera zimwalira.
Kuwonongeka kochedwa ndi matenda owopsa kwa banja lonse la Solanaceae: tomato, biringanya, tsabola. Komanso, matendawa amakhudza strawberries, raspberries, castor mafuta, buckwheat.
Dziwani zotsatira za bowa zingakhale pazifukwa zotsatirazi:
- Mawanga amawoneka pamphepete mwa masamba, omwe mwamsanga amatembenukira bulauni ndi kuwonjezera kukula kwake;
- Zizindikiro zoyera zimawonekera pa mbale yapansi pa pepala - iyi ndi mkangano;
- m'nyengo yamvula tsamba likhoza kuvunda;
- pa tubers okhudzidwa, zida zoyera zimadziwika bwino, zomwe zimayambanso kupeza mtundu wofiirira. Nthaŵi yomweyo amaumitsa ndi kulowera m'mimba. Mukadula mbatata, zikuwoneka kuti ndi "dzimbiri".
Mukudziwa? Kumadera ena a South America, palinso mbatata zakutchire. Zoona, si zabwino kudya, monga tubers muli poizoni Solanine mankhwala.
Momwe mungapangire mankhwala (mankhwala)
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zokololazo zitheka, ziyenera kuchitapo kanthu popewera mbewu, minda ndi minda.
Kupewa Matenda
Chinthu chachikulu ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata yosamalidwa bwino ndi nthaka.
Ponena za nthaka, ndibwino kusankha malo ogona. Munda umene uli m'chigwa sungagwire ntchito - malo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, monga tikukumbukira, akhoza kukhala owopsa. Dothi liyenera kukhala lowala bwino komanso lopuma mpweya, ndipo madzi akuyenera kuyenera.
Kumbukirani zomwe zinakula pa tsamba - nyengo yozizira, beet, fulakesi, chimanga ndi zitsamba zosatha zidzakhala zabwino kwambiri. Okhala moyandikana nawo kwambiri adzakhala radish kapena mpiru, koma tsabola, biringanya ndi nightshade zina zimakhala bwino.
Ndikofunikira! Amakhulupirira kuti kwambiri frosts kupha phytophthora m'nthaka. Mwamwayi, tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo timapindula pang'onopang'ono ndi zikhalidwe zathu. - mwachitsanzo, kum'mwera zigawo, yozizira sizowopsa kwa iye kenanso, ndipo ndi zofunika kuti tichite zokolola kuyambira autumn.
Kulimbana ndi vuto la mbatata kumayamba ngakhale musanadze pansi ndipo poyamba kumabwera posankha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Onetsetsani izi mwachidule: kwa masabata awiri, mbatata imatenthedwa panja pa 15-18 ° C. Pakadali pano zizindikiro zoyamba ngati mawanga ziwoneka. Nkhaniyi ndi bwino kuika pambali kapena kutaya nthawi yomweyo.
M'tsogolomu Kupewa kumaphatikizapo izi:
- Mankhwala othandiza kwambiri ndi potaziyamu-phosphorous amapangidwa muyezo waukulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, potaziyamu imakhala yowirikizawiri, koma kukonzekera kwa phosphorus kumapereka 1.5 peresenti kuposa momwe zimakhalira.
- Kwakuya kubzala "mbewu" mbatata ndi hilling achinyamata baka.
- Grooves kutsanulira phula, osati "dontho".
- Kukonza zomera zodwala zikukula pa webusaitiyi.
- Ambiri pafupi sabata asanayambe kudula nsongazo. Zoona, ngakhale ngakhale kulimbika kwa tchire ndizosautsa, ndipo sikuyenera kuyembekezera ndi kuyeretsa.
- Mbewu yokolola m'nyengo yowuma, nyengo youma. Mthunzi wokha "uli pambali" bowa wovulaza.
Mankhwala a mbatata
Kuwonongeka kwanthawi yayitali mu siteji yogwira ntchito sangathe kuchiritsidwa. Izi ndi zoona, koma cholinga cha matendawa nthawi zonse chikhoza kukhala "chapafupi", osalola kutsutsana kufalikira ku tchire wathanzi. Njira zosiyanasiyana ndi kukonzekera zimathandiza pa izi.
Mukudziwa? Mu XVIII atumwi, mbatata ankawerengedwa "dziko lapansi apulo". Mu 1758, Academy of Sciences ku St. Petersburg inalembanso nkhani yokhudza kulima, ndipo izi zimatchulidwa.
Mutabzala, kuyembekezera kuti nsonga zikule mpaka 25-30 masentimita. Iyi ndi nthawi yabwino yopanga chithandizo choyamba. M'katimu muli zipangizo zamakina "factory" monga "Ridomila".
Zisanayambe maluwa amapopera "Appin". Mitundu yotetezedwa ku nyengo yozizira popanda mvula, Immunocytophate, Silk ndi Krezacin ndizoyenera. Ngati matendawa akuwonetseredwa, tenga "Ridomil" (MC kapena "Gold"), komanso "Oxy". Kuti zitheke bwino, chithandizochi chimabwerezedwa pakatha masabata 1.5-2 (koma nthawi zonse musanayambe maluwa).
Pambuyo masiku asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu (8-14) ayang'anire mosamala tchire Ngati chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka chikhalabe chokwanira, tengani mowa wamphamvu monga "Ditan", "Revus", "Skor", "Efal". Pofuna kupewa (ngati palibe kachilombo ka HIV), iwo akusakanikirana ndi theka. Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti mankhwalawa ayenera kuyanjana ndi ena - phytophthora systemic fingicide imayamba kuzoloŵera.
Pambuyo maluwa, "Bravo" ndi yoyenera, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira tchire ndi nthawi ya masiku 7-10. Koma za tubers, zimathandiza "Zosayenera."
Ndikofunikira! Kumapeto kwa July ndi August, mabedi madzulo akhoza kuphimbidwa ndi agrofibre, kuchotsa izo mame atabwera. Zinthu izi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutetezera mvula, yomwe imakhala ngati "chothandizira" kwa phytophthora.
Mvula, ikangopera kupopera mankhwala, imachepetsa zonsezi, kotero muyenera kuchita mobwerezabwereza.
Kuwonjezera pa mankhwalawa, palinso zowonjezera zomwe zimapangitsa kukana kwa tchire. Kotero, kwa 15 malita a madzi, mutha kutenga 150 ml ya "Oksigumat" kapena 5 ml ya "Ecosila".
Mukhoza kukula mbatata m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kuchokera ku mbewu, isanafike yozizira, pansi pa udzu. Komanso ma teknoloji a kulima mbatata amadziwika kwambiri.
Njira zachikhalidwe za anthu
Amaluwa ambiri samayesa kukwaniritsa tchire ndi mankhwala abwino, pogwiritsa ntchito maphikidwe ambiri. Zothandiza kwambiri ndizo:
- Garlic kulowetsedwa. 100 g wa adyo wodulidwa bwino amawonjezeredwa ku 10 l madzi, ndiyeno amaloledwa kuti ayime tsiku. Kenaka madziwa amadziwika ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Chokwanira - mwezi, ndi nthawi yosaposa sabata (ndiko, njira 4).
- Mkuwa wa sulfate amadzipukutira m'madzi (2 g pa 10 l) ndipo amapopedwa ndi nthawi ya masiku khumi.
- Sizomwe zili zochepa kwa iye komanso njira yochepa ya potaziyamu permanganate, boric acid ndi vitriol. Pa ma 3.3 malita a madzi otentha m'mitsuko ya munthu aliyense mutenge supuni ya zitsulozi. Kulola chisakanizo kuti chizizizira, zonse zimatsanulira mu chidebe cha 10-lita. Chithandizo chachitidwa kawiri, kumapeto kwa July - woyamba wa August (patsiku la masiku 7-10).
- Komanso 10 g wa madzi akhoza kupanga 20 g zamkuwa zamkuwa.
- Zokonzeka Bordeaux madzi. Pa 5 malita a madzi ofunda kutenga 100 g zamkuwa sulphate. Mu chidebe chosiyana, mofulumizitsa ndi wokonzeka mofanana, pambuyo pake chirichonse chiri "chosakaniza". Ichi ndi mankhwala onse omwe ali oyenerera miyambo yonse ngati njira yothetsera.
- Copper oxychloride idzakuthandizani - 60 g pa ndowa mu 15 l. Kupopera mbewu kotereku kumachitidwa ndi njira 3-4, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa sabata.
Soda imathandizanso kuchotsa phytophthora. Ndi mbali ya fungicide yokha. Kutenga supuni imodzi ya soda ndi 3 makapu a mafuta a masamba, amasungunuka mu 5 malita a madzi, kenaka yikani supuni 1 ya sopo. Zonsezi zimasakanizidwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa webusaitiyi.
Mukudziwa? Mbewu yachitsulo sinakhazikitsidwe mwamsanga ku Russia - Pa chisankho cha akuluakulu kuti apitirize kubzala mbatata pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, "mphukira za mbatata" zinayambitsa dzikoli. Koma pang'onopang'ono iwo anazoloŵera, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, mbatata inadziwika kuti "mkate wachiwiri".
Mungathe kulimbana ndi matendawa mothandizidwa ndi "mkaka wowawasa": 1 l wa kefir wowawasa amathiridwa m'madzi (10 l), akulimbikitsidwa ndikulimbikira maola 3-4. Pambuyo poyesa kusakaniza ndi okonzeka. Gwiritsani ntchito sabata sabata kuti zisawonongeke.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kupewa kupitirira mpweya, pansi pa chipinda chapansi pa nyumbayi muli ndi miyala kapena miyala. Koma dothi silinapereke zoterezi.
Ena amagwiritsira ntchito mulching, koma ntchito yowonongeka nthawi zonse imafuna kupezeka pa dacha: ngati malowa amabwerezedwa 1-2 pa sabata, ndiye kuti palibe tanthauzo lapadera mmenemo (chithunzi chikuyenera kuchotsedwa tsiku lililonse mame akatha). Ndi bwino kuwaza mizere mofanana ndi gawo lopanda laimu - 1 mm zokwanira.
Kwambiri kugonjetsedwa ndi mochedwa choipitsa mitundu
Ngakhale chisanakhale chisankho chodzala ndibwino kusankha mbatata yoyenera. Pali chinthu chimodzi: Palibe mitundu yambiri yomwe ili ndi chitsimikiziro chokwanira cha kusunga - mizere yosiyanasiyana imasiyana kokha pakukaniza matenda. Inde, tikusowa kwambiri. Izi ndi mitundu:
- "Nevsky" - lopanda oblong tubers ndi woyera woyera "m'matumbo" ndi abwino kwa mbale zosiyanasiyana;
- "Spring" imakonda kwambiri mitundu yambiri yamayambiriro oyambirira ndi wabwino chitetezo chokwanira ndi kukoma kwa enviable;
- "Mwini mwayi" - pakati pa nyengo, yomwe ili ndi moyo wautali wautali popanda kutaya makhalidwe ake;
- "Red Scarlett" - yaitali wofiira mizu masamba pafupifupi chitetezo kwa zochita za phytophthora ndi bwino kusungidwa.
Mukudziwa? Mbatata ikhoza kutchedwa chikhalidwe cha cosmic. Mu 1995, adakhala mtundu woyamba "wamunda", womwe unakula mumtunda.
Pachifukwa ichi, mitundu yoyambirira ikulingalira kuti ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri: phytophtora alibe nthawi yokhwima, ndipo mbewu ikhoza kuchotsedwa ndi pafupifupi zopanda kanthu. Pambuyo posambala pali ntchito yowonjezera, makamaka ngati zovuta zatsopano zosagwirizana zimayambira nyengo iliyonse.
Malamulo osungirako mbatata
Kukolola m'nyengo yozizira, mbatata zouma ndi kusankhidwa. Siyani mizu yonse popanda njira. Pachifukwa ichi, tubers zoonongeka zimaikidwa pambali, ziyenera kutayidwa kutali.
Nthawi zambiri, mbatata amasungidwa chipinda chapansi. Kumeneko, ndizofunika kuyeretsa, kumvetsera mwatcheru kwa tubers wakale ndi njira - mbatata yowonongeka idzakhala yoyipa kwa mbeu yatsopano. Chipinda chapansi pa nyumbacho chiyenera kukhala bwino mpweya wokwanira.
Musamanyalanyaze kumira kwa makoma mwina, makamaka chifukwa chosavuta kuchita: mutenge madzi okwanira 10 malita, 2 makilogalamu a mandimu ndi 1 makilogalamu a sulphate - ndipo osakaniza ndi okonzeka. Ena amawonjezera 150 g a mchere wamba.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kusunga mbewu, yesetsani kusokoneza kuwala. Kuwala kumayambitsa kupanga solanine woopsa m'mzuzi.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi chotengera cha chidebecho. Nthaŵi zambiri, awa ndi mabokosi. Zimakhala zouma, zimakhala zothandiza ndikukonza potassium permanganate. Mabokosi omwe amadzazidwa kale amakhala pakati pa iwo pamakhala masentimita 10, ndi masentimita 25 mpaka khoma. Amaikidwa pazitali (masentimita 20-25) kukwera matabwa kapena njerwa, koma kuti pali malo okwanira kuchokera pamwamba denga. Zosungira osamva sizigwirizana: pakati pa slats mumasowa mpweya wokwanira masentimita 2-3.
Magalasi amathandizanso kutulutsa mpweya wabwino, ndipo burlap imakhala ndi kutentha.
Mukasungirako, yesetsani kutsatira malamulo awa:
- kusamalira kutentha;
- kusungunula nthawi yaitali chisanu; udzu ndi wabwino, koma zovala zakale zofunda zidzakwanira;
- kuyendera kope nthawi zonse ndi mbatata yokha;
- Ndizofunikira kutumiza mabokosi pafupi ndi masika ndi thaws (madzi nthawi zambiri amalowa m'zipinda zapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa mizu mbewu).
Mukudziwa? Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe ichi kukusonyezedwa ndikuti bungwe lapadera la UN linatchedwa 2008 chaka cha mbatata.
Tinaphunzira kuti kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yochepa mu mbatata, kunalongosola za matendawa ndipo kunatsogolera njira zazikulu zomwe mankhwala amathandizira. Tikukhulupirira kuti chidziwitso ichi chidzathandiza kwa owerenga athu. Zabwino pamabedi!
