Ife timabzala kolifulawa pa mbande

Kukula masamba monga kolifulawa sikovuta nyengo yathu.

Komabe, podziwa momwe mungasamalirire komanso kuyang'ana matebulo onse oyenera kuti mubzala ndi kukula, mukhoza kusangalatsa nokha ndi okondedwa anu okongola kwambiri, okoma ndi ophatika kabichi.

Zamkatimu:

• Nthawi yobzala
• Kufesa mbewu
• Mphamvu ndi nthaka yobzala
• Zipangizo zamakono
• Kusamalira mmera
• Mapangidwe ndi kukonzekera mabedi
• Kubzala mbande

Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya kolifulawa

Kolifulawa ali ndi mavitamini C, A, B, E, D, K, H, U ndi zina monga amino acids, chakudya, starch, fiber, pectins, organic acids, shuga zachilengedwe, mapuloteni, polyunsaturated acid, biotin, purine . Mitundu ya kolifulawa imasiyana mosiyana ndi kucha. Kusiyana kwa kucha kwa mtundu uliwonse ndi pafupi masiku 14.

Mukudziwa? Ibn Sina, wotchedwa Avicenna, adalimbikitsa kudya msipu wathanzi m'nyengo yozizira ngati njira yowonjezera chitetezo cha mthupi komanso kupirira thupi.

Zolinga zosankha mitundu:

• Ndi bwino kupeza mitundu yosagonjetsedwa ndi nyengo yosautsa, osakhala ndi chinyezi cha nthaka ndi nthaka.
• Mitundu iyenera kukhala yogonjetsedwa ndi tizirombo ndi matenda.
• Malingana ndi zotsatira zofunikira, mbewu ziyenera kusankhidwa - kupeza mankhwala opatsa mphamvu (kawirikawiri mitundu yambiri yazitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito) kapena mwayi wosankha (mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu ikusankhidwa).
• Ndikofunika kuganizira zoyamba kucha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo ya kubzala. Choncho, m'madera okhala ndi mvula yochepa, yozizira komanso yowonjezera m'chilimwe, ndi bwino kugwiritsira ntchito modzichepetsa. Ndipo kum'mwera zigawo n'zotheka kukula kwambiri capricious, koma zipatso ndi chokoma zosiyanasiyana sing'anga ndi mochedwa yakucha kabichi.

Kabichi amakhudza mitundu yosiyanasiyana - Kale kabichi, woyera kabichi, broccoli, ziphuphu za Brussels, pak choi, Savoy, kohlrabi, Peking.

Chikhalidwe cha masamba chimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

• Kukula msinkhu - Mitundu, masamba okoma omwe amapanga masiku 90 mutabzala mbewu. Kukonzekera kwa oyambirira aku kale pa 55-65th tsiku atabzalidwa mbewu. Kusonkhanitsa mbewu kumatha kupangidwa patatha masiku 170 mpaka 205. Mu gululi mungapeze mitundu yodziwika ndi hybrids: "Snowball", "Bolero", "Early Gribovskaya 1355", "Guarantee", "Dachnitsa", "Express", "hybrids" Movir 74 "," Malimba F1 "," Alabaster F1 "," Boldo F1 ".
• Pakati-nyengo - khalani ndi nthawi yaitali yosasitsa, mpaka masiku 130. Izi zimakhudza kuwonjezeka kwa moyo wa alumali. Kukula kwa mzere kumaperekedwa patatha masiku 205. Kukula kwakukulu kumaphatikizapo: "White Beauty", "Bora", "Bravo", "Great Autumn Giant", "Flora Blanca", "Parisian", "Mid-season Fargo", "Ondine", "Pioneer", "Patriotic" , hybrids "Classic F1", "Chambord F1".
• Kutseka kochedwa - mitundu yakucha kwa masiku oposa 130 ndikupeza kutchuka makamaka kum'mwera madera. Kumadera apakati, n'zotheka kupewa kuundana kwa mbewu ndi kulima kutentha. Mbewu yakucha imapezeka masiku 220. Kupindula kopanda pake kwa mitundu yochedwa - mu zokolola zawo, kukula kwa mitu ndi khalidwe lapamwamba la kusunga mbewu. Mitundu yowonjezera yowonjezera: "Amerigo F1", "Cortez F1", "Fortrose F1", "Skywalker F1".
• Zosowa mitundu ndi hybrids - abusa amasiku ano amapanga caulifulawa mitundu yachilendo ndi mawonekedwe osadziwika. Varietal ndi wosakanizidwa zitsanzo ndi pinki lalanje ndi violet inflorescences kale bred. Kuyambira pa mitundu yoyamba yosavuta yobiriwira - "Graffiti F1" (wofiirira), "Rosamund" (mtundu wa lilac wowala), "Emerald Goblet" (saladi-green-shaped inflorescences). Pakatikati-nyengo - Yarik F1 (lalanje), Veronica F1 (zojambulazo zobiriwira zachikasu). Kutalika mochedwa zosiyanasiyana - "Sicily" (ali ndi mitu yofiira yamdima).

Mukudziwa? Kolifulawa ali kunyumba kwa Syria. Kuchokera kumeneko, masamba anafika pachilumba cha Krete, kenako anapita ku France ndi Holland. M'zaka za zana la XIV, mbewu za kabichi zinadza ku Italy, ndipo m'zaka za zana la XVII, a British adakondwera ndi kukoma kwake. Chikhalidwe chinabweretsedwa ku Russia panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Catherine Wamkulu, ndipo oimira okhawo apamwamba omwe ankagwiritsira ntchito pa chakudya chawo. Masiku ano, kolifulawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse - uwu ndi wachiwiri wotchuka mtundu wa kabichi pambuyo kabichi.

Nthawi yobzala

Zosankha pofesa kolifulawa pa mbande zingapo:

• Mitundu yoyamba kucha yofesedwa pa March 15-22, ndi kupitilira kumalo pansi mu masiku 30-55.
• Mitengo ya pakatikati yofesedwa pa March 30 - 12 April ndipo idabzala pansi patatha masiku 35-45.
• Zochitika zakumapeto zochedwa Pitirizani kufesa pa April 25 - May 12 ndi kutha masiku 30-40.
• Mitundu yochedwa, Mbewu zomwe zimakololedwa mu kugwa, zofesedwa pa June 5-17 ndikubzala pansi patapita masiku 32-35.

Mwa njira yopanda mbewu, mbewu zimabzalidwa nthaka yotseguka kumapeto kwa April, pamene dziko lifika kutentha kwa 5 ° C. Imodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya kabichi yopanda mbewu ndi "Amethyst", "Fortados", "Maliba", "White perfection".

Kufesa mbewu

Kubzala mbewu za kolifulawa oyambirira kuti mbande zimayambe ndi kukonzekera kwa nthaka ndi kubzala matanki.

Mphamvu ndi nthaka yobzala

Mbewu za kolifulawa zabwino zimapangidwa m'njira ziwiri:

• zachibadwa (ndi kubzala mu mabokosi akulu kapena wowonjezera kutentha);
• zojambula (kubzala mu miphika kapena makaseti).

Ndizofunika kubzala mbande pamalo osasunthika, chifukwa mizu ya chikhalidwe ndi yofooka. Pankhaniyi, matepi apamwamba amapanga bwino kwambiri. Njira zowonongeka zimakhala zofala ndipo zimaphatikizapo kubzala mbewu mabokosi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito miphika ya peat yosankha.

Kubzala mbande mu makaseti kumathandizira ndondomeko yokula kolifulawa - kunyamula, kusamalira zomera ndi kuthirira.

Mitundu yonse ya peat ndi yabwino yokonzekera nthaka. Zimapindulitsa kwambiri ndi mpweya, sizinagwirizanitsidwe ndipo zimatenga bwino chinyezi. Pogwiritsira ntchito pepala la lowland, onjezerani 1/3 ya utuchi. Kenaka, kusakaniza peat kuyenera kuyendetsedwa kwa maola awiri ndikuwonjezera nayitrogeni fetereza (urea, ammonium nitrate kapena feteleza feteleza). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, malita 10 a nthaka ayenera kupanga:

• feteleza ovuta 50-70 g;
• ufa wa dolomite 300-450 g;
• nkhuni phulusa 1 chikho.

Chotsani mankhwala m'nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito potassium permanganate. Mphamvu za kubzala ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi chisakanizo chodzala, osati kudzaza 1.5 centimita m'mphepete, ndikutsanulira.

Zipangizo zamakono

Kukonzekera Mbewu kumaphatikizapo kusankha mitundu yambiri; izi zimapangitsa zokolola za kolifulawa pafupifupi 30%. Kenaka, chodzala chiyenera kumasiyidwa m'madzi otentha (mpaka 50 ° C) kwa mphindi 20, mwamsanga chitakhazikika ndi kuthandizidwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate, formalin kapena madzi a adyo, kusiya mbewu za disinfection kwa maola angapo.

Komanso, mbewu ndi mbande zikhoza kulowetsedwa m'makina opanga kukula - Kornevine, Energene, Korneroste, Mbande, Hetero-auxin, Epiné.

Malo okwera mabanki ayenera kukonzedwa bwinobwino. Kufesa kolifulawa pa mbande zimapezeka poika mbeu mu nthaka ndi pafupifupi masentimita imodzi. Kenaka, pamwamba pake padzakhala phulusa kapena mchenga wa calcined ndikunyengerera nthaka ndi mfuti. Kuti apange malo otentha a zomera, amafunika kuphimba ndi pulasitiki kapenanso galasi ndi malo otentha. Pambuyo masiku 3-5, mbande zoyamba zidzawoneka.

Kusamalira mmera

Mphukira imayenera kuchotsa wowonjezera kutentha ndikusunthira (osati kuposa 10 ° C). Mbewu za caulifulawa zikafika pakhomo nthawi zambiri zimaikidwa pawindo lazenera. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha ndi kuwala kudzalepheretsa kukula kwa zomera, ndipo mbewu sizidzatambasula. Pambuyo masiku asanu, kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kuwonjezeka kufika 15 ° C.

Ndikofunikira! Ngati mbandezo zimasungidwa kutentha pamwamba pa 20 ° C, kabichi maluwa amtsogolo adzataya umoyo wawo.

Kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu yoyenera kutentha, ndi bwino kutenga mbande ku veranda, khonde kapena kutentha.

Pofuna kupewa kutentha kwa nthaka ndi kuwononga mbande, ndizofunika kutulutsa madzi ndi sprayer. Zida zothana ndi matenda a mbande zakuda zimapangidwa monga kuwonjezera kwa fungicides kumadzi a ulimi wothirira - Bactovita, Fundazole kapena Fitosporina.

Kukula kwa matenda a fungal kungapeweke popewa kutentha kwambiri kwa nthaka, makamaka pamtunda wotentha. Pakakhala zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda, zitsamba zowonongeka, zomera zokhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV, pamodzi ndi nsalu zadothi, ziyenera kuchotsedwa, ndipo mbande zotsala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo zimachepetsa kanthawi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Osati oposera adzawaza ndizitsamba phulusa.

Ndikofunikira! Patangotha ​​masiku khumi kuchokera pamene mbande zimatuluka kuchokera kumtunda zimayenera kusankha zomera. Mitengo yambiri yokhwima imakhala ndi kuzizira ndi kuwonongeka kwa mizu, imayambira mizu ndikuipira bwino.

Kuwaza mbande kumafunika, kuwaponyera pansi mpaka masamba a cotyledon. Mukasankha, kolifulawa ayenera kukhala ndi phulusa.

Pamene mukukula mbande muyenera kudziwa feteleza:

• choyamba kudya Pambuyo pokonza timapepala timapepala timapulumukira kabichi ndi kukonzekera kovuta;
• gawo lachiwiri feteleza omwe amachitidwa pofuna kupewa matenda ndi njira yothetsera boric acid (0,2 g) ndi mkuwa sulphate (1,15 g);
• kuvala kwachitatu amayamba kuumitsa mwa kupopera mbewu iliyonse chitsamba ndi 20 ml ya yankho lokhala ndi supuni imodzi ya sulfate ya potaziyamu, supuni imodzi ya urea ndi 10 malita a madzi.

Mapangidwe ndi kukonzekera mabedi

Malo owoneka bwino komanso opatsa thanzi amathandiza kupeza masamba abwino. Nthaka iyenera kukonzekera pasadakhale. M'dzinja, mutatha kukumba, m'pofunika kufesa nthaka ndi humus kapena kompositi (10 makilogalamu a feteleza pa 1 sq. M ya nthaka). Kutsegula kumakhala kozama, ndipo feteleza wochulukira - zidzabweretsa zokolola zabwino nyengo yotsatira. Kuwonjezera pa organic feteleza, kolifulawa ayenera kuperekedwa ndi mchere:

• mphothosphate;
• potaziyamu;
• phulusa.

Kukonzekera kwa boron, wopangidwa pansi pa kukumba, kudzathandiza kupanga mapangidwe aakulu amchere inflorescences kabichi.

Mvula yabwino yozizira kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira idzakuthandizani kuwononga tizirombo, choncho dziko silikuyenera kudula.

Ngati sizingatheke kugula m'dzinja, pamaziko a 10 lalikulu mamita a dothi kumayambiriro kwa nyengo, zotsatirazi ziyenera kuikidwa pansi:

• humus (3-5 makilogalamu);
• magnesium sulphate (20-30 g);
• urea (100 g);
• boric acid (120 g);
• double superphosphate (100 g);
• mchere wa potaziyamu (120 g);
• phulusa (1.5 makilogalamu).

Pansi pa mbande zimakhala zofunikira kupanga mabowo ang'onoang'ono mozama kuposa kutalika kwa miphika ya peat, kuwonjezera phulusa pang'ono kwa iwo.

Kubzala mbande

Ndikofunika kuyika kolifulawa oyambirira pamtunda waukulu kwambiri kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake - pafupifupi masentimita 25. M'lifupi la mizere ayenera kukhala osachepera 70 centimita. Kubzala mitundu yochedwa yomwe imapangidwa pamtunda wa masentimita 10 kuchokera ku chitsamba chilichonse, m'litali ndi m'lifupi.

Ndikofunikira! M'pofunika kudzala kolifulawa pansi masana, osayesa kuwononga mizu ya mbeuyo mutabzala.

Mbande ziyenera kuwonjezeka mu nthaka pa masamba oyambirira komanso bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndiye zomera ziyenera kuthiriridwa mochuluka.

Tchire tating'ono tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiziphimbe ndi pulasitiki kapena pulasitiki mpaka kabichi yakhazikika. Izi zidzakuthandizani kuteteza nthata za cruciferous ndi kuteteza zomera zazing'ono kuti zisatenthedwe.

Pa tsiku la 20 mutabzala tchire, muyenera kutero. Pafupifupi masiku khumi ndi atatu mutatha izi, kukwera kwachiwiri kungachitike. Masabata atatu mutabzala, mbewu zimayenera kudyetsa. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala amadzimadzi a mullein mu chiwerengero cha 1 gawo la mankhwala mpaka 20 mmadzi. Mukhoza kuthira kachiwiri patatha masabata awiri powonjezera supuni imodzi ya "Crystallin" ku madzi ambiri. Chakudya chachitatu chikuchitika mwezi umodzi pogwiritsa ntchito yankho la 5 malita a madzi ndi supuni imodzi ya "Nitrophoska".

Podziwa njira yosavuta yofesa kolifulawa ndi kusamalira mbande zake, ndithudi mudzapatsidwa mphotho yokoma, yopindulitsa ndi yopatsa.