Amatchedwa "wakuda diamondi". Alibe wofanana mu mtengo ndi kukoma. Koma sizinthu zonse zokometsera zokwanira zomwe zingathe kugula zokoma kwambiri. Ambiri a ku Ukraine, amadziwika yekha ndi mafilimu okhudza zakudya zaku French kapena kuphika. Ngakhale bowa wozoloŵera sadziwa chimene bowa chozizwitsa amawoneka ngati - truffle.
Ichi ndi chiani?
Truffle amatanthauza bowa la marsupial. Zipatso zake zimakula pansi pa nthaka ndipo zikufanana ndi zowakomera mbatata. Kunja, sikokongola: khungu lakuda lingakhale losalala, losweka kapena lophimbidwa ndi mapiramidi. Mapulani a chigawochi amafanana ndi mabulosi amtengo wapatali chifukwa cha mtundu wapadera wa mitsempha yowonjezera komanso yamdima. Mtundu wa "marble" umadalira mtundu wa bowa ndipo ukhoza kukhala woyera, wakuda, chokoleti ndi imvi. Mafali a mtedza ndi mbatata zazikulu.
Truffles ndi bowa kwambiri, ndipo sizili zophweka kupeza. Zimamera pansi pamtunda wa masentimita 30, koma nthawi zambiri bowa wakale amawonekera pamwamba. Kuonjezera apo, sali kukula m'nkhalango zonse. Amafuna nthaka ya mandimu ndi nkhuni, mizu yomwe adzakhalemo. Kwa "kukhala pamodzi" nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosankha zamtengo wapatali komanso zimapanga mycorrhiza ndizo, kapena zothandizira. Mtengo umadyetsa bowa ndi zakudya, ndipo mycelium, kapena mycelium, imatulutsa mzu ndipo imathandizira kuti imve chinyezi ndi salt.
Bowa wachifumu, monga iwo amatchulidwira, amakhala ndi khalidwe la bowa labwino ndi kukoma kwa nutty. Amakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri moti ngakhale amphika amatha kudzimva kuti ndi ozunguza. Mwa iwo amakonzekera mbale yeniyeni ndi sauces. Amatumikiridwa ndi nyama ndi nsomba. Amayenda bwino ndi tchizi, ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso. Ngakhalenso mbale yowonjezera, monga dumplings kapena sandwich, ndi kuwonjezera pa zida zimakhala zokoma.
Mukudziwa? Zimakhulupirira kuti truffles akhoza kukhala ndi vuto la psychotropic chifukwa cha anandamide yomwe ili mkati mwake, zomwe zimayambanso kusuta chamba.
Kodi bowa amakula kuti?
Truffles amakula padziko lonse lapansi: ku Ulaya, Asia, North America ndi North Africa. Mitundu iliyonse ili ndi malo ake. Black Perigord Truffle imakula m'nkhalango za oak, beech ndi hornbeam kum'mwera kwa France, kumpoto kwa Italy, ku Spain ndi Switzerland.
Kukongola kwa chilimwe (komanso wakuda) anagawidwa ku Central Europe, Scandinavia, Central Asia, Russia ndi Crimea. Mitengo ya chilimwe ndi mitundu yambiri ya bowayi imapezeka ku Ukraine: ku Transcarpathia, Carpathians, m'madera a Vinnitsa ndi Kiev, kumene mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndi mitengo ya beech ikukula.
Kuwombera ndi kupeza kosavuta kwambiri kwa mtola wa bowa; nthawi zambiri mumapezeka bowa woyera, chanterelles, nkhumba, bowa la aspen, bowa wa mkaka, bowa, uchi wa agaric, ndi bowa la musk.
Mwina iwo ali kumadera ena a dziko lathu, anthu okha sadziwa za izo. Zakachitika kuti, chifukwa chosadziŵa, adadyetsa zinyama ndi bowa zamtengo wapatali. Kuti mupeze bowa pansi, njira yakale imagwiritsidwanso ntchito: nkhumba ndi agalu ophunzitsidwa bwino.
Nkhumba zimakhoza kununkhira nyama zamphongo 20-25 mamita, koma zimawononga dothi lazitali ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadya zomwe zimapezeka. Choncho, agalu amakonda kwambiri, ngakhale kuti amafunika kuphunzitsidwa nthawi yaitali. Mungathe kuchita popanda othandizira awa, ndikuyang'ana ntchentche zofiira zomwe zimaika mazira pafupi ndi tubers ndi tchire pamwamba pa malo ano.
Kodi n'zotheka kukula kunyumba?
Funso loti ngati n'zotheka kukula zozizwitsa nokha panyumba ndi lofunikira lero chifukwa cha zifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, izi ndi mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri ya mankhwalawa: kuchokera ku 1000 hryvnia mpaka zikwi zingapo za euro pa kilogalamu. Chachiwiri, ku Ukraine, truffle yalembedwa mu Bukhu Loyera, lomwe limatanthauza kuti ndiletsedwa kusonkhanitsa ilo kuthengo ndi kugulitsa ilo m'dziko lathu.
Truffles oyera zosatheka kubereka zopanga. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mitundu yambiri yakuda idalima kale ku Ulaya ndi ku China. Choncho, pokonza zofunikira, mukhoza kupeza mbewu kunyumba.
Mukudziwa? Ngakhale kuti nkhumbazo zinkadyetsedwa koyamba ku France, koma kulima kwawo kunayambika kumwera kwa ufumu wa Russia pansi pa Peter I. Anthu ogulitsa nyumbawa adawagulitsa ndikuwagulitsa kwa a French, ndipo adaphunzira izi patapita nthawi.
Mavuto akukula
Kukula truffles kungapambane pakhomo. Izi zimafuna nyengo yabwino, nthaka ndi mtengo zomwe bowa amakonda.
Nyengo
Matendawa ndi ofunika kwambiri osati bowa ngati mtengo wa alendo, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha thundu. Dziko la Ukraine limakhala lopambana pankhaniyi: ndilo lofunda ndi lofewa. Chofunika nyengo yotentha ndi 22 ° C.
Kukonzekera kwa dothi
- Nthaka iyenera kukhala mchenga wambiri, wolemera mumchere monga calcium, nayitrogeni, iron ndi sulfure.
- Nthaka iyenera kukhala ndi umuna ndi humus.
- Dziko lapansi liyenera kuchotsedwa ndi miyala ndi namsongole ndi kumasulidwa.
- Sitiyenera kukhala ndi macelium ena m'malo osankhidwawo, omwe adzakangana.
- Nthaka pH sayenera kukhala yocheperapo 7.5.
Zida zamakono za ku Australia
Nanga ndi momwe mungachite kuti mukhale ndi truffle onunkhira kunyumba, anthu a ku Australia amadziwa. Sayansi yawo ikupambana kwambiri kuyambira mu 1995. Chaka chimodzi, mahekitala 1 adzapereka makilogalamu 4, ndipo zaka 5-6 - makilogalamu 20.
Njirayi yakhala yopambana kwa zaka zoposa 20 ku Australia, kumene kulibe truffles, komanso m'mayiko ena. Kuwonjezera apo, zidzakhala zopindulitsa ku Ukraine, kumene bowa ndikumera kwambiri kuthengo. Inde, ndalama zakuthupi ndi zoyesayesa nthawi zonse zimayenera, makamaka m'zaka zoyambirira. Komano zonsezi zidzabwezeredwa, chifukwa cha mtengo wamakono wa bowa.
Bowa wambiri omwe amapezeka chifukwa chokula ndi mchere.
Kusokoneza
Nkhono ndi miyala ndi pedunculate thundu, zomwe zimapezeka ku Ukraine, zili zoyenera. Mbewu za mitengoyi ndizoyenera kuti zikhale zovuta kuposa matenda aang'ono, monga momwe zimayambira poyamba osati tsinde, koma mizu. Mycorrhiza idzakula pamodzi ndi izo.
Pa matenda muyenera kugula mycelium wa truffle wakuda ndi kuyendetsera mbewu kwa iwo. Amatsalira kwa masabata angapo m'madera osabala, ndikupereka mycelium mwayi wozika mizu. Pambuyo pake, mbande zimabzalidwa pa chiwembu ndi nthaka yokonzeka. Mycorrhiza potsiriza amatha kupulumuka chaka, mpaka mphukira kufika 20 cm mu msinkhu, ndi mizu 50 cm m'litali. Nthawi yonseyi muyenera kumamatira kuika kwaokhaokhaokha.
Kubzala mbande
Zimamera ndi mycelium truffles zikhoza kubzalidwa poyera kumapeto kwa kasupe. Nthaka iyenera kumenyedwa kale ndi mankhwala a herbicides. ammonium glufosinate (imangomva mofulumira pansi).
Ndikofunikira! N'zosatheka kufalitsa feteleza musanadzalemo, chifukwa izi zimawononga mycelium.
Mmera uliwonse uyenera kukhala ndi malo okwanira, osapitirira 500 zidutswa pa hekitala. Ndibwino kuti tigwiritse ntchito ndondomekoyi - 5 mpaka 4 mamita. Kutsika kwa dzenje sikunchepera 75 cm, kotero muzu wa mtengo udzatetezedwa ku chisanu ndi tizirombo. Madzi amatsanulidwira mu dzenje, mphukira imaphimbidwa ndi nthaka, yayinganizidwa ndi kuthirira madzi. Pansi pa chomera chilichonse, tsitsani nyemba zam'madzi kuchokera kumapiri ndi chaka chatha m'munsi mwa masentimita 40 ndipo muzitha kufotokoza filimuyi.
Truffle chisamaliro
Zaka ziwiri zoyambirira zitatha muyenera kusunga malo osatsekera. Pachifukwa ichi nkofunika kulimbana namsongole. Sitingalole kuoneka kwa tizirombo tambiri - akalulu ndi nkhumba, komanso tizilombo zoopsa kwa bowa - tizilombo topsera ndi mazira wakuda.
Kupanga feteleza kumapangitsa kuti NPK-feteleza ndi fetereza zopangidwa ndi micronutrient - iron, magnesium, zinki, boreoni ndi mkuwa. 
Ndikofunikira! Kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali, pafupi ndi msondodzi, popula, mabokosi, fir, spruce, pine ndi laimu ndi owopsa.
Kukolola
Nthawi yakutenga truffles yakucha - mukhoza kuzindikira ndi zizindikiro zitatu:
- chiwombankhanga cha ntchentche chikuwonekera pamwamba pa malo abwino;
- nthaka pamwamba pa maluwa otentha akuphuka;
- udzu umauma m'malo amenewo.
Mukudziwa? Ku Italy, kupanga ma truffles. Malingana ndi kafukufuku, kuchotsa kwa bowawu kumachepetsa kwambiri makwinya akuya.
Kodi mungayesetse bwanji kuti muzitha kukulira ndi manja anu kunyumba kwanu? Koma ngati zonse zikuchitidwa molondola, ndiye kuti khama lanu lidzapindula: "Dandondi yakuda" yomwe ili patebulo idzakondweretsa inu ndi kukoma kosaneneka ndi fungo, komanso kukuthandizani kubwezeretsa bajeti yanu.
