Olima m'mayiko ambiri omwe ali ndi chilakolako akufufuza njira yatsopano, yopangira mafashoni ku horticulture - kulima mitengo yambiri. Mitengo yokongola, yokongola ndi mizere ya mitengo yokoma, kukumbukira kwambiri mitengo ya mitengo. Kolonovidnye mitengo ya apulo, mapeyala ndi mitengo ina ya zipatso, yochepa mu kukula, korona wa zomera yotambasula mmwamba, pali pafupi nthambi zina. Wowona mosamala, atawafufuzira mosamala kwambiri, adzawona kuti ngakhale kuti pang'onopang'ono kukula ndi kukula kwazing'ono, izi ndi mitengo yonse ya zipatso zachikhalidwe zomwe zimadziwika kwa aliyense. Tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsetsa kuti minda yodabwitsa ndi yodalitsika idawoneka bwanji, ndi mitengo yanji yomwe ilipo ndi zomwe zimapindulitsa pazomwe zimayambira.
Mukudziwa? Chimodzi mwa zozizwitsa zisanu ndi ziwiri zozindikirika za dziko lapansi mu kukumbukira umunthu ndi minda yokhazikika ya Semiramis. Nyumba yosangalatsayi imadabwa ndi minda yambiri yomwe ili ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana komanso madzi ozizira. Iwo anamangidwa mu 605 BC ndipo patapita nthawi anawonongedwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi.
Mbiri yowonekera
Mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya zipatso za Coloni yafika ku dziko lonse lachilengedwe kuchokera ku Canada. Mlimi wa ku Canada mu 1964 anakhala mpainiya wa mawonekedwe osadziwika. Mlimiyo adanena kuti imodzi mwa mitengo ya maapulo ya Macintosh ili ndi nthambi zachilendo zomwe zimachokera ku tsinde lakuya. Panalibe njira yopingasa pa nthambi izi, koma zinali zophimbidwa ndi maapulo. 
Mlimi wozizwitsa uja adayitana wofalitsa ndikumuuza kuti aphunzire mtengo wodabwitsa wa apulo. Patapita kanthawi, ntchito yobereketsa itatha, zotsatira zake zathandizira, zinakhala zosiyanasiyana Vazhak, apulo wamkati. Anakonda wamaluwa ndipo anayamba kufalikira m'mayiko ambiri. Pang'onopang'ono, mitengo yatsopano yamitengo inayamba kuonekera.
Ubwino waukulu wa mitengo ya zipatso
Mitundu yatsopano ya zipatso zazing'ono "zazing'ono" zakhala zikudziwika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti poyerekeza zokolola za minda yofanana (miyambo ndi mizere) kukula kwa kolonovidnye kumalandira phindu komanso mosavuta.
Mukhozanso kukhala ndi chidwi ndi mitengo ya kolonovidnye monga: kolonovidnaya maula, kolonovidny apricot.Ndi chisamaliro chomwecho, zokolola za munda ndi zowonjezera zomera zimakhala zochepa kangapo kuposa mitengo yamba, yamapulo kapena mapeyala.
Popeza zomera zimakhala zochepa, zimakhala zosavuta kuzigwiritsira ntchito tizirombo, zimakhala zosavuta kuti tizitha kudulira nthambi za pachaka. Ndipo kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa mitengo ndi yopapatiza ndi yokhala ndi korona ndikuti fruiting yawo imayamba kuchokera chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu mutabzala, ndi mitengo yamba ya zipatso imayambira fruiting kwa zaka 4-5. 
Pamalo a hekta imodzi, mukhoza kuyika munda wa zomera zikwi ziwiri, pomwe zipatso zochepa, zokhala ndi korona waukulu, sizidzagwera mitengo ikuluikulu yokwana 400.
Zotsatira zake, zomera zambiri zikubala chipatso pamalo omwewo, ndipo ndalama zowasamalira ndikuzisamalira ndizochepa.
Mukudziwa? Wolemba sayansi wamkulu wa ku Russian, dzina lake Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935), sadangokhala ndi chidziwitso chachikulu cha sayansi ndi zothandiza pa kubzala mbewu ndi kubzala mbewu, komanso anali ndi kawirikawiri, pafupifupi mphamvu yeniyeni: kuyendetsa pakati pa omwe anabzala mbande zikwi zingapo, pa kuthamanga, analoza ndi ndodo ku zomera zosankhidwa - izi, izi ndi mbeuyi kuchotsa! Othandizawo anamvera ndikuwayeretsa, koma pofuna kufufuza luso la sayansi, nthawi zambiri anayesa kulima zomera zomwe zimalidwa ndi Michurin - osati kamodzi, palibe sapling imodzi yomwe idakhazikika.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana
Mitundu yambiri ya mitengo yowonjezera ya zipatso imagawidwa mu mitundu iwiri:
- Mbeu zazing'ono zomwe zimakula kuchokera ku mbewu ndipo zimakhala ndi chibadwa chachibadwa chochepa (gene).
- Ophatikizidwa amtundu umodzi, amapangidwa ndi kusonkhanitsa nthambi kuchokera ku zomera za kholo la mbeu kumtengo wa mtengo wofanana.
Ndikofunikira! Munda wawung'ono umangowamba mwamsanga fruiting, koma umamwalira, umakalamba ndikumwalira kale. Pambuyo pa zaka 10-12, muyenera kubwezeretsa kubzala, kudula mitengo yakale ndi kubzala atsopano.Mitundu yambiri yamitengo ya apulo: Apple "Ndalama" - chomera kutalika 1.5-2 mamita. Zipatso zonunkhira ndizomwe zimakhala zazikulu (mpaka 250 magalamu), kuwala kofiira ndi mtundu wofiira ndi mapeyala ofiira, osakhala wolimba, zamkati zokoma. Mitundu yambiri imatsutsa bwino matenda akuluakulu a zipatso. Nthawi yokolola mbewu ndi masiku otsiliza a September, zokolola ndi zapamwamba, zipatso zili ndi ubwino wosunga nthawi yozizira;
Apple "Arbat" - Zambiri zochepa, zipatso zochepa (100-120 magalamu), khungu ndi zamkati mwa maapulo a mtundu wa chitumbuwa chamdima. Maapulo ali okoma komanso owometsera, koma zosiyanasiyana sizinapangidwe kwa nthawi yaitali yosungirako; pamene kuika nyengo yozizira kumachepa mofulumira; 
Apple "Pulezidenti" - zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi nyengo yozizira yolimba komanso sizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zipatso zing'onozing'ono ndi zazikulu zowonjezera, kulemera kwa maapulo ndi 140-250 magalamu. Mtundu wa khungu umasiyanasiyana kuchoka ku chizungu kupita ku chikasu, ngati "Kudzaza Kwakuyera", thupi ndi laukhondo, mtundu wa thupi ndi wopepuka. Nthawi yokolola imayamba pakati pa mwezi wa September. 
Mitundu yowonjezera ya mapeyala apakati:
Peyala "Chokongoletsera" - chomera chomera, sichidutsa kutalika kwa 1.5-2 mamita. Mapeyala a maulendo apakati (150-200 g) amadziwika kuti ndifungo lokoma ndi pepala lokoma. Zipatso zimakhala zowutsa mudyo, mwakuya kwathunthu peel ili ndi burgundy blush. Nthawi yakucha ndi theka lachiwiri la August. Mitundu yodabwitsa imeneyi ili ndi drawback yaikulu - zipatso zimasungidwa masiku osachepera 10-14. 
Peyala "Safira" - zosiyanasiyana ndi zabwino chisanu kukana (mpaka -20 ° C). Zili ndi zokolola zabwino, mapeyala apsafupi amajambula mithunzi zitatu (zobiriwira, zachikasu, zofiira). Zokolola za izi zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi khalidwe la kusunga pang'ono, likhoza kusungidwa popanda kutaya mpaka December. 
Kuyala koyenera kwa mitengo yowonjezera
Popeza zomera zamasamba sizikhala ndi nthambi zazing'ono, zimatha kubzalidwa kwambiri kuposa mitengo yambiri yautali, koma mitengoyo imasankha kukonza munda wachitsamba, zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa:
- Kodi mbeuyo idzakololedwa ndi manja, kapena kuti payenera kuyendetsa mtunda wokwanira pa magalimoto;
- Kukonzekera kwa munda kumakonzedwa molingana ndi mzere umodzi kapena mzere wa mzere umodzi ndi mpata wa njira imodzi.
Bzalani zomera zazing'ono zowonjezera zipatso mu masika ndi autumn. Kudyetsa kutentha kumachitika mu theka la mwezi wa April, pomwe chisanu chimawonongeka pansi ndipo dothi limawomba. Komabe, alimi omwe ali ndi chidziwitso amanena kuti kudyedwa kwadzinja kwa "amamera" ndibwino, popeza m'dzinja ndi m'nyengo yozizira mtengo uli ndi nthawi yokhazikika ndikutsata zatsopano. Pa nthawi ya kubzala, ndikofunika kulimbana ndi nthawi yeniyeni ndikudutsa patapita nthawi yoposa September.
Mitunduyo ikasankhidwa ndi mbeu yomwe ikufunidwa, muyenera kusankha pa siteti yoyendera. Mitengo yonse ya zipatso imakhala yopanda malire, malo a dzuwa, ophimbidwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho yozizira.
Kuyala maenje amafunika kukonzekera pasanakhale malingana ndi chiwerengero cha mbeu zogula. Ndibwino kuti, pakabzala kasupe, ndi bwino kukumba mabowo mu kugwa, pamene nthawi yamadzinja ikudza, m'chaka. Kuyala maenje kumakumbidwa molingana ndi kafukufuku wosankhidwa ndi wolima munda, poganizira mtunda wa pakati pa zomera zozungulira ndi mzere wa mzere.
Kuya kwa dzenje lodzala ayenera kukhala 40-50 cm, ndipo m'lifupi la groove apangidwa kukumbukira mfundo yakuti mizu ya mtengo umene wabzalidwa sayenera kutsekedwa kapena kuwerama. Pamene nthawi yobzala idakumba, feteleza imagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi. Izi zikhoza kukhala zowonongeka manyowa, kompositi. Pakulima kamodzi, mafosholo awiri a feteleza oterewa ndi okwanira. Chosankhidwacho chimasakanizidwa bwino ndi nthaka, yomwe ili pansi pa dzenje lakudzala. 
Chidebe cha madzi chimatsanuliridwa mu dzenje lakutha, kuyembekezera kuti lilowerere pansi ndi kudzala mtengo. Chomera chobzalachotsedwa madzi kachiwiri pansi pazu (pafupifupi 5-7 malita).
Ndikofunikira! Mukamabzala mtengo wamtengo wapatali, muyenera kusamalidwa kuti mutsimikizire kuti malo opatsirana ndi katemera sali ovomerezeka ndi dziko lapansi.
Zosamalira
Mukamabzala mitengo ndi mabulosi ofanana ndi njuchi, miyeso ya chitetezo ndi chisamaliro chawo sichisiyana ndi chisamaliro cha munda wamba. Koma, ndithudi, pali zovuta zina zomwe osadziwa wamaluwa amafunikira kudziwa:
M'chaka choyamba
Nthawi zina anabzala "othawa" akhoza kuthetsa maluwa m'chaka chodzala. Izi zimaopseza kufooka kwa sapling, mizu yake, ndipo chifukwa chake, kusowa kwa mbewu m'tsogolo. Zosayembekezereka akufalikira maluwa akulimbikitsidwa kuti achotsedwe, kupewa zipatso anapereka.
Kupereka mapangidwe
M'zaka zotsatira, achinyamata adzalima pachimake kwambiri. Izi ndi zokongola, koma sizimakhala zoopsa zowonongeka kwa achinyamata mbande. M'malo mwa maluwa onse, ndi nyengo yabwino, mphutsi ya zipatso imapangidwa. Ngati mazira a chipatso apangidwa, ambiri amafunika kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mzere wamaluwa (pamanja). Mmera wawung'ono sungakhoze nthawizonse kubala zipatso zochuluka kwambiri. Choncho, pakupanga katundu wa mtengo ndi zipatso: kuchokera mu gulu lomwe muli zipatso zisanu ndi ziwiri, muyenera kusiya awiri okha. 
Mitengo ya coloniform ili ndi mizu yomwe imakhala yofanana ndi pamwamba pa nthaka ndi yosaya pansi pansi. M'nyengo ya chilimwe, nthaka yomwe ili pafupi ndi mtengo wa mitengo yazing'ono ndi pakati pa mizere imathandizidwa kuchokera namsongole (namsongole). Pa chithandizochi, kuwonongeka kwa makina kwa mizu yosazama kumachitika. Izi zimaopseza imfa ya chomera. Pofuna kupewa kuvulaza mizu ndikusunga pulogalamu ya antchito ogwira ntchito yoweta, malo onse m'munda ayenera kukhala amata. N'zotheka kubisa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi mulch zipangizo: utuchi, shavings, mpendadzuwa kapena mapeyala.
Mukudziwa? Dothi la Zaluzhennaya - gawo lodzala ndi kukula kochepa ndi udzu wambiri (tirigu). Chophimba choterechi chimachepetsa kukula kwa namsongole m'munda ndipo chimateteza kutuluka kwa dothi m'nthaka.Kuteteza motsutsana ndi tizirombo, mitengo ya zipatso imachiritsidwa kumayambiriro kasupe (musanayambe mphukira) ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndi zophweka kukonzekera chitetezo cha m'munda komanso mothandizidwa ndi kukonzekera kwachilengedwe ndi misampha. Pakati pa mizere mungathe kulima zomera ndi phytoncidal katundu (marigolds, melissa, katsabola), iwo amawopsya nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizilombo tina zomwe zimavulaza munda tizilombo ndi fungo lapadera.
Pa nthawi ya chilimwe cha tizilombo, misampha imapachikidwa pa nthambi za m'mundamo - zitsulo zokhala ndi zokoma zosakanikirana ndi theka ndi mafuta a masamba. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, timakopeka ndi fungo la nthaka ya zipatso mumsampha, mapiko awo amaphimba mafuta ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingathe kuwuluka.
Pamitengo yambiri ya zipatso zimakhazikitsidwa maboti. Lamba wotere limayikidwa pa thunthu, pamwamba pake pamakhala ndi mankhwala othandizira ndi othandizira omwe salola kuti nyerere ziike nsabwe za m'masamba pamtengo wa mtengo.
Kuthirira Mitengo yaing'ono imafunika kuthirira nthawi zonse, koma sikoyenera kuti munthu wamaluwa azigwiritsa ntchito tsikuli ndikugona usiku ndi phula m'manja mwake m'munda. Ngati munda waikidwa m'madera ouma kumene mvula imapezeka kawirikawiri, kukonza ulimi wothirira mbewu kumatheka. Ngati munda uli waung'ono, ukhoza kuthiriridwa ndi pansi pazu, pamsana woyambira, womwe sulola madzi kufalikira. Kawirikawiri, nkhuku zazing'ono zimathirira madzi okwanira panthawi yobzala ndi madzi awiri kapena atatu pazu mu miyezi iwiri yoyambirira ya moyo. 
M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, madzi okwanira imodzi (imodzi ya ulimi wothirira) amaperekedwa ndi 2 malita a madzi. Koma mbande sizingakhoze kutsanuliridwa, monga chinyezi chokwanira chimayambitsa kuvunda achinyamata mizu. Wofesa munda ayenera kukhala wanzeru kuchitira ulimi wothirira ndikuganizira kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mphepo. Kupaka pamwamba Ngati musanadzalemo mbande, feteleza (nayitrogeni, potashi) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ku maenje obzala, ndiye kudyetsa kwa kambewu kameneko kudzakhala kokwanira kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo.
Ngati mlimiyo akukhulupirira kuti feteleza sagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti nthawi ya chilimwe, mbewu zimatha kudyetsedwa. Manyowa amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala pamodzi ndi ulimi wothirira. M'madzi ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuthirira, mukhoza kuwonjezera: feteleza wamadzi owongolera nkhuku manyowa kapena slurry, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zovuta zowonjezereka m'mitengo ya zipatso.
Ndikofunikira! Ngakhale nthaka isakwaniridwe bwino, mafinya aang'ono ndi abwino kuti asadyetse chaka choyamba. Mizu ya chaka choyamba zomera zimakhalabe zofooka ndi zofooka, zikhoza "kuwotchedwa" ndi mlingo wosayenerera wa feteleza.Kudulira Wamasamba ali ndi zowonongeka zomwe zimafunidwa kuti zikhale ndi chomera chomera. Mitengo yaing'ono kapena mitengo ya biennial imapangidwa ndi kudulira mwamphamvu. Kudulira nthambi, minda ya minda imakhala ndi masamba awiri okha. M'tsogolomu, mtundu uwu wa kudulira pachaka sikuchitanso. 3-5 Mbewu zamphamvu zimatsalira pa nthambi zamphamvu, ndipo nthambi zofooka sizimathetsedwa konse (zimangothamanga ndi nsonga).
Zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kale zimadulidwa bwino, koma zimangokhala ndi mawonekedwe.
Kudulira mitengo ya mitengo ya mapulo ndi mapeyala kumapanga mu April. Kudulira kotentha kumachitika kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa July mpaka pakati pa mwezi wa August. 
Kugwiritsa ntchito popanga malo
Malo am'munda sangakhale achilendo kukongoletsa mothandizidwa ndi zomera zamasamba. Korona ya mitengo yotereyi ingapangidwe malinga ndi zofuna za wamaluwa.
Mwinanso mungakhale ndi chidwi ndi maapulo okongola ndi mapeyala monga: Nedzvetskogo apulo mtengo ndi zopatsa, Ussuri peyala.Zipatso zamaluwa zambiri zomwe zimabzalidwa pofuna kukongoletsera m'maseĊµera a ana omwe ali pafupi ndi nyumba zazing'ono. Chotsatira ndi mzinda wokongola kwambiri wa doll. Komabe, kuti azikongoletsa malowa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati zipatso, ndi coniferous ndi deciduous columnar mitengo. Mitengoyi imaphatikizidwa ndi mitengo yomwe ili ndi nthambi, mitengo yokhala ndi yaying'ono yokhala ndi mphanda wooneka ngati nthungo - yokhala ndi mipando yokongola kwambiri (yokhala ndi masamba, nsanja ndi labyrinths). Mitengo yodabwitsa yamtunduwu imadulidwa ndi miyala ya miyala ndi miyala, kapena pafupi ndi miyala yaikulu.
Mukudziwa? Mbali yosangalatsa ya zomera za colonic ndi korona wooneka ngati mipira ndi kulengedwa kwachinyengo cha malo amapiri pang'ono pa malo osasunthika.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamitengo yobiriwira yamtunduwu imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndi chilala ndi chisanu, zimakhala ndi zotsutsa kwambiri matenda a fungal ndi nkhanambo, zokolola zambiri ndi zipatso zokoma. Ndizo zikhalidwe za mitengo yooneka ngati njuchi zomwe zazindikiridwa ndi wamaluwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chifukwa chaichi ndizofunikira kukula. Ngati mupereka munda wamaluwa wamtendere ndi chisamaliro chabwino ndi chisamaliro, zidzakondwera makamu kwa zaka zambiri ndi kukongola kwa zomera zokoma ndi mbewu zabwino.
