Anthu osadziŵa zambiri ndi omwe amamwa mowa, chifukwa cha kusadziŵa kwawo, nthawi zina amadziika okha pangozi yosonkhanitsa bowa losatetezeka kapena woopsa - mu ufumu wa bowa kumeneko muli mitundu yambiri yomwe imawoneka mofanana ndi mitundu yodyera, koma kwenikweni ili ndi poizoni. Mmene mungasiyanitse bowa wonyenga kuchokera ku zakudya, zizindikiro za poizoni ndi mtengo wowawa, kumene zimakula, ndi momwe zimawonekera - zambiri mu nkhaniyi.
Kudya kapena ayi
Chifukwa chakuti gorchak nthawi zambiri imasokonezeka ndi bowa weniweni woyera, iyo imatchedwa dzina - yonyenga. Icho chiri cha gulu la inedible, lomwe silingadye ngakhale pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha. 
Chifukwa chakuti mitundu yosawerengeka imeneyi imapweteka kwambiri, anatchedwa dzina lakuti gorchak (lomwe limatchedwanso kuti bowa lakuda ndi lachikwere). Ndizodabwitsa kuti zowawa sizowopsa, koma n'zosatheka kuzidya chifukwa cha zamkati zovuta.
Kodi bowa wonyenga amaoneka bwanji?
Bowa yoyera yofananayo ndi yofanana ndi yodyedwa, ndipo maulendo awiriwa akhoza kusiyanitsidwa ndi zosiyana zazing'ono.
Dzidziwitse nokha ndi mndandanda wa bowa woopsa komanso woopsa, komanso momwe mungadziwitse mabodza, inedible russula, lozhopenkov, ambulera ya bowa.
Hat
Kukula kwa pang'ono pang'ono kowawa kungapangidwe pakati pa 5 ndi 15 masentimita awiri - pamene kunyowa, kumakhala kovuta pang'ono ndi kovuta, ngati chipewa cha boletus. Maonekedwe a kapu ndi ofanana ndi boletus - hemisphere.
Kukula kwa gorchak kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Mtundu umasinthasintha kuchokera ku bulauni yofiira mpaka bulauni, ukhoza kukhala ndi mitsinje yowala. 
Pulp
Mphuno yachisangalalo chachisinkhu cholimba, choyera ndi pinki, ndi zotchedwa fibers. Mbali yodziwika bwino - sikungayambe kuwonongeka ndi mphutsi ndipo, motero, sizimavunda. Alibe fungo labwino, koma kukoma kwake kuli kowawa kwambiri, ndi cholemba chowawa. Pamene kudula ndi kukhudzana ndi mpweya, thupi limayamba kuphulika.
Ndikofunikira! Ngakhale kuti gorchak ilibe fungo lokhazika mtima pansi, ali ndi zaka zambiri amapeza fungo lokhazika mtima pansi. Ngakhale kamodzi kakang'ono kowawa, kamodzi kamodzi mu mbale, nthawi yomweyo amawononga kukoma kwa chakudya ndi kununkhiza kwake kowawa ndi kulawa kowawa.
Mndandanda wamdima
Zili ndi timabulu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timaphatikizapo tsinde lachisoni. Mtundu umayenda bwino kuchokera ku milky mpaka ku pinki.
Mwendo
Mphuno yaukali ndi yamphamvu, yayikulu ndi yolemetsa. Kutalika kwake kumasiyanasiyana ndi masentimita 1 mpaka 3, imatha kukulira kufika masentimita 13 m'litali. Mbali yakeyi ndi mzere wozungulira, womwe umafanana ndi mace. 
Mtundu wa miyendo umakhala wofiira, wosawoneka wobiriwira. Kumtunda pali mtundu wachikasu kapena wofiira womwe umapezeka pa tsinde panthawi ya kusasitsa - wamkulu ndi wowawa, mandawo amawoneka bwino.
Kumene ndi pamene zikukula
Malo omwe mumaikonda kwambiri akukula nkhalango zowopsya kapena zowonongeka. Amakonda nthaka yowawa kwambiri - amatha kumera pa mchenga komanso pafupi ndi mitengo yowonongeka ya conifer kapena pansi pa mitengo.
Gorchak ili paliponse paliponse - iyo ingapezeke m'makontinenti onse. Nthaŵi ya mapangidwe ndi kukula ndi miyezi yotentha (kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa June ndi mwezi wa October). Amakonda kuwala kowala ndi nthaka yonyowa, choncho zowawa zimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Anakhazikitsidwa m'magulu a makope 5 mpaka 15.
Mukudziwa? Mu Zagreb ya ku Croatia pali malo osungiramo zowawa za bowa, omwe ali ndi zisudzo zoposa 5,000.
Mmene mungasiyanitse ndi mapasa odyetsedwa
Kuti musasokoneze posankha bowa, komanso kuti musatenge mtundu woopsa kapena wosayenerera, muyenera kudziwa kuti ndi mitundu yanji yomwe imakhala ndi mitundu ina. Mbali yaikulu ya mtengo wowawa, yomwe imatha kusiyanitsa ndi zakudya zomwe zimadyedwa, ndizoti akadulidwa, zowawa zimayamba kuundana pomwepo, ndipo malo omwe amathyoka amakhala obiriwira.
Bowa weniweni woyera
Pali mfundo zazikulu zitatu zomwe zimakhala zowawa poyerekeza ndi nyemba zoyenera kudya:
- mtundu wa kapu (mu mithunzi yowawa kwambiri, ndi bowa zoyera zingakhale ndi kapu kapena kofiira kapu);
- mawonekedwe a mwendo - pang'ono chabe pangТono pakati pa zaka zingapo, zomwe zimapangitsa tsinde kufanana ndi mace
- Kukhoza kowawa kumadetsa kuyanjana ndi mlengalenga, pomwe mu bowa loyera, thupi silingasinthe mtundu wake.
Phunzirani za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa woyera, zopindulitsa za bowa zoyera, za mitundu yonse ya njira yokolola bowa woyera m'nyengo yozizira.Mndandanda wa ma bowa woyera nthawi zonse imakhala yoyera kapena ya azitona, ndipo pakhungu limakhala lofiira kwambiri - phokoso likhonza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa chinyama chodetsedwa chomwe chimakhala chodetsedwa.
Ndikofunikira! Osankha osadziŵa bowa, kuti amasiyanitse bowa wonyenga wonyenga kuchokera pakalipano, kulawa thupi, kapena kunyambita kapu ya bowa - madzi a zoŵaŵa ali ndi mkwiyo, ndipo amawotcha kwambiri. Ndipo ngakhale kuti njirayi ili yothandiza kwambiri, sikuvomerezeka kuti iigwiritse ntchito - pali ngozi yopezera poizoni wa chakudya, komanso ndi mayesero achiwawa nthawi zambiri pa lirime - chiwindi cha chiwindi.
Brownberry
Chinanso chodyera mapasa a Gorchak ndi brownberry. Mosiyana ndi tsitsi lakuda, tsitsi lofiirira liri ndi mwendo wochepa kwambiri, umene ulibe kuphulika pansi.
Phunzirani momwe mungadziwire bowa wodyetsedwa monga bowa mokhala, kuyanditsa bowa, maluwa, maluwa, maluwa, schickenki, udzu wakuda, sandboxes, ryadovka, boletus.
Kumbukirani kuti zowawa nthawizonse zimawoneka bwino, sizimakhudzidwa ndi mphutsi ndipo sizingowonongeka (mkwiyo wake umawombetsa tizilombo ndi mphutsi), koma nthawi zambiri timakonda tizilombo towononga chipolopolo chake.
Komanso brownberry ali ndi fungo losangalatsa, ndi mnofu woyera, pamene fungasi ya ndulu sikununkhiza, ndipo mnofu wake ndi utoto wa tubula uli ndi mtundu wa pinki. 
Zizindikiro za poizoni
Mwamwayi, palibe munthu yemwe ali ndi inshuwalansi pa poizoni wa bowa - zimachitika kuti ngakhale osankha bowa omwe amadziwa bwino sangathe kuthawa. Ngakhale zowawa sizinthu zoopsa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene zimamasulidwa m'magazi a anthu, zimayambitsa mowa kwambiri.
Komanso, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa gorchaka kumakhudza kwambiri chiwindi ndi ndulu - ngakhale masiku 20 mutagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzochi, kuphulika kungathe kuwonedwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa bile.
Mukudziwa? Pali zochitika zambiri m'mbiri pamene anthu otchuka ndi mafumu anali poizoni ndi bowa. Kotero, zinalembedwa kuti mafumu achiroma Claudius ndi Tiberius (m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri BC), Emperor Alexander I (XVIII-XIX zaka), mfumu ya ku France Charles V (zaka za m'ma 1600), ndi Papa Clement VII (zaka za zana la XV) onse adagwa omwe amazunzidwa ndi poizoni.
Zizindikiro za poizoni ndi:
- ululu wopweteka m'mimba, zoponda;
- kupsya mtima ndi pakamwa pakamwa;
- chizungulire, kufooka kwakukulu;
- kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha;
- chiwonetsero chikulimbikitsa;
- Nthawi zina - kutsekemera kwa khungu, kuoneka kwa mikwingwirima pansi pa maso.
Ngati pali chizindikiro chimodzi chochokera mndandanda, m'pofunika kusamba m'mimba - kuti muchite izi, perekani wodwalayo madzi ambiri ofunda ndi njira yochepa ya potassium permanganate, ndipo mwamsanga pitani kuchipatala.
Simungapereke mapiritsi omwe amapezeka pamimba pamimba - zigawo zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, monga lamulo, zimakhala zolimbana ndi zinthu zakuwidwa mtima, zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka. Dziwani kuti: Kuchedwa kuchepa kwa poizoni kukhoza kuwononga moyo, choncho muyenera kuchita mofulumira komanso molimba mtima.
Kuwidwa mtima kowawa ndiwotchuka kwambiri ndi wotsutsana kwambiri wa mitundu yodyera yotere monga boletus ya bulauni ndi bowa woyera. Kudziwa zakunja zomwe zimakhala zowawa komanso zikhalidwe zake zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusiyanitsa bowa losagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera kumapasa ake odyetsedwa, komanso kudzitetezera ku poizoni.
Ndemanga kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti
