Kalekale mtengo wa Oak wakhala ngati mtengo wapadera. Makolo athu ankapembedzeranso chimphona chachikuluchi, kumupatsa zozizwitsa komanso zozizwitsa komanso mphamvu zamatsenga. Kodi ndi chifukwa chotani chokhala ndi mtima wolemekezeka, ndi chiyani chomwe chiri chotheka ndipo ndizotheka kukula mtengo wamtengo ku dacha, tiyeni tiyesere kumvetsa nkhaniyi.
Malongosoledwe a zomera
Chithunzithunzi cha Chingerezi, chimawoneka ngati oak kapena chilimwe chirimwe, ndiyimira woimira banja la beech. Zimatengedwa kuti ndi chiwindi chachikulu pakati pa mitengo, zaka zambiri ndi zaka 400, koma zimatha kufika 1500.
Muzu, makungwa, korona
Mafuta ndi zomera zosasunthika zowonjezereka, choncho zimakhala ndi mizu yamphamvu komanso yowonjezera, yomwe imapereka mwamphamvu kutsutsana ndi zilengedwe zina zakuthupi:
- Mzu wa mtengo uli wozama kwambiri. Wachinyamatayo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mizu yambiri ya ndodo, yomwe mizu yotsatira imakula pamene ikukula zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyambirira;
- Kutalika kwa thunthu kumatha kufika mamita 40-50, kukula kwake kwa thunthu kumapitiriza kukula pang'onopang'ono m'moyo wonse wa mtengo;
- khungwa limasintha maonekedwe ake malingana ndi msinkhu wa mbewu: mwa achinyamata nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiira, popanda mizere yowonekera, yosalala, koma pamene imakula imakhala yosalala, mtundu umayamba kusintha kumdima wakuda ndi kusakaniza mthunzi wa bulauni;
- korona wamtengo wakufalikira, wobiriwira ndi wakuda. Korona akhoza kufika mamita 25 m'kati mwake.
Akuwombera, masamba, masamba
Mphukira ya mtengo kawirikawiri imakhala yopanda kanthu kapena yophimbidwa ndi fuzz yaing'ono, monga lamulo, iyo ndi yofiira kapena yofiira mtundu womwe uli ndi masamba ambiri. Maluwawo ndi ozungulira, ndipo mthunzi ukhale wopepuka kusiyana ndi mphukira ndi zowomba. Masambawo ndi mthunzi wamdima wobiriwira. Masamba ali ndi mawonekedwe oblong ovala ndi lobes ozungulira, petiole wamfupi ndi mitsempha yambiri. Kukula kwa msinkhu kumatha kusiyana pakati pa 7 ndi 35-40 masentimita. Masamba aang'ono ali ndi mphonje.
Maluwa, zipatso
Mng'alu wa pedunculate ndi chomera chimodzimodzi, ndipo maluwa ake ndi amodzi. Amuna amakhala pachimake ndi zitsulo zokongola zotsalira pansi, zomwe zimakhala ndi maluwa aang'ono achikasu. Maluwa a pistillate ndi ofiira, aang'ono, omwe ali mu axils a masamba, amasonkhanitsidwa ang'onoang'ono inflorescences mpaka 5 zidutswa. 
Mitengo ya mtengo wa zipatso. Timazindikira zipatso za mtengo waukulu ngati acorns - oblong barere wofiira, 2-7 cm kukula ndi mikwingwirima yofiira, iliyonse imakhala mu "chisa" chofanana ndi chikho. Zojambulazo zoyamba zimapezeka nthawi zambiri pamitengo yomwe yapitirira zaka 40.
Mukudziwa? Ngakhale zokolola zochuluka, malinga ndi chiŵerengero, pa mtedza wa 10,000 wokha umodzi akhoza kukhala mtengo.
Kumene Oaks Akukula: Kufalikira
Ma Oak ambiri amatha kuwona pa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zambiri za Old Europe. Ndikumadzulo kwa Ulaya kuti mtundu uwu wa mtengo ndi wamba kwambiri. Chimakula m'dera la Ulaya la Russia ndi Western Asia. Kum'mwera, amapezeka m'mapiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Black Sea ndi ku Caucasus.
Onani momwe mitengo 12 yabwino kwambiri yamaluwa imakhalira.
Kodi n'zotheka kukula m'dzikolo?
Chobiriwira, chiwindi chachikulu chimawoneka chokongola kwambiri, ndipo wamaluwa ambiri amalota kuti azigona pamthunzi wa korona wake. Kodi n'zotheka kuti mukule mtengo wamtengo wapatali ku dacha, yesani kuzilingalira. Kukula kwa oak pedakculate oak pa chiwembu ndiwowoneka kuti mapangidwe a malo, amawoneka okongola pafupi ndi muyezo wa zitsamba zamaluwa ndi mitengo ya coniferous. 
Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mtengo wamtengowu umafuna malo ochulukirapo komanso nthaka yachitukuko, ndipo imatha "kubera" anthu oyandikana nawo zakudya. Pofuna kuti thundu lisakulepheretseni diso, chisafunikire kusankha malo abwino oti mubzalidwe ndikutsata mapangidwe a mbeu, osalola kuti ikule kwambiri.
Kusankha malo
Kukula mtengo wamtengo pamalowa sikophweka ngati ukuwoneka poyamba. Pofuna kuti zinthu zikuyendere bwino, muyenera kutsatira malamulo oyambirira obzala mbewu. Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi kusankha malo abwino kwa chimphona chamtsogolo.
Ndikofunikira! Musaiwale kuti ngakhale thundu laling'ono liri ndi mizu yomwe imakula kwambiri ndipo imakonda malo, kotero muyenera kupewa kubzala mtengo womwe uli pafupi kwambiri ndi zomera zina.
Ndikufuna kuunikira
Oak amakonda kuwala kowala bwino, makamaka makamaka pamtunda wa korona. Pachifukwa ichi, mthunzi wa pamtengowo siwopsye. Pankhani imeneyi, kulima malo obiriwira otsekemera a malowa ndi mitengo yoyandikana ndi mitengo yapafupi.
Zosowa za nthaka
Mfundo yachiwiri yofunikira ndiyo kudziwa nthaka yoyenera - iyi ndi imodzi mwa zinsinsi zothandiza kuti ulimi ukhale wopambana. Mtengo umafuna nthaka yopanda ndale, koma sulola kuwonjezeka kwa acidity, kotero simukuyenera kukula mumng'oma pafupi ndi conifers.
Zimakhala bwino pa fertile loam, ngakhale zimakhala zovuta pa nthaka yosauka, yovuta. Mafuta ndi osagonjetsa chilala, sakonda madzi omwe ali ndi madzi komanso madzi ambiri.
Kutentha ndi nyengo
Mng'alu wa oak ndi chimanga chokonda kutentha kwambiri, kawirikawiri chimagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, koma chimfine choopsa chimatha kuwononga makungwa a mtengo, kupanga mawonekedwe oundana. Imakhala yosagonjetsedwa ndi chilala ndi mphepo chifukwa cha zochitika zakuya za mizu.
Zotsatira zofika
Kuti mtengo wa thundu ukhazikike pa tsamba lanu, muyenera kulipira kwambiri kubzala ndi kusamalira mtengo.
Werengani momwe mungamere chomera chofiira.
Mukadzala pedunculate thundu
Kulima kwa achinyamata kumalimbikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa masika asanayambe masamba. Ngati kuberekanso kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito acorns, ndiye kuti amafesedwa m'dzinja kapena kumapeto kwa kasupe, pafupi ndi May, mu nthawiyi kuyambira nthawi yachisanu mpaka kumapeto kwa acorns amasungidwa pamalo ozizira, amdima pamtambo wambiri. 
Njira zokula
Mpheta yamtengo wapatali imatha kubzala kapena kumera kuchokera ku acorns. Taganizirani zomwe njirazi zili nazo.
Cuttings
Kubzala mitengo ndi cuttings ndi ntchito yovuta, koma imakulolani kukula mtengo popanda mtengo wapadera. Chithunzithunzi cha Chingerezi chimawonjezereka mwa kuwombera mizu ya cuttings ku mtengo wa mayi:
- Ndibwino kutenga cuttings kuchokera ku zomera zazing'ono, zaka 2-3 zaka. Nthawi yabwino kwambiri ya rooting ndiyomweyi kuyambira pa May mpaka oyambirira a July;
- kudula mphukira bwino m'mawa kapena mvula, ayenera kukhala ndi makungwa obiriwira ndi kusinthasintha;
- Mphukirayo imadulidwa mu cuttings ndi mpeni, nthawi zambiri pakati pa mphukira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula, mbali yochepa ya kudula imadulidwa ndi oblique kudula, ndipo chapamwamba chimadulidwa molunjika;
- musanadzalemo, timadontho timadontho timayikidwa mu chidebe cha madzi, ndi sprayed;
Phunzirani momwe mungabzala acorns.
- chifukwa chodzala cuttings ayenera kukonzekera nthaka yabwino. Kuti tichite zimenezi, nthaka yothira, yosasunthika pansi yosakanizidwa ndi mchenga imatsanulidwira mumphika kapena chidebe china. Nthakayi ndi maziko, ndipo 3-4 masentimita a mchenga wochuluka amadzazidwa kuchokera pamwamba. Mungagwiritse ntchito kusakaniza kopangidwa ndi peat ndi mchenga wa mafakitale;
- Mbeu zimabzalidwa mu nthaka yokonzedwa bwino, kuwonjezereka kwa 2 cm ndikuphatikiza nthaka pozungulira kudula. Mtunda woyenera pakati pa cuttings ndi mizere ndi masentimita 5 5. Mutabzala, kuthirira kumatheka kupyolera mu sieve kapena kumwa madzi apadera kokha ndi mtundu wina wa wowonjezera kutentha kumamangidwa kuti apange wowonjezera kutentha;
- Mitengo yamtunduwu imakhala bwino kwambiri ndi pafupifupi kutentha kwa madigiri 20-24, koma mtengo ndi wovuta kumera, kotero ndikofunikira kumvetsera kutentha kwa dothi - liyenera kukhala lalitali kusiyana ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 3-4;
- Nthambi yotsekemera imatulutsidwa mpaka 4 patsiku.
Ndikofunikira! Wakukula mbewu ya mayi, sizing'onozing'ono kuti zidutswa zomwe zimachotsedwa mmenemo zidzakhala ndi moyo komanso mizu bwinobwino.Pomwe mtengowo ukamera mizu, amakudziwitsani nthawi yomweyo: masamba a mbewuyo ayamba kukula kukula ndipo posakhalitsa mphukira zoyamba zidzawonekera. Pambuyo pake, chomeracho chingayambe kuzoloŵera zachilengedwe, kuyamba kutsegula pang'ono pogona, ndiyeno, kutseguka kwa maola angapo. Kawirikawiri, kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September, wowonjezera kutentha akhoza kutsukidwa ndipo chomeracho chingakonzekere kumasuliridwa mu kugwa pansi. Chabwino mizu ya cuttings imatha kuthera m'nyengo yozizira pansi pa chisanu.
Kukula sakura, delonix, wisteria, albino, rhododendron, cassia, magnolia ndi pyracantha kunyumba.
Momwe mungamere mtengo wa oak kuchokera kumtengo wapatali
Vuto lochepa lidzabweretsa kulima kwa oak wamba. Chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndi kuyandikira mozama kusankha ma acorns, omwe angabzalidwe, chifukwa pakati pawo sizingatheke:
- Zipatso za thundu zimatuluka m'dzinja, zowonongeka kale, zimakhala zabwino kuti zimere. Pakusonkhanitsa, ndikofunika kudziwa ngati chipatso chauma mkati, chifukwa chiyenera kugwedezeka, mtedza wa nut suyenera kugogoda pamakoma. Zipatso zamtengo wapamwamba sizikhala ndi ming'alu, nkhungu ndi zosafunika zina, chikhomocho chimachotsedwa mosavuta;
- Akatswiri akukulangizani kuti mutenge nthaka ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono ogwa kuchokera ku chigwa kuti muonetsetse kuti kusungirako zakuthupi koyenera;
- Ndi kosavuta kuwona kuyenerera kwa chigamba cha mitengo: kutsanulira zipatso zosankhidwa mu chidebe ndi madzi. Zilonda zomwe zimangoyamba kuuluka, zimatha kutayidwa bwino, siziyenera kubzala. Pambuyo pa mphindi zingapo, bwerezani ndondomekoyi - nthawi ino muyenera kuyembekezera maminiti angapo, mwinamwake ena ochepa adzatuluka. Zipatso zomwe zinatsalira pansi pa mbale, mungathe kutenga monga mbande;
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa kudziwa mitengo yambiri.
- Pofuna kusunga zachilengedwe ndikupeza zotsatira zoyenera, ndi bwino kudzala mbewu nthawi yachisanu, ndipo zipatso zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ziyenera kukhalabe mpaka pano. masamba ndi kuyika apo acorns. Tsekani botolo ndi chivindikiro ndikuyika mu malo ozizira, zikhoza kukhala m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba kapena chipinda cha masamba cha firiji. Kusungirako koteroko kudzaonetsetsa kuti mbeuyo idzasungidwe bwino mpaka masika mwazochitika zachilengedwe;
- m'chaka, "tsitsirani" ma acorns ndikupitiriza kugwira ntchito yochititsa chidwi komanso yovuta: kumera kwa mizu yoyamba ya mthunzi. Kuti muchite izi, ikani chikondwererocho mu phukusi, chodzaza ndi nthaka yonyowa, kusakaniza firiji mpaka majeremusi. Kawirikawiri izi zimatenga 3-4 miyezi;
- Mbeu ikangoyamba, imayenera kuikidwa m'miphika yaing'ono. Sankhani miphika ndi mabowo kuti musapezeke madzi, mudzaze ndi gawo lonse lapansi, mukhoza kuwonjezera peat osakaniza. Anamera mbande kumizidwa pansi, kuwalimbikitsa pang'ono. Ikani miphika pamalo abwino ndi kuunikira bwino ndi madzi 2-3 pa sabata;
- mkati mwa mwezi mudzawona zotsatira za ntchito yanu; mmerawu umayamba kukula mwakuya ndikumasula timapepala oyambirira. Masamba akangowonjezera 2, chomeracho chimatha kusungunuka, kutanthauza kuti, kuikidwa mu chidebe chachikulu, kumene mizu idzayimbitsidwa;
- tikasankha, timakonza miphika ikuluikulu, timadzaza ndi nthaka, timachotsa mbande mosamala, kuyesa kusokoneza mizu, ndi kumiza mu nthaka, kutsanulira gawo lapansi pamwamba ndi kuwatsanulira. Kusankha mbande ziyenera kukhala mu chipinda chowala, kuyesera ulimi wothirira kasanu ndi kamodzi pamwezi.
Chomera chokongola chotero ngati thundu chidzawoneka chogwirizana kwambiri ndi mitundu yachikasu: mapulo, linden, mthethe wachikasu, phulusa, mabokosi ndi popula.Mitengo yaying'ono ndi yowonjezereka idzakhala yokonzeka kuika pamalo otseguka.
Chithandizo cha Oak
Kotero, mwakwanitsa kuthana ndi ntchito yakukula mmera ndi kuika chomera ku malo osatha ku dacha. Tsopano ntchito yanu yaikulu ndi kupereka mtengo wachinyamata bwino. Timatsindika kuti kusamala mosamala za mtengo wa oak kumafuna poyamba, pomwe mbewuyo ndi yaing'ono, yomwe ili pafupi zaka zisanu.
Ndikufuna kuthirira madziwo
Ngakhale kuti mtengo wamtengowu umatengedwa ngati mbewu yosagonjetsa chilala, pamtundu uwu mitengo yachikulire imatanthawuzidwa, ndipo achinyamata amafunika kuthirira nthawi zonse. Mukangobzala nyemba pamtunda, imayenera kuthirira nthawi yomweyo ndikupitiriza kuthirira kwa masiku asanu ndi awiri tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kenaka, m'nyengo yozizira kuyambira kumapeto kwa masika mpaka kumayambiriro koyamba, mitengo yaying'ono ya mthunzi imayenera kuthiriridwa moyenera ngati nthaka idauma. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti thundu silikufuna chinyezi chokhazikika, choncho nthawi ndi nthawi muyenera kumasula nthaka kuzungulira thunthu ndipo nthawi yomweyo chotsani masamba ndi zinyalala zina. 
Kuyankha kuti mudyetse
Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, chotero, kuti mtengo wa thundu ukhale wolimba, m'zaka zoyambirira ndikofunika kwambiri kumvetsera pamwamba. Kawirikawiri, thundu limapangidwa kawiri kawiri pa nyengo: kumayambiriro kwa masika ndi m'dzinja, kupaka mchere wapadera monga mawonekedwe a pellets kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi. Zimanenedwa kuti feteleza nthawi zonse imapangitsa kukana kwa mitengo ndi nkhungu, komanso kumapangitsa kuti mitengo yambiri ikhale yaikulu.
Kulemba zolembera katemera wamng'ono
Monga momwe tikudziwira, mtengo wamtengowu uli ndi korona wokongola kwambiri, yomwe ingabweretse kumunda munda osati zokhazokha zokha, komanso mthunzi wosafunika wa zomera zina. Kuwonjezera apo, kuchotsedwa kwa nthawi yake kwa nthambi zouma kumapangitsa mtengo kukhala wowoneka bwino.
- kudulira kawirikawiri kumachitika mu kugwa kusanayambike chisanu kapena kumayambiriro kasupe madzi asanatulutse. Kawirikawiri, mphukira zambiri zimachotsedwa, nthambi zowuma zimadulidwa ndipo nthambi zimapangidwira kuti zikhale korona;
- kuti apereke korona wozungulira, nthambi zingapo zimadulidwa pakati pa korona, pamene nthambi zazing'ono zimakonzedwa pang'ono. Ngati mtengo wa thundu wapita kutali kwambiri mpaka ukukula, umangirizidwa pamwamba (mphukira yapakati). Pa nthambi zazikulu, atatha kudula ziwalo zawo, malo odulidwawo ndi ojambula;
- Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti thundu laling'ono ndi bwino kuyamba kudulira pambuyo pamene thunthu lakhala litakhazikitsidwa bwino, mwinamwake inu mumakhala ndi chiopsezo chotenga chitsamba chamtengo m'malo mwa mtengo.
Matenda ndi chithandizo cha tizilombo
Mafuta ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika, koma ngati mitengo ina yovuta, imakhala matenda ena ndipo imayambitsa tizirombo:
- kawirikawiri mitsempha ya oki powdery mildewkupanga maluwa ofiira pa masamba a mtengo. Matendawa amangowononga maonekedwe, komanso amalepheretsa chomera, komanso amatha kupita ku zitsamba ndi mitengo pafupi ndi mtengo. Zili zovuta kwambiri kuthana ndi powdery mildew ndi njira zopewa: ndikofunikira nthawi ndi nthawi kupanga chomera ndi fungicidal wothandizira, ndipo ngati zizindikiro zoyamba za matendawa zimapezeka, ndiye kuti zitha kuwononga nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwa, ndi kutsuka mtengo wokha ndi fungicide;
- kutsika. Matendawa amapezeka mumtengo wamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha ingress ya mabakiteriya pansi pa makungwa. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha matendawa, kutupa pansi pa mawonekedwe a cortex, wodzazidwa ndi madzi, ndiye kutsetsereka kumatsegula ndipo kumasiya ming'alu ndi madontho pa makungwa. Matendawa amapezeka pambuyo pa nyengo yoipa: kutentha kwakukulu kapena kuzizira. Pofuna kupeŵa kugwedezeka, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nthambi ndi korona, kuchotsa nthambi zowuma, masamba, kudula mphukira zakuthengo;
- zowola chifukwa cha bowazomwe zimayambira mwachindunji m'mitengo komanso mizu. Kawirikawiri, bowa izi zimakhala pamitengo yakufa, koma pali mitundu yomwe imayambitsa komanso imakhala ndi zomera ndipo imawombera ndi kuwononga izi, bowa ngatizo zimakhala ndi mizu yotchedwa sponge, tinder oak. Pofuna kupewa zowola, m'pofunikira kusunga zamagetsi za kukula kwa mtengo, kukonza nthawi ndi kuyeretsa nthambi zouma, kuteteza mtengo ku makoswe, kuti asunge umphumphu wa makungwa ndi kuteteza spores kuti asafike mkati;
- ndulu midges- tizirombo tomwe timakonda kwambiri. Ambiri anawona mipira yaying'ono pambali ya masamba a thundu. Alibe kanthu kochita ndi chipatso - awa ndiwo mazira omwe amayikidwa ndi tizilombozi, mphutsi zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa minofu kuzungulira iwo, motero amapanga malo okhala ngati mipira (galls). Kukonzekera kwakanthawi kwa thundu ndi mankhwala ophera mafakitala kumathandiza kuti asagwidwe ndi mabala a nut.
Mukudziwa? На внутренней поверхности шариков содержится огромное количество дубильных веществ, которые использовались при производстве чернил, именно поэтому галлы получили название "чернильные шарики".
- зелёная дубовая листовертка - mbozi yoipa yomwe imadya masamba, kufooketsa mtengo ndikuchepetsa zokolola zake. Zikuwoneka mu nyengo yotentha, yamvula. Ndikoyenera kulimbana ndi izo, komanso tizilombo tina, kupopera mankhwala ndi tizirombo pamene zizindikiro zoyamba zimawonekera.
Pogona m'nyengo yozizira
Ngakhale kuti masoka achilengedwe amatsutsana ndi oak, amatha kusintha kusintha kwadzidzidzi, choncho mitengo yaing'ono, yomwe ili zaka 1-2 zoyambirira za moyo, imakhala yabwino kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira. Pazinthu izi, mungagwiritse ntchito mankhwala osakanikirana kapena a burlap wamba, omwe atakulungidwa ndi thunthu ndi nthambi. Ndili ndi zaka, mtengo wa thundu umasinthasintha nyengo yozizira, ndipo mitengo ya zaka 2-3 ikhoza kuwalekerera popanda pogona. 
Zolakwitsa wamaluwa pamene akusamalira thundu
Kupambana kulikula mtengo uliwonse, kuphatikizapo thundu, umagwirizana ndi agrotechnics, koma kawirikawiri wamaluwa amaluwa amapanga zolakwitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa mbeu kapena kusokoneza kukula kwa munthu wamkulu ndi zomera zina.
Ena mwa iwo ndi awa:
- kusankha kosayenera kwa malo. Ma Oak amadziwika kuti ali ndi korona yokhala ndi mizu yambiri. Kulima pafupi ndi zomera kapena zinthu zina kungakhale kovulaza. Mizu yambiri ikhoza kuwononga mbewu zoyandikana nawo, komanso kuwononga nyumba;
- kuphwanya malamulo oyendetsa. Amaluwa ambiri ali mofulumira kudzala mtengo pansi kuti asamamvetsere kukonzekera dzenje. Chombo chodzala chiyenera kukumba pasadakhale kuti zitsulo zamagetsi zikhale zofunikira kuti maluwa ayambe kumera. Inu simungakhoze kubzala mtengo mu dzenje lomwe mwangoyamba kumene;
Komanso, mtengo waukulu umapanga munda wa kummawa, kuphatikizapo thujas, spruce, elderberry ndi barberry.
- kusamba kosayenera. Ambiri amadziwa kuti alimi amathirira madzi zomera mosalekeza - izi zimapangitsa kuti nthaka yokhayokhayo ikhale yothira, motero, chinyezi sichimafika pozama. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti poyeretsa masentimita 25 a nthaka nthaka imodzi pa mita imodzi lalikulu mumakhala 25-26 malita a madzi;
- kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a kudulira nthambi. Ambiri amachititsa kukongoletsa korona molingana ndi kalendala, yomwe nthawi zambiri imabweretsa zotsatira zoipa pa mtengo. Pofuna kupewa izi, kuwonjezera pa kalendala, muyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi nyengo, ngati kuzizizira kwambiri ndi chisanu kumakhalabe usiku, ndi bwino kubwezeretsa kudula pang'ono mpaka kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhazikika.
Mayankho ochokera ku intaneti
