Ponena za misa ndi a lichen, ambiri a ife timadziwa kuti ndi mitundu yosavuta ya zomera, komanso kuti malinga ndi mbali yomwe msipu umakula, mukhoza kutuluka m'nkhalango ngati mutayika. Koma munthu aliyense yemwe sali katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo, wolima florist kapena aquarist, sangazindikirepo mawu monga briology kapena sphagnum. Lembani mpata mu chidziwitso, chifukwa ndizosangalatsa!
Kodi mosses ndi ziti zomwe zimachitika
Mosses (molondola kwambiri, moss-like) ndilogawikana kwa ufumu wa zomera, kuphatikiza mitundu yoteroyo, mu njira yoberekera yomwe gametophyte (chigololo chokhala ndi chiwalo chimodzi cha ma chromosome osatetezeka) chikulamulira pa sporophyte (asexual generation).
Tanthauzo la sayansi la mosses ndi bryophytes, motero dzina la gawo la botany limene limawafufuza - chiphunzitso cha sayansi. Mitundu yambiri ya moss-monga mitundu ya gulu la mitsitsi yamaluwa.
Zimayambira pa zomera zimenezi, zomwe ziri pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, zili ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono, pomwe gawo la pansi lapansi liri ndi mawonekedwe ambirimbiri omwe amatchedwa rhizoids. Oimirira a mitundu iyi ali ndi zofanana zosiyana ndi achibale awo mu ufumu.
Madzi, monga bowa ndi mabakiteriya, wochulukitsidwa ndi spores. Pa nthawi yoyamba komanso yochepa ya moyo wawo, machitidwe a mossy amaimira mapangidwe osavuta (sporophyte) ngati mawonekedwe a mwendo, thupi logwirizana ndi mbewu yake. 
Sporophyte imagwira ntchito limodzi - imatsimikizira kusasitsa kwa spores, kenaka imauma msanga ndikufa.
Gulu lachigololo la chiwerewere - gawo lachiwiri la kusintha kwa moyo - ndi zomera zosatha (gametophyte), zomwe ziri ndi kufanana kwa mizu komanso masamba omwe ali ngati masamba. Komabe, izi zimangokhala zofanana ndi zomera zamasamba.
Ndikofunikira! Mzimayi alibe mizu, kapena mitundu, kapena dongosolo lotsogolera lachidziwitso cha chikhalidwechi.
Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mizu yeniyeni, mosses ali ndi kudalira kwakukulu pa chinyezi cha mlengalenga, mpaka kuimitsidwa kwathunthu kwa moyo mu nthawi youma. Mwamsanga pamene msinkhu umabwezeretsanso, chomera chimayamba kukhala ndi moyo. Zimakhala zovuta kulingalira malo, kulikonse kumene kumera kumera.
Momwe zinthu zilili bwino, zomerazi zimatha kulimbikitsa malo akuluakulu m'nkhalango ndi matabwa, kuthetsa nthaka, mitengo, zomera zina, miyala, mchenga, m'madera onse a nyengo - kuchokera ku Arctic mpaka ku chipululu. Sagwirizana kokha m'madzi a m'nyanja yamchere. 
Mosses amayamikira
Mtengo wa mosses pakupanga ndi kukula kwa chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi ndi zovuta kuwonetsa. Kuyambira nthawi zakale zisanachitike, oyambirira akale a maluwa, mitsuko ndi mazira amasiku ano amamanga mapulaneti a zamoyo, ndipo amapanga zitsamba zina chifukwa cha moyo wawo, kotero kuti akhale "mpainiya" pakulima dziko lapansi.
Ndikofunikira! Mossy ndiwo maziko a zinyama. M'madera ouma, chifukwa cha malo ngati siponji, kuti asonkhanitse ndi kusunga madzi ochulukirapo, madontho a mossy amalepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa chipululu.
Kumalo omwe akukula kwambiri, ma bryophytes amatha kuphimba malo akuluakulu padziko lapansi, ngati malo otetezeka a nyama ndi mbalame. M'madera am'mimba ndi mafinya, zimakhala zowononga kuti zisungunuke pansi pa mchere wa pansi pa nthaka, kupanga mapulaneti ndi mapiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti malo asungidwe.
Video: mtengo wa mosses
Ngati tilankhula za mtengo wa mossy kwa munthu, ndiye kuti ntchito yake ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Zotsatira za mitundu ina ya zomerazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu cosmetology ndi mankhwala monga tonic, antiseptic ndi hemostatic agents.
Centaury, yellowcone, udzu wa nut, ginger ndi peyala ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda.
Kwa okhala ku Far North, kutali ndi chitukuko, moss ndi ofunikira kwambiri ngati kusungidwa kwa malo okhala, ndipo amati, mu taiga angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga kuvala popereka chithandizo chamankhwala.
Zokongoletsera mitundu ya moss - imodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukonza mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe a zojambula zamaluwa. Komabe, koposa zonse, peat imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo waumunthu - malo osungirako azimayi otchedwa kufa sphagnum.
Yoyor, mapiritsi otchedwa cypress, yew, fir, hydrangea, magnolia, thuja, pine, lilac, jasmine, spirea, forsythia, rhododendrons, violets, daisies, maluwa a m'chigwa, roses, marigolds, irises ndi peonies amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malo.
Peat imagwiritsidwa ntchito:- monga mafuta mu mphamvu;
- monga zowonjezera ndi kudzaza kwa zosakaniza za nthaka ndi feteleza, komanso ming'alu ya zomangamanga ndi ulimi;
- monga kuika pa furima minda ndi minda ya nkhuku;
- monga chowotcha kumanga;
- mu metallurgy, mankhwala, mankhwala a mankhwala, zachilengedwe komanso mafakitale ambiri.
Mitundu ya nkhalango
Nkhalango - malo abwino kuti kukula kwa moss. Kumeneko amakwera pamitengo, miyala, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, posankha malo ochepetsetsa, nthawi zambiri amaphimba malo akuluakulu okhala ndi chophimba cholimba.
Onsewa ali m'kalasi la mosses, ndipo motero ali ndi phesi, pamtunda pamwamba (madzi omwe ali pamwambapa) omwe ali ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono, ndipo m'munsi, omwe amafa nthawi zonse, amawundana ndi ziphuphu zambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitsinje imasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe a masamba, komanso mowirikiza komanso kutsogolera kukula kwa mapesi. 
Tisaiwale kuti nyengo yozizira ndi yozizira imakhala ndi maonekedwe obiriwira komanso obiriwira, omwe amasewera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imakhala yobiriwira komanso yobiriwira, yomwe imachititsa chidwi kwambiri. Popanda chinyezi, ulemerero wonsewu umatha msanga, ngati kuti uli ndi phulusa lopanda kanthu.
Ambiri omwe amaimira nkhalango za m'nkhalango ndi awa:
- Klimatsium.
- Mn
- Ptilium.
- Sphagnum
- Rodobrium
- Gilokomium.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge momwe mungagwirire ndi moss mukuyenda pa tsamba lanu.
Nyengo ya Mtengo
Mbali ya pamwamba ya climacium ndi phesi lalifupi (mpaka masentimita 15), lomwe limatuluka pamwamba, nthawi zambiri nthambi kumbali zosiyanasiyana, ndipo likufanana ndi mtengo wawung'ono. 
"Thunthu" ndi "nthambi" za mtengo umenewu zili ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono omwe amauma, omwe amawuma, amasewera ndi mdima wobiriwira.
Mukudziwa? Chodabwitsa n'chakuti mosses akhoza kuwuka ngakhale patatha nthawi yaitali. Choncho, mu 2014, asayansi adapeza zitsanzo za misasa yachisanu ku South Pole. Mbadwo wawo unatsimikiziridwa mu zaka 1530. Patadutsa masabata awiri kapena atatu mutagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira mavitamini ndi zinthu zoyenera, moss anayamba kukula. Pakati pa akatswiri a katswiri wa ziphuphu, chochitika ichi chinawoneka ngati chisokonezo.
Gawo la pansi (pansi pamtunda) lili ndi zokwawa, zokhala ndi zingwe zosaoneka zomveka. Nthambi, imapanga mtundu wa maukonde, mu malo omwe tchire la pamwambapa likugwera. Sporogon cylindrical bokosi ili pamtali wautali wofiira ndipo uli ndi 12 mpaka 15 spores.
Nthaŵi zambiri Climacium imapezeka pamadera otentha, m'nkhalango zamchere, pafupi ndi mathithi, mitsinje, ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. 
Mnium
Pansi pa dzina ili amabisa mtundu wonse wa moss, mowerengera mitundu yoposa makumi anayi.
Ambiri omwe amapezeka mumtundu uwu ndi awa:
- midi, kapena wavi wavy;
- mnium wrinkled;
- zoweta kapena nkhalango;
- mnium ndizochepa;
- mfundo;
- mnium zinclidea.
Chofunika kwambiri cha mnium ndi chachikulu (mpaka 5 mm) masamba a mawonekedwe ovunda, mwaulere mu ndege imodzi kuchokera mbali ziwiri mbali imodzi phesi, osapitirira masentimita asanu m'litali.
Mukudziwa? Chodabwitsa n'chakuti maselo amoyo a masamba a mnium amapezeka mu ndege yomweyo. M'mawu ena, pepala ili ndi makulidwe ang'onoang'ono - selo limodzi.
M'nyengo yozizira, masamba a mnium ndi makwinya kwambiri ndipo amachepetsedwa kukula. Sporogon ili ndi bokosi lofiira, lopachikidwa ndi mwendo wofiira wachikasu, osapitirira masentimita atatu. Bokosi likhoza kuphuka kuchokera ku 17 mpaka 30 spores (malingana ndi zosiyanasiyana).
Mnium amagawidwa paliponse, makamaka m'nkhalango, posankha nthawi imodzi yomwe imabzala mitengo ya pine ndi nthaka yonyowa. Kawirikawiri amakhala pamatanthwe ndi matanthwe akale, kupanga mapulaneti obiriwira.
Dziwani zambiri za kukula kwa netery (coral moss).
Ptilium
M'mapiri a pinini ndi nkhalango zapruce (nthawi zonse ndi kusakaniza kwa pine) mungathe kupeza mbalame imodzi yokongola kwambiri - yotchedwa poulilium. Ngakhale kuti kufalikira kwafala kwambiri, sikungapangitse chivundikiro cholimba pansi, kumangokhala pansi pa mitengo, kupanga pandekha, koma matabwa akuluakulu a chikasu chofiirira kapena chikasu chachikasu ndi sheky silky. 
Ptilium ili ndi masentimita okwera masentimita (amatha kufika masentimita 20), yomwe masamba ambiri omwe ali ndi masamba omwe amasungidwa ndi masamba amasuntha mosiyana. Mwa maonekedwe awo, maonekedwe amenewa amafanana ndi nthenga za mbalame kapena masamba a fern. Masamba a mossiyi, mosiyana ndi mnium, ali ochepa kwambiri, opapatiza (mpaka 1 mm), amawunikira, ndi mapepala ambiri a nthawi yaitali.
Bokosi la spore ndi cylindrical, pang'ono makwinya, pafupifupi nthawizonse yopingasa. Chofiira cha mtundu wa leg ndi mtundu wochokera pa 2 mpaka 5 centimita m'litali. Chiwerengero cha mikangano mu bokosicho ndi zidutswa 10 mpaka 14.
Sphagnum
Pali malo osiyanasiyana osiyana siyana m'nkhalango. Awa ndiwo nkhalango zam'mapiri, ndi minda yamapiri, ndi minda, komanso ngakhale miyala yam'mwamba. Komabe, mathithi ndi dziko lapaderadera lapadera! Zakhala zikupanga kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndipo zikhoza kukhalira zaka mazana, pamene zikuwonjezeka nthawi zonse ndikupeza malo atsopano.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti moss imathandizira izi. Mofananamo, oimira ake - sphagnidy. Sphagnum, imatchedwanso nyemba kapena peat moss - mtundu womwe umagwirizanitsa mitundu yoposa makumi anai ya moss moss, yotsimikizirika yotsimikizirika iliyonse yomwe ingatheke pokhapokha pakufufuza kochepa. 
Imeneyi ndi nthambi yaing'ono yofanana, yomwe ili ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono, yokonzedweratu. Mtengo wa zomera umasiyana ndi mtundu wachikasu wobiriwira kapena wofiira (malingana ndi zosiyanasiyana). Mankhwalawa sapezeka pamunsi (pansi pa madzi) mbali ya tsinde.
Mwinamwake mukukhudzidwa kuti mudziwe zambiri za sphagnum moss, komanso zomwe zikuchiritsa malo omwe ali nawo.
Sphagnum ili ndi zinthu zina zachilendo zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi zomera zina. Choyamba choyamba ndi chakuti tsinde la sphagnum limakula kokha.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mbali ya pansi ya tsinde (yomwe imapezeka pansi pa madzi) imafa, imatembenukira ku peat, pafupi ndi kukula komweko (pafupifupi mamita imodzi pachaka). Njira yotereyi ikhoza kupereka chiyembekezo cha moyo kwa zaka zoposa chikwi (pofotokoza kuti: ena amatha kukhala osapitirira zaka 10).
Mukudziwa? Madzi otchedwa Vitmoor (Germany) ali ndi peat wosanjikiza pafupifupi mamita 18 akuya, ndipo zaka zake ziri pafupi zaka 2,000.
Chotsatira chotsatira cha nthendayi ndikuti amapanga mankhwala omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya, omwe amachepetsetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa mathithi, komanso amalimbikitsa mapangidwe a peat. Chilengedwe cha acidic, kuwonjezera, chimalepheretsa mpikisano ndikukulolani kutenga malo atsopano okhalamo.
Chinthu chinanso cha sphagnum ndikutenga madzi ndi kusungira madzi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa maselo apadera omwe ali ndi piritsi. Pakati pa mvula yambiri, mcherewu umatha kupeza madzi ochulukirapo, omwe amachititsanso kusintha kwa madzi ndi kutenga malo atsopano.
Rodobrium
Rodobriy, kapena rotobrium rosette-ngati - wina woimira masamba a masamba, omwe angapezekedwe m'nkhalango ya coniferous (makamaka spruce). Ngati chidepa cha coniferous chimawongolera bwino, rhodobrium imapezeka pamtunduwu ngati mawonekedwe ambirimbiri a mdima wobiriwira - rosettes wa masamba, kamodzi kokha pamwamba pa nthaka, aliyense pa phesi lake. 
Sitimu imodzi, mpaka masentimita 10 m'litali, ikhoza kukhala ndi mphukira m'mwamba (apical) ndi m'munsi (pansi). Mphukira zapadera zimakula nthawi zambiri pamtunda. Mu gawo lachimuna, tsinde liri ndi chidziwitso cha rhizoid.
Masamba a Rhodobrium amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a ovoid, omwe amafika mamita 10 mm kutalika, osungunuka pang'ono, komanso pafupi ndi pamwamba. Kuyambira masamba 15 mpaka 20 mukhoza kusonkhanitsidwa mumtolo uliwonse. Masamba a kukula uku akuonedwa kuti ndi aakulu poyerekeza ndi masamba ena.
Ngati mutayang'ana mbali ya rodobrium kuchokera kumbali, mungathe kuona kufanana kwake ndi mtengo wa kanjedza. Mabokosi amtundu akukwera pamwamba pa chingwe pa miyendo yofiira yofiira, ndi olemerera kwambiri ndipo amatha kunyamula 18 spores.
Mitundu imeneyi imapezeka m'dera la taiga lomwe lili pakatikati pa mapiri a kum'mwera, omwe sali ofala kumpoto. Olembedwa mu Bukhu Loyera. 
Gilokomium
Moss uyu ndi wochuluka kwambiri. Kawirikawiri amapezeka m'nkhalango, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala maziko a mitsinje ya nkhalango. Zambiri kumadera akumpoto, zambiri m'madera a permafrost ndi m'chipululu cha Arctic.
Mukudziwa? Amonke a ku Buddhist amapanga minda yonse ya mosses, yomwe imatchuka kwambiri ku nyumba ya amonke pafupi ndi Kyoto ndipo inalembedwa ngati malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Gilokomium imakhala ndi masentimita makumi asanu ndi awiri kutalika, kawirikawiri yofiira. Chitsulo chilichonse chatsopano chikufanana ndi chaka chotsatira cha chitukuko chazomera ndipo chaikidwa pansi pamtunda wa chaka chatha.
Mzere wouma umakhala wolimba kwambiri m'malo atatu kapena anayi, kupanga mawonekedwe okwera oblique. Mapesi ndi mapepala ake ali ndi masamba, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe amalephera kuona ndi diso chifukwa cha kukula kwake. 
Sporonosit gilokomium masika. Sporogon imapangidwa pamwamba pa phesi la chaka chatha pamwamba pazitsamba zobiriwira. Bokosi la sporogon, lopindika pang'ono, lopangidwa ndi dzira, lomwe lili pamunsi wofiira mwendo limasunga 12 mpaka 17 spores.
Motero, mossi ndizodziimira kwathunthu ndi zodabwitsa mu ufumu wake wosiyanasiyana mu dziko lonse la zomera. Kuphunzira kwawo kungapereke moyo wake wonse, ndipo zinsinsi zambiri sizinasinthe.
Chinthu chimodzi chikhoza kunenedwa motsimikizika: ngati kulibe misa, dziko lapansi likanakhala losiyana kwambiri, chifukwa zomera izi zimapereka njira zambiri zamoyo, ndipo ngakhale moyo wathu wotsitsika suchita popanda iwo.
Mayankho ochokera ku intaneti
