Madzi, kutentha, kuwala ndi zakudya ndizofunikira kuti pakhale bwino mbewu za tirigu komanso kupeza zokolola zabwino.
Chofunika kwambiri mwa zinthuzi pambuyo pa oksijeni, kaboni ndi haidrojeni ndi mchere - nayitrogeni (N), phosphorous (P) ndi potaziyamu (K).
Ngakhale kuti alipo m'nthaka, kuchuluka kwawo sikokwanira, komwe kumapangitsa kufunika kwa feteleza mankhwala.
Feteleza kwa tirigu: makhalidwe ambiri
Feteleza amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: organic ndi chilengedwe. Zamagulu - manyowa, kompositi ndi peat - ndizochokera ku zomera ndi zinyama. Zamchere zimakhala ndi chilengedwe chodziwika. Iwo amawoneka bwino, ogwira mtima kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi zochita zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, iwo ndi otchipa ndipo ndi osavuta kunyamula.
Phunzirani mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito ngati ng'ombe ya feteleza, nkhumba, kalulu, nkhosa, manyowa, nkhuku ndi njiwa za nkhunda.Manyowa amchere amaphatikizapo zitsulo ndi ma acid, oxides, salt. Zili zophweka, zopangidwa ndi chinthu chimodzi, ndi zovuta.
Mitundu yayikulu ya feteleza ochepa mchere:
- Nayitrogeni - madzi ammonia, ammonium chloride;
- phosphoric - superphosphate yosavuta, phosphate rock;
- potashi - potaziyamu chloride.
Pezani zomwe zimapangidwa ndi peat, momwe mungapangire manyowa.Asitrogeni Ndikofunika kwambiri pazigawo zonse za kukula kwa zobiriwira komanso kupanga mwana. Zimakhudza mwachindunji katundu wa zipangizo ndi kuchuluka kwa mbeu.
Phosphorus, komanso, ndi zofunika kwambiri kuti kukula kwa mizu, maluwa ndi maonekedwe a mbewu. Kuperewera kwake kumapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono kukula kwa zomera zonse, kukula kwa maluwa ndi cobs.
Potaziyamu makamaka chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka madzi. Popanda choyika ichi, tirigu sagonjetsedwa ndi malo ogona komanso chilala.
Ndikofunikira! Mukamagula mbewu ndi feteleza mbewu ndi mineral feteleza, muyenera kudziwidziwa bwino ndi malangizo opanga mankhwalawa. Izi ndizowona makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito feteleza.
Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito feteleza wamchere kwa tirigu
Ganizirani zomwe zimavala zovala zoyenera kubzala mbewu, komanso nthawi komanso zomwe ayenera kupanga.
Mbewu
Chikhalidwe chimakakamiza kwambiri kulemera kwa nthaka, ndipo popanda feteleza zamakono munthu sangayembekezere zokolola zambiri. Nkhumba imafuna chakudya choyambira kuyambira nyengo yokula ndikukula kwa tirigu. Zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zakudya za mthupi zimachitika nthawi yooneka ngati zowonongeka.
Ndondomeko: nthawi yoyenera kubzala chimanga
Phunzirani mtundu wa mitundu ya chimanga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chimanga, momwe mungabzalidwe, kukonza ndi herbicides, pamene mukuyeretsa, momwe mungamere kuti mukhazikike, mungasunge bwanji chimanga.Potaziyamu ndi phosphorous zimayikidwa kuti zikhale yozizira (kapena kulima mu nonchernozem zone). Mavitrogeni amafunika kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yoyamba kufesa mbewu, pamene feteleza amapangidwa pofesedwa.
Pofuna kupewa zotsatira zovulaza pazitsamba za chimanga, zovala zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito patali - 4-5 masentimita kumbali ndi 2-3 cm pansi pa mbewu. Panthawi ya kukula kwambiri ndibwino kudyetsa zomera ndi nayitrogeni.
Mbewu feteleza pa nkhalango-steppe chernozem:
- nayitrogeni: musanafese - 100-120 makilogalamu / ha, mutatha kufesa - 2 kg / ha;
- phosphorus: musanafese - 60-80 makilogalamu / ha, mutatha kufesa - 5 makilogalamu / ha;
- potaziyamu: musanafese - 80-100 makilogalamu / ha.
Anthu ambiri samadziwa za ubwino wa chimanga, kusiyana ndi chimanga chofunikira cha thanzi laumunthu.
Tirigu
Tirigu amakhudza kwambiri mchere wambiri. Mbewu yambewu imatha kumaliza kuyamwa kwa gawo lalikulu la zakudya pa nthawi yokolola - maluwa. Ngati zowonongekazo zinali tirigu, mbatata kapena beets, ndiye kuti pakufunika kudya kwina, makamaka ndi nayitrogeni, ndipamwamba kwambiri. 
Ndondomeko: Nthawi yoti mupereke tirigu Ngati mbewu yobzalidwa kudziko lapansi losakhala lakuda, kumene nyemba zosatha ndi mbewu za tirigu zimakula, komanso m'magawo oyera m'madera ouma, ndiye kuti sichifunika kwambiri nayitrogeni.
Pezani kufunika kwa kufesa tirigu wachisanu, nanga ndi motani momwe mungadyetse tirigu wachisanu.Kawirikawiri zomera zimadyetsedwa ndi nayitrogeni musanafese. Zovala zapamwamba za phosphoric ndi potashi zimayendetsedwa bwino m'mizere yomwe imafesedwa ndi kubzala kwakukulu kwa feteleza kwa autumn kulima movuta ndi mlingo wochepa wa superphosphate.
M'madera a ulimi wothirira, ndi kwanzeru kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza oyambirira ndi nayitrogeni ndi kuchuluka kwa mlingo. Kuthira ndi nayitrogeni pambuyo pa maluwa, makamaka ndi urea, kudzawonjezera mapuloteni ndi kuphika mikhalidwe ya tirigu.
Feteleza wa dzinja tirigu m'nkhalango-steppe chernozem:
- nayitrogeni: musanafese - 30-40 makilogalamu / ha, mutatha kufesa - 40-60 makilogalamu / ha;
- phosphorus: musanafese - 40-60 makilogalamu / ha, pofesa - 10 makilogalamu / ha;
- potaziyamu: musanafese - 40-50 makilogalamu / ha.
Mukudziwa? Tirigu ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zoyamba zoweta. Udindo wake wofunikira ukhoza kuweruzidwa ndi kuti kale kale Ufumu wa Roma unkatchedwa "ufumu wa tirigu". Ndipo ku Russia kuyambira nthawi yokolola mbewu zambewu ankaitcha "kuchuluka." M'tsogolomu, mawuwa anayamba kutanthawuza chinachake mwazinthu zambiri, ndipo mawu akuti "kuchokera" anawonekera.
Barele
Balere amachitanso chidwi kwambiri ndi mchere wambiri. Ali pafupi kumaliza kudya zakudya zamtunduwu panthawi yopuma - maluwa.
Mavitrogeni feteleza akuchitidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi chisanachitike kufesa kwa nthaka. Kuperekera kwa barele ndi phosphorous ndi potaziyamu ndibwino kuti mupange kubzala kwakukulu kwa kuvala pamwamba kwa autumn kulima mu zovuta ndi otsika voliyumu ya superphosphate kapena ammophos mu mizera ikafesedwa.
Phunzirani momwe mungabzalidwe nyengo yozizira ndi yamasika.Kuthirira kumafuna koyambirira feteleza ndi kuchuluka kwa mlingo wa feteleza feteleza. Kudyetsa ndi nayitrogeni pambuyo pa maluwa, makamaka ndi urea, kudzawonjezera mapuloteni okhala ndi balere ndikuwongolera ubwino wake.
Ndondomeko ya feteleza ya balere m'nkhalango-steppe chernozem:
- nayitrogeni: musanafese - 60-80 makilogalamu / ha;
- phosphorus: musanafese - 80-100 makilogalamu / ha, pamene mukufesa - 10 makilogalamu / ha;
- potaziyamu: musanafese - 100-120 makilogalamu / ha.
Oats
Oats siofunikira kwambiri pa nthaka, monga tirigu kapena balere. Ili ndi nthaka yabwino kwambiri ndipo imatsutsana ndi mazira ozizira.
Apo ayi, amadziwika ndi ntchito yomwe imadya zakudya zokha komanso zimayambitsa nitrogen, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu musanayambe kufesa nthaka.
Phunzirani momwe mungamere oats, zogwiritsa ntchito oats monga siderata.Mankhwala a feteleza oatentha pa nkhalango-steppe chernozem:
- nayitrogeni: musanafese - 40-60 makilogalamu / ha;
- phosphorus: musanafese - 40-60 makilogalamu / ha, pofesa - 10 makilogalamu / ha;
- potaziyamu: musanafese - 40-60 makilogalamu / ha.
Sankhani
Zambiri mwa dothi kumene mpunga wakula ndi osawuka ndipo muli phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni. Ma potassium amakhala okwanira. Ngati macheke asanakhale ndi madzi, pamwamba pake pali mchere wochuluka wa nitrates, umene, pamene umasefukira, umatsukidwa mwamsanga ndi kuwonetsedwa, kapena umachepetsedwa kukhala ammonia.
Malinga ndi leaching yothetsera mpunga, ammonia mitundu ya nayitrogeni zowonjezera ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito - ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride ndi urea. Kachilombo kameneka sikangotengeka ndi nthaka ndipo ikhoza kusambitsidwa ndi madzi okwanira.
Mavitamini a feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi isanakwane yofuna mpunga - kuchokera kumera mpaka kumapeto kwa tillering. Ambiri (2/3) amagwiritsidwa ntchito musanafesedwe pamodzi ndi phosphate, ndi zina zonse - podyetsa nthawi kuyambira kumera mpaka kumera.
Nitrojeni yabwino ya mpunga pa dothi la saline ndi 90 kg / ha ndipo phosphorous (pambuyo pa nyemba - mpaka makilogalamu 60 / ha). Komabe, mu nyengo ya madzi ndi kubzala mofulumira mpunga, 120 kg / ha ya nayitrogeni imayikidwa pa dothi la pulasitiki ndi peaty loamy, ndi 180 makilogalamu / ha ya nayitrogeni ndi 90-120 kg / ha ya phosphorous pa dothi la mchenga ndi silty.
Kuwonjezera mopitirira muyezo wa nayitrojeni kumapangitsa kuti nyengo yowonjezereka ikule bwino, kuchepetsa kukana kwa mpunga ku malo ogona ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa matenda a fungal, ndi nyengo yozizira - kuwonjezeka mu tirigu wopanda kanthu. 
Phosphorous amachepetsa zotsatira zoipa za kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, makamaka pa mizu ya mpunga ndi tillering. Chifukwa cha phosphorous yochepa m'nthaka, imatha kupangidwira nyengo yozizira kapena yolima usanayambe kufesa. Kudyetsa zomera ndi feteleza izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kochepa kwa zokolola kuposa momwe iwo akuyesa kufesa kapena zofunikira.
Potaziyamu feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito patangotha zaka zingapo pokhapokha akukula mpunga mu cheke limodzi.
Choncho, poika mpunga pawiri pambuyo pa mbewu za tirigu ndipo mobwerezabwereza kufesa, m'pofunika kuika 90-120 makilogalamu / ha ya nayitrogeni ndi 60-90 kg / ha ya phosphorous, ndi 60 kg / ha m'kati mwa udzu wosatha ndi pambuyo pa nyemba zina. phosphorus ndi nayitrogeni. Mavitamini a feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito musanayese kufesa mpunga ndi kudyetsa makwerero.
Mukudziwa? India ndi malo obadwira mpunga, adapezekanso mabwinja ake, a zaka za 7000 BC. er Alexander Macedonian anabweretsa mpunga ku Ulaya, ndipo Petro Wamkulu anabweretsa ku Russia dzina lake "Saracen Millet". Ku Asia ndi Japan, chikhalidwe ichi mpaka pano amaona ngati chizindikiro cha chuma. Choncho mwambowu ukuwaza anthu angokwatirana kumene ndi tirigu wa mpunga, ndikuwafunira bwino chuma.
Mbali za feteleza wa mpunga
Millet
Chikhalidwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri pa nthaka yobereka ndipo chikudziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chilala. Zakudya zambiri zomwe zimadyerera masiku 40-50 - kuchokera kumera mpaka kukolola mbewu.
Pakubereka mapira pamtunda wakuda wa Kumwera ndi nthaka ya dera la steppe, feteleza a phosphate amakhala pakati. Ndizowonjezera kuwonjezera mphamvu ya superphosphate ku mizera - 10 makilogalamu pa hekitala.
Phunzirani momwe mungaperekere mapira.Pa chilala, zotsatira za kudyetsa zimakula ndi ulimi wothirira, ndiye phosphorous ndi nayitrojeni zimagwira ntchito zovuta. Pa typical chernozems, wathunthu mchere feteleza bwinobwino anadziwonetsa okha.
Zovala zapamwamba zomwe zili ndi potaziyamu ndi phosphorous zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzinja polima, ndipo zimakhala zowonjezereka - nthawi yonse yobzala musanagwe. Kenaka mu mizere ndi mbeu muyenera kupanga granular phosphorous tuk mu kuchuluka kwa 10-15 makilogalamu / ha D. (dv ndi mankhwala yogwira ntchito).
Mlingo wa phosphorous ndi 60-80 kg / ha d. Mu, Potassium - 90-110 kg / ha d. Mlingo wa nayitrojeni unayambira umadalira pazomwezo:
- Pambuyo pake, kumera, clover - 90 makilogalamu / ha d.
- Pambuyo pa fekisi, buckwheat, nyengo yachisanu - 110 kg / ha d.
Rye
Kufikira tillering, chikhalidwe sichitenga zakudya zambiri, koma zimakhala zovuta kwambiri phosphorus. Chofunika kwambiri cha mchere chikulembedwa nthawi yopita mu chubu musanayambe - kuyamba kwa maluwa. Komabe, nthawi yofunika kwambiri ndi nyengo ya kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokula komanso nthawi yochokera ku mphukira kupita ku nyengo yozizira.
Zonsezi zowonjezera zakudya za rye ndi potaziyamu ndi phosphorous zimapindulitsa pa tillering, kusonkhanitsa shuga ndi kuwonjezeka kwa nyengo yozizira hardiness.
Phunzirani momwe mungamerekere rye ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ngati manyowa obiriwira.M'chaka, pamene nyengo yozizira imayamba kukula, imayenera kuperekedwa ndi nayitrogeni. Komanso, panthawi imeneyi, chifukwa cha kutsika kwa kutentha, leaching, ndi kutanthauzira, nthaka ili ndi mankhwala ochepa ochepa a nitrogenous. Kutenga nthawi yayitali ndi nayitrogeni kumapangidwira kukonzetsa ubwino wa tirigu ndipo sizimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbeu.
Feteleza wa dzinja rye m'nkhalango-steppe chernozem:
- nayitrogeni: musanafese - 30-40 makilogalamu / ha, mutatha kufesa - 40-60 makilogalamu / ha;
- phosphorus: musanafese - 40-60 makilogalamu / ha, pofesa - 10 makilogalamu / ha;
- potaziyamu: musanafese - 40-50 makilogalamu / ha.
Ndikofunikira! Kuwonjezera pa mtengo wamtengo wapatali, feteleza wamchere amatha kuyipitsa chilengedwe, choncho ndikofunikira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso mosamala kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru.
Zolakwitsa Zambiri pa Feteleza Zambewu
Zolakwa 1. Mukhoza kuchita popanda kuvala zofiira, zokwanira kuti mutenge nthaka.
Izi ndi zolakwika; zakudya zabwino ndizofunika pazifukwa zotsatirazi:
- Ndi zokwanira zokwanira mu nthaka yochepa kutentha sikungalole kuimika mizu, ndiyeno kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza pa pepala kudzapereka zotsatira.
- Zovala zapamwamba za Foliar zimakhala zogwira mtima panthawi ya kutha kwa mizu.
- Kudyetsa ndi koyenera kuchita ngati sikukwanitsa kugwirizanitsa mzere, mwachitsanzo, pamene njere ifika pamtunda wina.
- Kudya pa pepala kumakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere kutayika kwa feteleza, ndiko kuti, chirichonse chimalowa mu chomeracho.
- Mapulogalamu atsopano opulumutsa mphamvu amateteza njira zomwe fetereza amagwiritsira ntchito, choncho ndikofunikira kuzigwiritsa ntchito molondola.
Izi sizowona, chifukwa kudyetsa pa pepala kumapereka dongosolo la kukula kwakukulu kwa zinthu kusiyana ndi zomera zomwe zimafunikira. Izi ndizofunika makamaka pa nyengo yozizira nthawi yoyamba, pamene chakudya chambiri chimapezeka m'nthaka. 
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kusankha njira zolakwika komanso nthawi yodyetsera zomera zingayambitse chisokonezo chawo komanso ngakhale kutaya ndalama.
Zolakwitsa zambiri:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera vutoli kungayambitse tsamba. Pofuna kupewa izi, phunzirani mosamala malangizo a mankhwala.
- Kuphatikizana payekha ndi zakudya zina kungapangitse kupanga mapangidwe a mankhwala osagwirizana ndi zomera ndikuvulaza zomera. Muyenera kudzidziwa bwino ndi ma tebulo opangira feteleza operekedwa ndi opanga awo.
- Kusagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda pake kapena kosalinganizana kovala pamwamba pamwamba pa tsamba, osati chophimba cha masamba apansi a chomera.
- Kuwerengera kwa mlingo kosayenera kwa tepi yolemba. Kuwerengera sikuyenera kupangidwa ndi malo onse a malowa, koma ndi malo enieni omwe akufika.
- Tanthauzo lolakwika la mawu oyamba.
Chomera feteleza cha mbewu ndi mineral feteleza ndi gawo lofunikira la matekinoloji okula kwambiri, kutsimikizira kukula kwa zomera ndi zokolola zambiri. Komabe, musayiwale kuti kukonzekera zakudya kumayenera kuchitidwa payekha payekha famu ndi mtundu wa mbewu za tirigu.
Momwe mungaperekerere mbewu za manyowa: ndemanga
