Mavwende a kapricious amakula bwino m'mayiko okhala ndi nyengo zotentha. Amaluwa omwe amakhala mumlengalenga akuyenera kumanga nyumba zobiriwira ndi zobiriwira kuti azikolola mavwende, mavwende, maungu. Ngakhale kuti zikuwoneka zovuta, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kukula vwende mbewu mu greenhouses kuposa yotseguka pansi. Malo ogulitsira opangidwa ndi polycarbonate ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Nkhaniyi idzafotokoza za mavwende opangira zakudya m'masamba a masiku ano, zomwe zimayambitsa kukonza kutentha kwa mavwende ndi mfundo za kusungirako mbewu.
Mitundu yokula
Popeza vwende ndi chikhalidwe chokhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kucha kwa nthawi yayitali, mitundu yoyambirira yakucha ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popita m'nyumba. Iwo akhoza kubzalidwa mu April ndikupeza zokolola kumapeto kwa July.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri: "Desi", "Mphatso ya Kumpoto", "Roksolana", "Russian Garden", "Siberia", "Goldie", "Titovka". Pamapeto pake, zipatso izi zidzakhala zazing'ono koma zokoma ndi zokometsera.
Ndikofunikira! Mavwende ali ndi mizu yolimba yomwe imalowa pansi. Kuthira kwa madzi kumapangitsa kuti madzi azitsuka mumtunda komanso kuphuka kwazomera. Pofuna kuteteza izi kuti zisakwaniritsidwe, imwani madziwo pazu; kuthirira amathera zambiri, koma amalephera.
Kukonzekera
Kuonjezera kumera kwa mbeu ndikulimbikitsanso mbande, nkofunika kukonzekera. Kwa mitundu yonse ya mbewuyi idzakhala yofanana.
Mbewu
Samalani mitundu yosiyanasiyana, iwo ali oyenerera kuposa ena ku zikhalidwe za nyengo yanu. Gulani mbewu m'masitolo ogulitsa, mulimonsemo, musatenge nkhaniyo.
Samalani nthawi ya mapangidwe a zipatso kuchokera m'mimba mwake. Ngati zoposa miyezi iŵiri, mudzasiyidwa popanda mbewu. Musakhulupirire nkhani za zipatso zazikulu, kukolola kwakukulu kungapezeke mwachikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ichi. Cholinga chanu - zipatso zosakaniza zazikulu. Gulani zinthu ndi moyo wazitali. Mbewuzi zimakhala zowonjezereka, zimamera kumera.
Phunzirani zambiri za zovuta zowonjezera mavwende m'deralo, ubwino wa mavwende, malamulo a zokolola m'nyengo yozizira komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito matenda ndi tizirombo ta mavwende.
Mbande
Pofuna mbande zabwino zathanzi, sankhani mbewu zabwino. Iwo ndi aakulu kwambiri ndipo ali ndi kulemera kwakukulu. Kuti mudziwe zapamwamba, konzani yankho la supuni imodzi ya mchere ndi madzi. Lembani iwo ndi mbewu ndi kusakaniza chirichonse bwino. Mbeu zoipa zidzawoneka, ndipo zabwino zidzakhala pansi. Sungani zinthu zoipa, nadzatsuka bwino pansi pa madzi ndikupukuta pepala.
Kufesa pa mbande kumayambira pa khumi la mwezi wa April. Musanayambe kubzala mbewu, muwachitire matendawa. Alalikidwe pamtunda umodzi pa mbale yaikulu kapena mbale ndikuphimba ndi theka la ola limodzi ndi potsimikiza kutentha kwa potaziyamu permanganate. Sungani yankho lanu ndikuphimba mbewu kwa wina mphindi 10-15 ndi njira yothetsera thupi kapena kukula kokondweretsa. Mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri omwe amatchedwa "Appin" kapena "Kornevin." Njirayi idzayambitsa kumera kwa kubzala ndi kufulumira chitukuko cha mbande.
Mukudziwa? Kwa nthawi yoyamba, Aigupto akale anayamba kupanga mavwende monga mbewu zaulimi. M'mabwinja ambiri a ku Egypt masiku ano, mbewu za vwende zinapezeka, zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Konzani nthaka kusakaniza pa mlingo wa gawo limodzi la dziko lapansi mpaka magawo atatu a humus. Thirani khumi malita a osakaniza, yikani phulusa la phulusa ndi 5-6 g wa potassium sulphate. Konzani makapu a peat. Zikhoza kusamutsidwa ku greenhouses ndi mbande, popanda kuwononga kuwonongeka kwa mizu yovuta. Ikani nyembazo mu nthaka mozama masentimita atatu. Musati muchepetse nthaka. Mukaika mbewu pamphepete, zidzakhala zosavuta kuti mmerawo ufike pansi.
Kufalitsa miphika patali pang'ono ndikuphimba ndi filimu yoonekera. Kutentha mu chipinda chiyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa 23-25 ° C, ndi kutalika kwa masana ayenera kukhala osachepera maola 12. Gwiritsani ntchito nyali za fulorosenti kuti ziunikire mbande, mwinamwake izo zidzatambasula ndi kutuluka. Tsiku lililonse, yambitsani filimu ndi mpweya. Sungani nthaka ngati mukufunikira, kawirikawiri masiku awiri. Pa tsiku la 4-5 mutatha kufesa mphukira zidzamera. Musati muwagwedeze iwo, kotero kuti muzu wa mizu suvunda.
Werengani zambiri za mitundu iyi ya mavwende monga: "Muskusnaya", "Kolkhoznitsa", "Torpeda"
Pa tsiku 12 la kukula, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza zovuta kunthaka. Gwiritsani ntchito njira yomweyo pamlungu musanatumize ku wowonjezera kutentha.
Ngati ziphuphu ziwiri zikuwoneka mu mphika, zitsani zofooka pafupi ndi nthaka. Kotero mumasunga mizu ya kachirombo kachiwiri. Pomwe tsamba lachitatu likuwonekera pa mphukira yaikulu, chotsani kukula kwake. Izi zidzalimbikitsanso kumasulidwa kwa mphukira, zomwe zimawonekera maluwa okoma.
Njira yonse yobzala mbande iyenera kutenga pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Mu nthaka yotentha yomwe imatulutsa mbande pakati pa mwezi wa May, kotero kuti mutha kupewa kubwezeretsa chisanu.
Ndikofunikira! Mbande ayenera kulandira kuchuluka kokwanira kwa kuwala ndi kutentha. Kuwasunga pa nthawi ya maola ochepa a masana kudzatsogolera kubwerera kwa masamba ndi zofooka. Mphukira zosabala bwino sizidzatha kugwira zipatso zolemera.
Kukonzekera kutentha
Kukonzekera kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa March. Ngati chisanu sichiwonetsedwanso, chochotsani pamakoma ndi zitseko. Sambani polycarbonate ndi sopo ndi siponji zofewa kuti dothi lisalepheretse kulowa kwa dzuwa. Yang'anani makoma ndi denga chifukwa cha ming'alu. Ngakhalenso mu mpweya wozizira wambiri umatuluka, kuwononga mphukira zazing'ono. Tsekani ming'alu ndi sealant ndi kupanga zatsopano.
Ikani high trellis kwa wattle. Lanes ndi galasi lalikulu lalikulu, ndipo liyenera kukhala lamphamvu. The trellis kumapeto kwa nyengo idzakhala ndi kulemera kwa zimayambira, komanso za zipatso. Kutalika kwa trellis ndipo, motero, wowonjezera kutentha ayenera kukhala mamita awiri, mwinamwake vwende silingathe kukhala bwinobwino.
Mukudziwa? Ngakhale kuti kwambiri zokoma mavwende akuganiziridwa Abkhazian, China ndi yaikulu padziko lonse wotulutsa zipatsozi. Mu 2017, gawo la mavwende achi China zochokera kunja adalemba 25%.
Pambuyo pokonza trellis, kuyeretsa makoma a wowonjezera kutentha ndi nthaka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Disinfection idzateteza zomera kuchokera ku matenda a fungal mu zikhalidwe za kutentha kwakukulu. Pakuti makoma a greenhouses akuyenera: madzi otentha, mkuwa wa sulfate, bleach. Ngati simunavutike kugwiritsira ntchito nthaka mu kugwa, ndiye kuti simungathe kuzigwiritsira ntchito ndi njira zamagetsi m'chaka. Dzichepetseni madzi otentha ndikuchotsa pamwamba pa nthaka (3-4 cm). Gawani feteleza feteleza mofanana. Mavwende ngati nthaka yosasunthika dothi, onjezerani 3-4 kg makilogalamu atsopano pa nthaka pa mita imodzi pa feteleza.
Kukula
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangidwira mavwende mu wowonjezera kutentha, omwe amayamba kutsitsimula komanso kutulutsa mpweya wabwino.
Ngati mwangotenga zowonjezera kutentha kwa polycarbonate, zidzakuthandizani kuti muphunzire zojambula zonse za malo oterewa; funsani mtundu wa maziko omwe ali oyenera kutentha, momwe mungasankhire polycarbonate wanu wowonjezera kutentha, komanso momwe mungapangire wowonjezera kutentha kuchokera ku polycarbonate ndi manja anu omwe, momwe mungasamalire wowonjezera kutentha.
Ground
Choyamba, dothi liyenera kutentha mpaka 25 ° C. Gulani chipangizo chapadera cha thermometer ndikudziwe kutentha kwake. Ngati nthaka siwotha, samitsani wowonjezera kutentha kwa masiku 3-4 dzuwa.
Njira yabwino yofika pamtunda ndi 50x70 cm. Adzapatsa malo ochulukirapo kukula. Maenje a fomu obzala motsatira ndondomekoyi, ikani pansi pa chikho chimodzi chilichonse cha kompositi ndikutsanulira madzi otentha. Tumizani ku maenje mbande mu kapu makapu. Musayesetse kuwawaza iwo ndi dziko lapansi, zidzatengera kuwonongeka kwa khosi lolimba.
Siyani makapu 1 cm kapena 1.5 masentimita pamwamba pa mlingo wa nthaka.
Mudzakhalanso wokondwa kudziŵa oimira otere a mavwende monga zukini, pepino, sikwashi, dzungu, mavwende, nkhaka.
Kupaka pamwamba
Sabata lirilonse, yambani kudya moonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza zachilengedwe. Komanso, pangani phulusa, humus ndi nkhuku kapena zinyalala zamatope.
Kuthirira
Masamba a mbeuyi salola kuti chinyezi chikhale chonchi, choncho sungani nyembazo pazu kapena musapange mizere yopanda malire palimodzi ndikudzala ndi kuthirira. Mbewu imeneyi imapangitsa kuti chilala chikhale bwino kuposa chinyezi chokwanira. Imwani madzi pokhapokha masamba atayamba kumira pang'ono.
Ndikofunikira! Dyetsani vwende nthawi zonse, koma asiye feteleza zipatso zikayamba kuphuka. Kuwonjezera feteleza kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mankhwala mu chipatso ndi chakudya chawo chosasunthika.
Feteleza
Manyowa a azitrogeni ngati njira yothetsera vutoli pa tsiku la 11 mutabzala ndi kubwereza kuthirira masiku 10-11. Pakati pa malita 10 a madzi, onjezerani 20 g wa saltpeter. Pansi pa mmera kutsanulira 2 malita a yankho.
Potaziyamu nitrate ndi wofunikira wowonjezera kutentha vwende feteleza. Lembani liwu lake, kuchokera kumalo otentha ndi chiwerengero cha mbande.
Mu wowonjezera kutentha, ukhozanso kukula tomato, radishes, nkhaka, belu tsabola, eggplant, ndi strawberries.
Kuwongolera
Pali njira ziwiri - zachirengedwe ndi zopangira. Ngati mutsegula zitseko ndi mawindo, njuchi ndi agulugufe zimayambitsa mungu wanu. Ngati pali tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo nthawi yamaluwa imadutsa, kodi imadzichepetse nokha. Pukuta maluwa ambiri amphongo (ndiwo aakulu kwambiri), mwapang'onopang'ono uwayeretseni mchere, ndipo ndi anthers amakhudze stamens ya uterine maluwa. Kuti muchite izi muyenera kukhala m'mawa. Limbikitsani, chifukwa nthawi ya maluwa maluwa ndi yaing'ono - kuyambira ma 3 mpaka 5 maola.
Mapangidwe
- Kuti apange miyendo yolimba ndi mizu yolimba, kumanga ndimeyo ikukula pambuyo pa tsamba lachisanu likupezeka pa tsinde lalikulu.
- Pambuyo masiku 10-12, mphukira zatsopano zidzawonekera pamtunda wa mizu. Yambani mwamsanga ofooka, amphamvu kachiwiri kutsina nsonga.
- Chitani zomwezo ndi mazira.
- Mmodzi shrub akhoza kudya nthawi imodzi osati zipatso zisanu. Fufuzani zikwapu pamene chipatsocho chikukula ndi dzira ndikudula zipatso zonse zofooka kapena zosabereka.
- Pa tsiku lachisanu mutabzala, zimayambira zidzatha kufika kokwanira. Awalumikizeni ndi trellis pa trellis kuti apotoke mmwamba ndikusafalikira pankhope.
Mukudziwa? Kula ndi okwera mtengo. Mavwende a ku Japan, omwe ali m'tawuni ina yaing'ono pafupi ndi Sapporo, amagulitsidwa pawiri komanso pamsika. Mtengo wa zipatso ziwiri zoterezi pamsonkhanowu umabwera madola zikwi makumi awiri. Anthu omwe adalawa zokondweretsa izi ndikukondweretsa thupi lokoma kwambiri, lokoma kwambiri komanso fungo lopweteka. Izi zimatchedwa Yubari King.
Kuthamanga
Kutentha kwa wowonjezera kutentha kumafunika kukhala pakati pa 28-30 ° C. Ngati chilimwe chili chotentha, khalani m'chipinda nthawi zonse. Tsegulani chitseko ndi mawindo, khalani okwanira kwa kanthawi. Kuthamanga n'koyenera kuchita m'mawa dzuwa likatuluka, ndipo madzulo, pamene mpweya umayamba kuzizira.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Kawirikawiri, chikhalidwechi chimapereka matenda opatsirana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba.
- Mame a mealy ndi ma subspecies ake onyenga. Anapangidwa pamapepala achikasu ndi achikasu. Mame enieni amapezeka pamtunda wa tsamba, zabodza - pansi. Masamba ndi zimayambira zimayamba kuphulika ndi kupota, chikhomo choyera chimapezeka pa iwo. Kuchotsa matendawa, ndikofunikira kupopera mbewu milungu iwiri iliyonse ndi njira yothetsera (0,1 makilogalamu pa 10 l) ya sulfure ya colloidal. Komanso, wamaluwa ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otchedwa "Topaz".
- Fusarium. Amawonetsedwa ndi mawanga owuma pamasamba. Amachotsedwa msanga kuchokera ku chitsamba kupita ku chitsamba, choncho, zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa ziyenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo panthaka ndikuzitentha. Kuthirira moyenera komanso kupatsa mbeu za potassium permanganate kudzapulumutsa kuchitika.
- Medyanka. Zimakhudza zonse masamba ndi zipatso. Pambuyo pa kachilomboka, mawanga a chikasu-lalanje amawoneka omwe amatembenukira m'mayenje mumasamba ndi mabowo aakulu mu chipatso. Kuchokera ku matendawa, zomera zimathetsedwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa njira yothetsera mkuwa sulphate mu mkaka wa mandimu.
- Aphid. Magulu akuluakulu amaunjikira pamasamba ndi maluwa, madzi amwa madzi ndi kuyambitsa kuuma kwa mbewu, amawononga mtundu wonsewo. Chotsani nsabwe za m'masamba mwa kupopera mankhwala a sopo (0.1 kg pa 10 malita).
- Wireworm. Amagonjetsa osati mbatata, komanso mavwende. Amagwiritsa ntchito mpunga wa chipatso ndikudya mbewu. Mukhoza kuletsa maonekedwe a tizilombo. Nthawi zonse kukoka namsongole kunja kwa wowonjezera kutentha ndi kuwaza dothi loyera, losanjikizidwa.
Ndikofunikira! Sungani mavwende kuti asakhudze wina ndi mzake, pamene ayamba kuvunda m'malo amodzi pakati pa zikopa. Njira yodalirika yosungirako ndiyo kupachika chipatso mu maukonde osiyana.
Kukolola ndi kusungirako
Chotsani zipatso zokha zokha kuchokera ku zimayambira. Kuphulika kumatha kudziŵika ndi mchira wouma, umene mabulosi amagwira, utomoni wokoma kwambiri komanso mphete zachikasu zochokera kumchira. Zipatso zowonongeka zimadulidwa ku mitsuko ya mphukira, kuyesera kuti asagwire khungu. Nthawi yomweyo muziwaika m'mabotolo osiyana omwe amachokera pansi ndi kuphimba pamwamba ndi zikopa.
Sungani mavwende mu chipinda chakuda chakuda pa kutentha kwa 16-18 ° C. Yesetsani nthawi ndi nthawi ndikuyang'ana nkhungu ndi kuvunda. Zikatero, zipatsozo zidzasungidwa miyezi 5-7.
Musanayambe kubzala mbewu kuti mupeze mbande, sankhani mavwende omwe ali oyenera nyengo yanu. Gwiritsani ntchito nyembazo kuti mupewe matenda ndi tizirombo ndi bowa za mphukira zazing'ono. Konzani wowonjezera kutentha kwa kubzala pasadakhale, kutenthetsa nthaka ndi kuthira mbeu kuti mbeu ikhale yabwino. Onetsetsani kuti muyike trellis kuti ziphuphu zipeze chithandizo, ndi kudyetsa zomera kuti zikhale ndi zipatso zonse. Dikirani mpaka mavwende atsekedwa bwino ndi kusunga mosamala mosungirako. Ndiye kukolola kolemera kudzakondweretsa iwe ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira.
