Mitengo yonse kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Indo-mbewu (maluwa) imagawidwa m'magulu ndipo imatha kugwirizana ndi dioecious kapena monoecious specimens. Nkhaniyi idzafotokoza kusiyana pakati pa mbeu za dioecious ndi monoecious, zomwe dioeciousness ndi zomwe zomera za gulu la dioecious.
Kodi dioeciousness ndi chiyani?
Kwa gulu la zofalitsa za dioecious zomwe zimapatsidwa maluwa azimuna kapena aamuna, ndiko kuti, pistils ndi stamens sizingakhoze kukhala palimodzi pa maluwa omwewo ngakhale pa zomera zomwezo. Pogwirizana ndi gawoli, kuthekera kwa kudzipiritsa kwathunthu sikuperekedwa. Zomera zimatha kukhala ndi mungu wochokera ku xenogamy - pollination, chifukwa cha mungu womwe umachokera ku mtundu umodzi womwe umasunthira ku tsankho la pistils la chomera china.
Motero, kuyambitsa maluwa n'kotheka kokha ngati njuchi ndi tizilombo tina timene timagwiritsa ntchito mungu zimapanga mungu. Chosavuta cha pollination ndi chakuti hafu ya maluwa siimabereka mbewu.
Ndikofunikira! Asayansi ena amaganiza kuti n'zosatheka kokha zitsanzo za angiosperm, komanso zopanda mphamvu, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ziwalo zoberekera amuna ndi akazi, zikhoza kugawidwa muzitsamba za zomera komanso zimatchedwa dioecious kapena monoecious. Choncho, maguluwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zomera zomwe sizingatheke maluwa.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zomera za monoecious ndi zomera za dioecious?
Monoecious zomera zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa chiwalo cha maluwa pamtundu umodzi, pamene maluwa a dioecious ali ndi kugonana kokha pa chomera chimodzi. Monoecious nthawi zambiri imachokera mungu mothandizidwa ndi mphepo, ndiko kuti, pansi pa mpweya, mungu kuchokera ku maluwa amodzi kupita kumalo ena, zomera za dioecious zimachokera ku mungu kokha ngati mungu umachotsedwa kuchokera ku maluwa ammimba kupita kwa mkazi ndi tizilombo.
Mitengo ya dioecious imaperekedwa pistachio, poplar, aspen, actinidia, sorelo wowawasa, nkhuyu, hemp, velvet.
Monoecious zomera amaimiridwa ndi walnuts, Echinocystis, hornbeam, quinoa, birch, hazel, chimanga, juniper, dzungu, nkhaka.
Oimira Dioecious
Kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro la zomera za dioecious, m'pofunika kulingalira mwachidule za oimira ena a gulu ili.
Actinidia
Actinidia ndi mtundu wa lianas, omwe ndi mitundu 75. Actinidia amapezeka m'madera akummwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi Himalaya. Iwo ali a zitsamba, mipesa, zomwe zimakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwa masamba. Impso za zomera izi zonse kapena zobisika mu tsamba zipsera, masamba ali osakanikirana, ndi jagged m'mphepete. Maluwa angakhale ochepa, pafupifupi masentimita 1 kapena awiri kapena masentimita.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi maluwa osalala, owala, nthawi zina pali masamba ndi golide wachikasu kapena mthunzi wa lalanje. Chipatso cha chomerachi chimayimilidwa ndi mabulosi oblong, wachikasu kapena wobiriwira. Actinidia wotchuka kwambiri ndi actinidia zokoma, zomwe zimadziwika kwa onse monga kiwi.
Phunzirani momwe mungamerezere vitaminiyine m'munda ndipo muli ndi phindu lanji.
Actinidia amabzalidwa ngati chomera chokongola, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mankhwala, ndipo amadya mitundu ya zakudya zodyedwa.
Mwachilengedwe, actinidia imakula m'nkhalango zazing'ono, kumene penumbra yachilengedwe imalengedwa, Choncho, ndi zofunika kupanga zinthu zofanana zogwirira kunyumba. Ngakhale kuti actinidia imakula bwino m'madera othunzi, ndi bwino kulima pa dzuwa, popeza fruiting imapezeka ndi kuwala kokwanira. Actinidia amamva bwino pa dothi ndi otsika mtengo wa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous, salekerera zamchere dothi. Njira yabwino ndi nthaka ya asidi pang'ono. Ndi zosayenera kubzala zomera pa katundu dongo nthaka.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati actinidia yabzalidwa ngati chikhalidwe chobala zipatso, m'pofunika kuyanjana ndi amai ndi abambo pazomwe zimabzala - pa mitundu itatu iliyonse ndi maluwa aakazi ayenera kukhala osachepera 1 amuna.
Velvet
Velvet ndi ya mitengo yowonongeka, imatha kufika mamita 20 kufika mamita 30, ndipo imakhala ndi thunthu lalikulu la masentimita 120. Korona wa mtengo wa m'nkhalango imakwera kwambiri, mu umodzi wokha umakhala wozungulira. Chomeracho chili ndi makungwa a phulusa, omwe amaoneka okongoletsera, pamitengo ikuluikulu yokhala ndi siliva. Mbali yam'mwamba ya makungwayo imakhala ndi maonekedwe abwino, amaimiridwa ndi cork kuposa 5 cm wakuda, mkati mwa makungwawo muli mtundu wachikasu, fungo lapadera. Masambawo ndi obiriwira kwambiri, masamba amakonzedwa mosiyana, mawonekedwewa ali ofanana ndi masamba a phulusa, koma ndi mbale zochepa ndi zosautsa zosangalatsa.
Maluwawo ndi ang'onoang'ono, osadziwika bwino, amadzimadzimita - mpaka masentimita 1, amakhala ndi timaluwa tambirimbiri, timaluwa timasonkhanitsa paniculate inflorescences, kutalika - kufika pa 12 cm. Zipatso zoyamba zimachitika mu autumn, zipatso zofiira, zakuda, zonunkhira, sizili zoyenera kudya, zomwe zimadziwika ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Velvet imapezeka ku Manchuria, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur ndi Primorye, China, Korea, Taiwan, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Japan. Velvet ndi chomera, monga mtengo uwu unalipo nthawi yayitali isanafike glaciation.
Mukudziwa? Mitengoyi imaphatikizapo nthumwi za zomera, zomwe zinali zofala m'magulu akale a geological.
Velvet monga chomera chokongola ndi chofala kwambiri m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi kumpoto kwa America, otchuka chifukwa chodzala m'madera a Central Asia ndi Caucasus. Velvet imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala, ndibwino kuti uchi uchi. Komanso, khungwa limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza dothi wachikasu povina mitundu yambiri ya nsalu. Kutsetsereka kwakukulu kwa nkhumba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga makina ophimba mabotolo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo zowonongeka, ziphuphu za moyo, zifuwa, zokumbutsa. Nkhata ya mtengo imagawanika mosavuta, popanda kuvulaza mtengo wokha. Mtengo wa velvet umadziwika ndi mtundu wokongola komanso wokongola, choncho umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando ndi zokongoletsera.
Posankha malo ogwirira velvet ayenera kuganiziridwa kuti mtengo umakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali, kuti mizu yake isasokoneze nyumbayo, ikani mtengo kuchoka ku nyumba. Komanso, ngati m'tsogolomu mukufuna kukonza chinachake pafupi ndi mtengo, yesetsani kusunthira pa velvet, kuti musayipitse mizu ndi kuwononga chomeracho. Mtengo uyenera kupatsidwa mthunzi, choncho ndibwino kuti uzibzala m'munda, nthaka yabwino yodzala imamera loam, osati yoyenera kubzala mchenga.
Werengani zomwe zimathandiza velvet ya Amur.
Drema
Sewero ndilopachaka, labwino, nthawi zina losatha, amatha kutalika kwa masentimita 80. Malinga ndi nap, zaka zimasiyana ndi maonekedwe. Zitsanzo zazing'ono zimakhala ndi masamba ovunda, kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 10, m'kupita kwa nthawi, chomeracho chikuwoneka kuti chimayambira ndi masamba a lanceolate. Kutentha kwa mamita atatu masentimita kumaphatikizidwa ngati mawonekedwe a inflorescences ndipo ali pamwamba pa tsinde, mphukira iliyonse imakhala ndi masamba asanu, imamasula kuchokera kumapeto kwa kasupe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa kugwa, maluwawo ndi oyera. Dram imapezeka m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, kumadzulo kwa Asia ndi kumpoto kwa America.
Nthawi zina Drema amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala a ukhondo, popeza ali ndi saponin ambiri, omwe amatha kupanga njira zothetsera vutoli, akhoza kupanga chithovu chakuda, chosagonjetsa. Drema ndi chomera chozizira kwambiri, chotero, chokhoza kupirira nyengo yozizira ndi yowawa. Pakalipano, kupukutira sikuli chikhalidwe ndipo sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito mu makampani.
Ndikofunikira! Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa kugona kumapindula pofika pamtunda wosasunthika, dothi lochepa kwambiri, zomera zowonjezera zimamera pa nthaka youma ya mchenga.
Masewerawa amakula m'madera owala bwino, koma amatha kulekerera penumra, choncho ndi bwino kulima m'malo ozizira. Chomeracho sichifuna nthaka yambiri yachonde, imakula bwino pamunda wamba wamaluwa, chokhacho ndichofunika kuti nthaka isagwe.
Willow
Willow ndi zomera zowonjezera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu 550. Mitengo imakula kufika mamita 15 mu msinkhu, nthawizina pali mitundu mpaka mamita 40. Mitengo yomwe ikukula kumpoto imadulidwa, ndipo m'mapiri mitengo yamphero imapezeka ngati tchire zokwawa, zokhala ndi masentimita angapo. Malingana ndi mtundu wa msondodzi, masambawo akhoza kukhala obiriwira, ophimba, obiriwira, kapena osowa, obiriwira kapena oyera. Masamba abzalidwa mosiyana, lamina ikhoza kukhala yochuluka kwambiri kapena yopapatiza komanso yaitali, yokhala ndi zolimba kapena zowonongeka, mbale zonyezimira.
Mbali yodabwitsa ya mitundu ina ndiyo kukhalapo kwa stipules zokwanira, zomwe zimakhala nthawi zambiri mu mphukira zazing'ono. Nthambi zimayambira, nthambi za zomera zimakhala zopapuka, zowonongeka, zowonongeka, masamba akhoza kukhala ofiira, ofiira-chikasu. Maluwa a msondodzi ali ochepa kwambiri, omwe amasonkhana muzinyalala zakuda, kotero zimakhala zosavuta kuona. Pambuyo maluwa, zipatso zimaonekera - mabokosi okhala ndi mbewu zochepa. Mtedza ndi wamba ndipo umakula pakati pa Russia, kumpoto kwa America, mitundu ina imakula kumadera otentha.
Dzidziwitse nokha ndi maonekedwe a msondodzi monga: tsamba, woyera, mpira, kulira, mbuzi, wachimwene.
Willow imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga specimen yokongoletsera, Komanso kawirikawiri mitundu ina imabzalidwa pofuna kulimbitsa nthaka yosalala ndi mchenga, popeza mizu ya mtengo ndi yochuluka, yotchuka kwambiri, ndi nthambi zambiri. Wood imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbale ndi zokongoletsera. Willow ndi chomera chofunika kwambiri cha uchi; mitundu ina ya makungwa ndi yoyenera kufufuta khungu. Nthawi zambiri nkhuni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo zopangidwira. Masamba a Willow amadziwika ngati mankhwala ochizira.
Ng'ombe imakula bwino pa dothi lokhala ndi mchenga, imere mtengo mumtunda wokhala ndi nthaka yotentha kwambiri, pamalo owala bwino.
Nkhuyu
Nkhuyu ndi chomera chodabwitsa chomera, chomwe ndi cha Ficus. Mtengowo uli ndi makungwa owala bwino. Chomeracho chimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwakukulu, alternately anabzala mipikisano lobed kapena wolekana masamba. Masamba a sinus ali ndi mphukira zowonjezera ndipo ali ndi inflorescences mitundu iwiri - kaprifigi ndi nkhuyu. The kaprifigami ndi amuna maluwa, ali ndi inflorescences, nkhuyu ndi akazi maluwa ndi lalikulu inflorescences.
Mafini amawotchedwa ndi osam-blastophagous, amanyamula mungu kuchokera ku mitengo yamwamuna kupita kwa wamkazi. Zipatso zimapezeka pamtengo - nkhuyu, mkati mwa mbewu zambiri, zokoma ndi zowutsa mudyo. Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mtundu wa chipatso ukhoza kukhala wachikasu, buluu kapena buluu wakuda, nthawi zambiri pali zipatso zachikasu.
Muyenera kukhala ndi chidwi chophunzira momwe mungamere nkhuyu kunyumba ndi kumunda, komanso kuwerenga zomwe zimapangitsa nkhuyu kukhala zothandiza.
Nkhuyu zinayamba kufalikira ku Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Crimea, ku Central Asia. Kawirikawiri mtengo wamkuyu umabzalidwa kuti ukolole nkhuyu, zomwe zimadyedwa mwatsopano, zouma komanso zamzitini, ndizosiyana ndi zokometsetsa, ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga kupanikizana komanso monga zowonjezera ku mavitamini ena. Mu mankhwala amtundu, masamba a mkuyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala osakaniza.
Bzalani mtengo mu malo owala bwino kum'mwera kwa chiwembu, kotero kuti nkhuyu zimatetezedwa ku mphepo zamphamvu. Mtengo umakonda kuwala kowala, ndi kupuma bwino.
Ndikofunikira! Nkhuyu zimabzalidwa ngati nyumba yopangira nyumba, sizimakula kwambiri, koma zimatha kuchitira fruiting.
Kannabis
Nkhumba ndi chomera cha bast chaka chilichonse. Amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa tsinde lakuthwa, kumunsi pamunsi, kutsogolo kwa tsamba pambali pamtunda ndi pamtsinje. Masambawa ndi ovuta, ali ndi masamba 5-7 ali ndi mapepala otsetsereka, pansi pa tsinde la masamba ndi pamwamba. Maluwa a chomera amaimiridwa ndi inflorescences ngati mawonekedwe ovuta, mmalo mwa mitsempha yotchedwa bivalve nutlets, yomwe imakhala ndi mazira ovatela kapena opangidwira, okongoletsa kapena okongoletsedwa, mtundu wofiirira kapena wofiirira. Chomeracho chimafalitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi, chimatha kukula m'madera onse otentha komanso ozizira.
Poyamba, chomeracho chinakula kuti chipeze mbewu ndi mafuta kuchokera mmenemo, komanso ma fibers omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Mphuno inagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa zamankhwala, mankhwala osokoneza bongo anapangidwa maziko ake. Mphindi ukhoza kukhala wothandiza kuti apange zingwe, zingwe, zingwe, zovala, pepala ndi ulusi, monga chomeracho chiri ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri.
Pezani zomwe hemp ndizomwe zimapangidwa ndi chomera.
Nkhumba imakhala yovuta kwambiri panthaka ndi malo okula. Choncho, musanalowe pansi, m'pofunika kupanga zinthu zonse zofunika. Chomeracho chimakondera malo omwe amatha kutulukira dzuwa, dothi liyenera kukhala ndi zakudya zambiri, zikhale zowonongeka, chifukwa chimbudzi sichimalola chilala.
Kuthamanga nettle
Nettle ndi therere losatha, Amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mizu yamphamvu komanso nthambi zing'onozing'ono. Nkhumba imatha kukhala 30 cm mpaka 2 mamita pamwamba. Pali tsitsi zambiri lotentha pa tsinde ndi masamba. Tsinde ndi udzu, pomwe masambawo akutsutsana. La lamina limaimiridwa ndi mawonekedwe a mtima wa ovate kapena a lanceolate, mpaka masentimita 17 m'litali, ndi kupitirira 8 masentimita.
Mphepete mwake muli ndi mano akulu. Pamatopewa, pamakhala ma inflorescences aatali, omwe maluwa ambili obiriwira amabzalidwa m'malo mwa maluwa pakapita nthawi, mbewuzo zimawonekera, zimayimiridwa ndi mtedza wouma kapena wofiirira. Mbewu zokwana 22,000 zingathe kupangidwa pazitsanzo zonse. Amapezeka ku Ulaya, Asia, China, ndi North America.
Werengani za machiritso a nettle ndi nettle, ndipo phunzirani kugwiritsa ntchito nettle ngati kuvala pamwamba.
Nettle ndi chomera chomwe nthawi zambiri chimadyedwa, chozikidwa pa izo ndi msuzi wokonzeka, borscht, saladi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha ziweto. Mu mankhwala amtundu, masamba a nettle amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera infusions ndi decoctions.
Dioecious nettle amatanthauza zomera zamsongole, Choncho, imatha kumera pa nthaka iliyonse, makamaka zomera zimapezeka pa dothi la nitrojeni. Chomeracho ndi chachikondi, koma chimatha kukula bwino mumthunzi ndi mthunzi.
Laurel
Mtundu wa Laurus umatanthawuza mitengo yachitsamba kapena zitsamba. Laurel ndi zomera zobiriwira zomwe zimafika mamita pafupifupi 15, ndipo zimakhala ndi khungu lofiira losalala komanso losabala. Korona wa mtengo ndi wandiweyani, mawonekedwe a pyramidal. Masamba pa mphukira amabzalidwa alternately, ali ndi mphepo yolimba, yopanda kanthu, yosavuta, imatha kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 20, masentimita 4 m'kati mwake. Masamba ali ndi fungo labwino, amadziwika ndi oblong lanceolate kapena mbale yopepuka yofiira mpaka kumunsi. Mtundu wa masambawo ndi wobiriwira kumtunda kwa masamba, pamunsi.
Laurel maluwa amasonkhanitsidwa mu inflorescences maambulera, ali kumapeto kwa nthambi mu zidutswa zingapo, mu leafy axils. Maluwawo amakhala ochepa, achikasu, potsirizira pake amasanduka zipatso zabwino zakuda. Laurel amakula ku Mediterranean, Transcaucasia ndi Canary Islands.
Dzidziwenso ndi malamulo oti mukule bwino kunyumba, kunja, kuchokera ku mbewu, komanso momwe mungatulitsire mankhwala osungirako mankhwala komanso zomwe muli nazo.
Laurel amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zonunkhira, mafuta ophika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika amapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba. Komanso tsamba layi ndi mankhwala opangira mankhwala opangira osiyanasiyana ochiritsa.
Laurel adzamva bwino pamalo owala bwino, koma amatha kulekerera penumbra. Chomeracho sichiri chofuna kunthaka ndikulekerera chilala. Ndibwino kuti chomera chomera ndi mineral feteleza mu nthaka isanayambe kubzala kuti mbeu ikhale yabwino.
Sea buckthorn
Mtundu wa nyanja buckthorn umaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri. Zomera ndi zitsamba kapena mitengo kuyambira 10 cm mpaka 6 mamita mu msinkhu, nthawizina mpaka mamita 15. Masamba obzalidwa alternately, m'malo motalika ndi opapatiza, mtundu wa masambawo ndi wobiriwira, pamwamba pa mbaleyo ili ndi madontho aang'ono ofiira. Цветет облепиха раньше, чем распускаются листья, цветки мелкие, неприметные. На месте цветка появляется костянка, которая состоит из орешка, и цветоложе. Цвет плодов имеет красный или оранжевый оттенок, на ветке они расположены очень густо.Nyanja ya buckthorn imakula ku Ulaya, Asia, Mongolia, China.
Zipatso za mtundu wa Sea buckthorn zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chakudya, zimadyedwa zakuda, zakumwa zimakonzedwa, mafuta a buckthorn amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu cosmetology ndi mankhwala. Mitundu ina ya nyanja ya buckthorn ndi zomera zokongola, zimabzalidwa kuti zikhazikike m'mphepete mwa msewu kapena kuti zitheke. Masamba a mtengo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonongeka.
Pezani mtundu wina wotchuka wa mtundu wa buckthorn, malamulo odzala, momwe mungayambitsire nyanja ya buckthorn ndi nthawi yomwe mungatengeko, ndi makhalidwe otani a Sea buckthorn, komanso momwe mungamerekerere Shepherdia, zomwe zimapindulitsa ndi momwe mchere wa buckthorn umathandizira thupi ndi momwe mungapangire nyanja ya buckthorn compote.
Kuthamanga kwa nyanja ya buckthorn kuyenera kukhala bwino Mtengowu suwopa dzuwa lachindunji, umakondweretsa kuwala kosalekerera dothi, umalekerera nthawi zonse feteleza bwino ndipo amawayankha iwo ndi zokolola zochuluka.
Mistletoe
Mistletoe ndi ya mtundu wa zitsamba za parasitic, zomwe zimakhala nthawi zonse. Amakhazikika pa nthambi za zomera, m'kupita kwa nthawi zimamera kukhala wobiriwira shrub. Mbalame za mistletoe zimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 80, chomeracho chimakhala chosiyana kapena chinayambira masamba, chomwe chikuphatikizidwa mu photosynthesis. Madzi ndi mineral substances mistletoe amalandira kuchokera ku chomera chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa.
Amamera maluwa ochepa kwambiri, mpaka mamita atatu mmitala, chikasu chobiriwira, chikasu chachikasu kapena chobiriwira chimapezeka pa tsamba la maluwa, akuyimiridwa ndi mabulosi onyenga, okhala ndi zamkati. M'chilengedwe, pali mitundu 70 ya mistletoe, yomwe imakula makamaka m'madera otentha ndi otentha a ku Africa, m'madera otentha a Asia ndi kumpoto kwa Australia, pafupifupi ku Ulaya konse.
Mukudziwa? Mistletoe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kukongoletsa kwa Khirisimasi ku England mpaka theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1900, panthawiyo Chingerezi chinayamba kukongoletsa mtengo wa Khirisimasi, womwe unakhala chizindikiro cha Khirisimasi.
Zipatso za mistletoe ndi chakudya cha mbalame. Komanso yoyenera kupanga kapu. Mankhwala am'mafakitale ali ndi maphikidwe ochepa kuchokera ku masamba ang'onoang'ono a zomera, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda osiyanasiyana.
Popeza mistletoe amadziwika kuti ndi zomera zowonongeka, sizakula bwino, zitsanzozi zimatha kuwonetsa papepala, maple, pine, birch ndi mitengo ya zipatso.
Yambani
Aspen ndi ya mitundu yambiri ya mitengo yodabwitsa ya Poplar. Chomeracho chimakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa katonovidnogo thunthu, kutalika - kufika mamita 35, mamita - mamita 1. Mtengo umakula mofulumira, koma umakhala wodwala matenda a nkhuni, motero nthawi ya moyo sizoposa zaka 90. Mizu imakhala pansi pansi, ndikukula mamita angapo. Mtengo uli ndi khungu losalala la mtundu wobiriwira kapena wofiirira, umatayika ndi msinkhu ndipo umasintha mtundu kukhala wakuda.
Aspen ali ndi tsamba lina, amaimiridwa ndi mbale kapena rhombic mbale, mpaka masentimita 7 m'litali, ndi nsonga yakuthwa kapena yosasangalatsa, tsambalo lakhazikika m'mphepete mwake. Maluwa amadziwika ndi kukula kwake, amasonkhanitsidwa mu inflorescences ya ndolo, akhoza kukhala ofiira kapena obiriwira, mpaka 15 masentimita yaitali, pachimake amapezeka pamaso pa mphukira. Pambuyo maluwa, chipatsocho chimapanga bokosi, nyembazo zimaphimbidwa ndi pansi (phulusa la ufa), chifukwa chazimene zimafalikira pamtunda wa makilomita makumi awiri. Aspen amapezeka pafupi ndi nkhalango ndi tundra, imakula m'nkhalango ndi nkhalango. Pali mtengo ku Ulaya, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Korea.
Werengani komanso za mankhwala a aspen ndi makungwa ake.
Kupuma nthawi zambiri kumatchuka ngati mtengo wokongola, anafika pamtunda, m'mapaki a mumzinda. Makungwawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popukuta khungu, ndi gwero la utoto wachikasu ndi wobiriwira. Mtengo ndi wa uchi wabwino zomera. Mtengo umagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba, monga mawonekedwe a denga. Aspen imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala opangira mankhwala, makungwa ndi masamba amaonedwa ngati mankhwala.
Kumera bwino kumabzala bwino, koma kumatha kulekerera penumra, osati kuumirira nthaka, kumakula bwino pa nthaka yosauka komanso yowonjezera, yamchere komanso yamchere. Chofunika chokha pa nthaka - sayenera kukhala youma, mchenga, mvula kapena mazira. Kupuma kumalinso kosasunthika ndi madzi apansi, choncho izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pobzala.
Katsitsumzukwa
Katsitsumzukwa ndi mtundu wa zomera, umene uli ndi mitundu pafupifupi 210. Zingakule ngati udzu ndi zitsamba zakuda. Chomeracho chinapangidwa bwino rhizomes, kwambiri nthambi zimayambira. Pa zimayambira pali nthambi zambiri zopangidwa ndi singano. Katsitsumzukwa kamakhala kosasinthika, masamba ang'onoang'ono, oimiridwa ndi zovuta kapena zojambulazo. Chomeracho chimamasula ndizing'ono masamba omwe amasonkhana osakwatira, chithokomiro kapena racemose inflorescences.
Maluwawo ali ndi mapeyala 6, omwe amasungidwa m'magulu awiri. M'malo mwa maluwa, chipatso chimapangidwa ngati mabulosi, omwe ali ndi mbewu imodzi kapena zingapo. Zipatso zili ndi zofiira kapena zokongola za lalanje. Katsitsumzu kamapezeka mu nyengo yozizira ya North America, Europe, Central Asia, Australia ndi New Zealand.
Mukudziwa? Katsitsumzukwa ndi zachilengedwe aphrodisiac. Kale ku Greece, anthu okwatirana kumene anavala nkhata za zomera izi pamutu pawo kuti ziwonekere, ndipo pa madyerero a ku France omwe anali atangokwatirana kumene nthawi zonse ankakhala ndi mbale zitatu zokhala ndi katsitsumzukwa.
Katsitsumzu kawiri kawiri kamagwiritsidwa ntchito monga masamba omwe akukula malonda ogulitsidwa. Makamaka mphukira wa katsitsumzukwa officinalis, amene amakula zosaposa 20 cm, kukhala ndi osagwedezeka mutu, mu dzikoli ndi zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu. Mphukira zoterozo, zamzitini, kukonzekera saladi ndi msuzi. Katsitsumzukwa kakuwombera imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mankhwala a chikhalidwe, ndipo chofunika chomwe chinachokera ku chomeracho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga mankhwala ochiritsira kunyumba.
Katsitsumzukwa ndi mbewu yovuta kwambiri, choncho ndikofunika kusankha malo otsetsereka mosamala kwambiri, dera liyenera kukhala labwino, lopanda mphepo, lodzala bwino kumbali ya kumwera kwa malo. Chomeracho chikufuna kukula pa dothi lopanda mchenga lolemera mu humus.
Pakati pa mtundu waukulu wa masamba a nyemba, nyemba zimadalira kwambiri mitundu yoyamba ndi mazindikilo, kotero tikukupemphani kuti mupeze mitundu yabwino ya nyemba zatsitsumzu, momwe mungamere, kusiyana ndi katsitsumzukwa ndi nyemba zatsamba za thupi, komanso maphikidwe okolola katsitsumzukwa.
Poplar
Poplar ndi mtundu wa mitengo yomwe imakhala ikukula, yomwe ili ndi mitundu 95. Mtengowu ndi wamtunda wa mamita 50, nthawi zina mamita 60, ndi thunthu wolemera mamita 1, korona imakhala yozungulira. Khungwa lakuda-imvi kapena lakuda lakuda pali ming'alu yambiri. Poplar imakhala ndi mizu yolimba, yomwe ili pamtunda ndipo imapita mamita ambiri kuchokera ku thunthu. Masamba a poplar amabzalidwa mosiyana, mbaleyi ndi maluwa oundana kwambiri, ndi malo ophimba.
Maluwa amayamba pamaso pa bud breaks, yaing'ono maluwa ili pa inflorescences wa catkins amene apachikidwa ku nthambi. M'malo mwa duwa mawonekedwe a bokosi - chipatso chomwe chiri ndi mbewu zing'onozing'ono zokhala ndi tsitsi zambiri. Mbewu ndi oblongola kapena oblong-ovate, zakuda kapena zakuda. Poplar ili kufalikira kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, m'madera otentha a China, malo ozungulira, ku America, Mexico, East Africa.
Tikupempha kuti tipeze mtundu wa poplar woyera, pyramidal, komanso poplar wakuda.
Poplar amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa nkhuni zoyera, zomwe zimapereka ndalama zokonzedwa bwino ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangidwa mu mapepala. M'madera otsika nkhalango za poplar zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zomangira. Mphukira ya chomera ikhoza kukhala gwero la kupeza peyala ya violet ndi gawo la masamba a chikasu. Poplar amabzalidwa ngati mtengo wokongoletsera, kubzala minda m'mizinda, kuwonjezera, mtengo ndi uchi wabwino kwambiri.
Poplar sichimafuna nthaka ndipo imatha kumera pa nthaka iliyonse, imakonda malo amdima. Amalekerera madontho okwezeka ndi madzi okwera pansi, koma amafuna kuti mpweya ukhale wokwanira ndi nthaka, choncho, posankha malo oti mubzala, samalirani izi.
Pistachio
Pistachio ndi mtundu wa mitengo yobiriwira kapena yobiriwira komanso zitsamba, zomwe zili ndi mitundu 20. Chomeracho chimakhala ndi mizu ya bunk, mizu imapitirira kuposa korona wa mamita 30 ndi 15 mamita - mozama. Mtengo umadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa khungu lakuda la makungwa, ndi kunyeketsa kwachitsulo pa mphukira zazing'ono. Masamba a Pistachio ali ndi pinnate, ali ndi mphepo yolimba, yowala. Maluwawo ndi ang'onoang'ono, amasonkhanitsidwa mumtundu wachikasu, wofiira, wakuda pinki, m'malo omwe amawoneka zipatso za drupes, zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mtengo umakula ku Africa, Mediterranean, Asia ndi Central America.
Mukudziwa? Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mbande za pistachio zinaperekedwa ku Ulaya kuchokera ku Syria mu 1 tbsp. n er Mfumu ya Roma Vitellius, a ku Italy ankakonda mtedza kwambiri moti pistachios anayamba kuwonjezera zakudya zosiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa chakuti pistachio ili ndi nkhuni zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzowonjezera, zimapanganso ma resin kuti apange varnishes. Masamba ali ndi tannins ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zikopa. Chomera chotchuka kwambiri cha mtengo wa pistachio ndi mtedza wa pistachio, zomwe zimaonedwa ngati zopindulitsa komanso zothandiza. Mtedza amadyedwa ndi okha kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mbale zosiyanasiyana.
Pistachio ingabzalidwe pa sierozem, dothi lofiirira. Chomerachi ndi chikondi, chilala sichitha, amakonda nthaka yomwe ili ndi kashiamu yambiri. Bzalani bwino mu nthaka yamchenga ndipo musunge acidity pH 7.
Pezani momwe pistachios imathandizira anthu komanso ngati zingakhale zovulaza ngati zidya mosalekeza.
Sipinachi
Sipinachi ndi mtundu wa zomera za herbaceous zomwe ziri ndi mitundu itatu. Kodi ali ndi zaka chimodzi kapena zaka ziwiri, amakula kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 50, akhoza kukhala amaliseche, osavuta kapena nthambi. Masamba amasankhidwa pawiri, ali ndi ovalo, mawonekedwe oblong omwe ali ndi malire olimba. Masamba ali ndi nyumba yosalala kapena yolimba, maluwa ang'onoang'ono, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa chikasu, womwe umakhala wofiira, womwe umakhala m'malo mwa zipatso zooneka bwino. Sipinachi imakula ku Iran, Caucasus, Central Asia, Afghanistan monga mbewu zakutchire, koma imabzalidwa kulima kulikonse.
Sipinachi ndi chomera chamtengo wapatali chimene amadya ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito chosakaniza, kuwonjezera ku saladi, yophika, yokazinga, yophika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala, popeza ali ndi mankhwala ndipo amathandiza kuchiza matenda ena.
Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuwerengera za: zopindulitsa za sipinachi kwa thupi, mitundu yosiyana siyana, zidzakuthandizani kuti muphunzire zonse zokhudza kukula kwa chomerachi, momwe mungamere sipinachi pazenera zodzala chaka chonse ndi zomwe mungakonzekere kuyambira m'nyengo yozizira.
Sipinachi ikufuna malo otsetsereka, imasankha dothi lachonde, choncho, ndibwino kulima ilo pa webusaiti yopangidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi. Imamera bwino pa dothi la loamy, imakula pa mchenga, koma imakhala ndi nthawi yothirira madzi.
Sorrel wowawasa
Sorelo yakuda ndi mtundu wa herbaceous chomera cha mtundu wa Sorrel. Mmerawo uli ndi pampu, mizu yaying'ono komanso yamaluwa, yomwe imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa tsinde, imafika kutalika kwa mamita 1. Tsinde ndi siliva, pamunsi ndi nsalu yofiirira.
Masamba amakula kuchokera muzu, amakhala aatali, petiolate, amakhala ndi mzere wozungulira, mzere wolimba komanso wotchulidwa pakati pa mitsempha yamkati, mbaleyo imatha kutalika kwa masentimita 20, masamba amakonzedwa mopitirira. Maluwawo abzalidwa pa paniculate inflorescences, ali ndi pinki kapena pabuka mtundu. M'malo mwa maluwa kuoneka mbewu zamphongo zitatu, zakuda-bulauni, zosalala, zonyezimira. Chomerachi chikufala ku North America, Asia, Europe, Western Australia.
Sorrel ali ndi machiritso ambiri ochiritsira, kotero tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge momwe mungamerere sorelo, kusiyana ndi momwe sorelo ilili wowawasa komanso momwe mungakonzekerere sorelo m'nyengo yozizira,
Sorelo yamagetsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, choncho imalimidwa ngati mawonekedwe a masamba. Pa maziko a sorelo kukonzekera msuzi wobiriwira, borsch, masamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumalongeza. Sorrel imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala ammidzi, masamba ndi madzi amatha kuchiza matenda osiyanasiyana.
Ndi bwino kubzala sorelo mu malo okonzeka bwino, makamaka mthunzi wa padera. Sorrel sichikufuna nthaka, koma imakondwera ndi mchenga kapena loamy nthaka, imakula bwino pa dothi la peat. Sorrel imakonda kukula pa dothi lopanda mpweya ndi madzi otsika pansi.
Momwemonso, zomera za dioecious zikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zikhoza kuimiridwa ndi udzu, zitsamba, mitengo, ndi mipesa ya kukula kwake. Ziri zosiyana kwambiri, koma zimagwirizana ndi chinthu chimodzi - pamutu umodzi, maluwa azimayi ndi amphongo sangathe kukhala pamodzi. Mbali yotereyi iyenera kuganiziridwa pobzala mbewu zina kuti zitheke kuti pollination ndi mapangidwe a ovary.
