Bowa la Dunka, kapena kuti adakali kudziwika - nkhumba, ndizofala kwambiri m'nkhalango zathu. Fungus imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, koma lero ili ndi poizoni. Kodi choopsa ndi chiyani chomwe chingathe kudyedwa, werengani za izi komanso mfundo zina zofunika pansipa.
Dzina lina
Dzina lofala kwambiri ndi Ng'ombe, koma mukhoza kumva kusiyana kwa nkhumba kapena nkhumba. M'madera ena, amadziwika kuti solopens kapena mitsuko yamchere. Dzina lina lomwe liripo pakati pa anthu ndi lopanda pake, dunki kapena ng'ombe. Komabe, dzina lachilatini la bowa Paxillus Invutus limamasulira ndendende ngati nkhumba.
Mukudziwa? Bowa ali ndi ufumu wawo. Asayansi kwa nthawi yaitali sangathe kudziwa ngati bowa ndi zomera kapena zinyama. Chowonadi n'chakuti pokhudzana ndi mapuloteni, iwo ali pafupi ndi nyama, koma mwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi mchere wina - iwo ali ngati zomera, kotero iwo amalekanitsidwa mu ufumu wawo womwewo.
Kodi amawoneka bwanji?
Bowa la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera, omwe samasokoneza iwo ndi bowa zina zosadziwika. 
Chovuta ndi chakuti Dunka alibe zizindikiro za mitundu yoopsa, choncho bowawu ndi ofanana ndi mitundu ina yonse yomwe imapezeka m'nkhalango. Koma nkhumba ikhoza kudziwika ndi zizindikiro zambiri.
Dziŵani mtundu wa nkhumba ndi makhalidwe awo.
Hat
Kapu ya bowa ikhoza kukhala yosiyana, zonse zimadalira zaka ndi malo akukula. Zitsanzo zazikuluzikulu zimafika masentimita 15. Nkhumba zazing'ono zimapanga mkodzo, zokhota pang'ono pamphepete. Okalamba a bowa, m'munsi mwa chigawo chapakati.
Pakapita nthawi, kapu imatenga mawonekedwe a ndodo, yomwe imakwera pansi. Zipatso zazitsamba zingakhale ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mapuloteni, koma nthawi zina zimatsitsa, zokhota kapena zokhoma. 
Mtundu wa bowa wautsikana nthawi zambiri umakhala wa azitona kapena wa azitona. Pakapita nthawi, amayamba kuvala imvi, kukhala ndi mtundu wofiira kapena wofiira. Pamwamba pangakhale yonyowa, yonyowa pokonza, wouma, ndodo, yowala - zonse zimadalira nyengo ndi malo omwe bowa limakula.
Ndikofunikira! N'zotheka kudziwa nkhumba yoonda kwambiri ndi chizindikiro chophweka: bowa amachititsa chinyontho m'thupi, choncho, ngati mutayika pamtunda, nthawi yomweyo amamdima. Izi ndizosiyana zomwe zimathandiza kupatula Dunk kuchokera ku bowa wina woyenera.
Mwendo
Lamulo lalifupi, ndi masentimita 8-9 okha. Pa nthawi yomweyi kukula kuli ndi mtundu wa imvi. Mapangidwe ake ndi opunduka kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa kapu, mwendo ndi wochepa komanso wochepa thupi, wokhala ndi masentimita awiri okha. 
Pulp
Mnofu ndi wandiweyani komanso wofewa. Mtundu wake kawirikawiri ndi wachikasu kapena wofooka mtundu wachikasu, koma pa mfundo zodulidwa zimakhala mdima kwambiri. Fungo la bowa mu zamkati ndiloponse pomwepo, monga momwe amachitira ndi bowa nthawi zonse. Ma mbalewo ndi ofiira, ndi ofooka komanso opapatiza, osiyana kwambiri ndi thupi lofewa. Mtundu wawo umakhala wofanana ndi chikasu, koma ukhoza kukhala ndi mtundu wofiira.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuwerenga za bowa zomwe zimakula ku Rostov, Saratov, Volgograd, ku Leningrad, ku Kaliningrad, ku Krasnodar Krai ndi ku Bascharia.
Nthawi komanso malo okulira
Dunks amakula m'magulu akuluakulu. Komanso, maonekedwewo amasiyana mosiyana ndi malongosoledwe kawo malingana ndi malo omwe gululo liri. Amakhala pamphepete mwa nkhalango kapena pafupi ndi mathithi, chifukwa amakonda kwambiri chinyezi. Amakhala pamtengo wakugwa kapena stumps. Kufalikira m'magawo athu.
Amakula mwakuya kuyambira nthawi ya chilimwe mpaka autumn, pamene sikuzizira kwambiri. Zipatso makamaka kuyambira June mpaka October. Choncho, pafupifupi nyengo yonse ya chilimwe ndi yophukira ikhoza kupezeka m'madera a nkhalango zakuda. 
Kodi ndingadye
Zaka zingapo zapitazo solokhs ankaonedwa kuti ndimadyedwe, ngakhale kuti anali oopsa kwambiri (gulu lachinayi - bowa ikhoza kudyedwa patatha nthawi yayitali yophika), tsopano iwo amawonedwa kuti ndi owopsya, kotero kusonkhanitsa iwo sikuvomerezedwa ndipo ngakhale kuletsedwa.
Ndikofunikira! Kaŵirikaŵiri pali zotsatira zakupha pamene mukudya nkhumba. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ngakhale ndi mankhwala opatsirana mobwerezabwereza ndi nthawi yaitali, poizoni muli mu zamkati sizimatayika paliponse.
Kodi ndi bowa owopsa bwanji?
Toxin ya lectin yomwe imapezeka mu nkhumba, kulowa m'magazi, imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi, motero imayambitsa matenda a magazi, ngati nthendayi ndi yaing'ono, ndiye kuti nthenda, nthendayi komanso ngakhale kulephereka kwa chiwindi mwazovuta. 
Makamaka kutchuka kwambiri kwa poizoni kwa ana, anthu amatha matenda. Bowa ndi owopsa ngati munthu ali ndi urolithiasis komanso alibe chizoloŵezi. Amanenanso kuti muscarin, alkaloid yeniyeni, yomwe imapezeka mu red fly-agarics, inapezedwanso mu solokh.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge za bowa zomwe zimadya ndi zoopsa, zomwe zimakonda bowa kumagwa mu May ndikumaphunzira momwe mungayang'anire bowa kuti mumvetse bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika bwino.
Zambiri zimayambitsa kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, poizoni, bradycardia, kusokonezeka kwa maso. Mavuto aakulu, amachititsa ku matenda opuma ndi pulema yamapema. Zimathandizira kuphulika kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Ndikofunikira! Sikoyenera kumwa mowa wothira kapena wophika ndi wofesayo, ngakhale izi zikuchitika, chifukwa zimayambitsa zokongoletsera zokongola, koma nthawi zambiri zimawopsyeza. Kukonzekera kwachisudzo kumachokera ku zomwe zili mu chuninomimetic muscarin.
Komabe, zotsatira za poizoni sizinatchulidwe monga, mwachitsanzo, mu toadstool. Poizoni akhoza kuchitika patapita nthawi yaitali, zimadalira nambala ya bowa, zaka zawo ndi chikhalidwe cha thupi. Kuwonjezera apo, bowa ndi accumulator ya radioactive isotopes, makamaka cesium ndi mkuwa, zomwe ziri zoopsa kwambiri ku thanzi.
Zizindikiro za poizoni ndi chithandizo choyamba
Vuto ndilokuti kuchepetsa poizoni ndi kovuta kwambiri. Koma palinso zizindikiro zina kuti sizinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi thupi komanso, mwina, bowa akadali woopsa:
- m'zigawo zochepa komanso pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yaitali, poizoni amachititsa kuti thupi likhale ngati matenda opatsirana m'mimba. Pachifukwa ichi, thupi silingathe kupirira nalo ndi kuthetsa zotsatira za poizoni, chifukwa boma limatenga nthawi yaitali;
- sungani kwa nthawi yaitali;
- ngati bowa wambiri wadyedwa, zomwe zimachitika zimakhala mkati mwa maola awiri ndi awiri ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu;
- kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, kuwonjezeka kwazomwe zizindikiro zowononga poizoni;
- maonekedwe a mahematomu ndi kutuluka magazi, pallor;
- Mayeso a magazi amasonyeza kusintha kwa maselo ofiira a magazi, kuwonjezeka kwa bilirubin kumawonetsedwa;
- chitukuko cha jaundice chimayamba;
- ophunzira ali oletsedwa, masomphenya ndi ovuta;
- munthu akhoza kupuma pang'ono, alibe mpweya wokwanira;
- Mtima wamtima umasokonezeka.
Nthawi zina, ngati poizoniyo anali ochepa, kutsekula chitetezo chokwanira, kugona, chikhalidwe chotsutsa, kusanza ndi kutsegula m'mimba kumatenga kwa nthawi yaitali, koma kudutsa paokha. Nthawi zina munthu sangaganize chomwe chinayambitsa vutoli mwa iye.
Pazifukwa zovuta kwambiri, sitingathe kuchipatala kuchipatala. Onetsetsani kuti muthe mayesero pamagazi a magazi. Panthawi ya ululu wa jaundice kapena kulephera kwa mphuno, kuchipatala kumafunika.
Mukudziwa? Nkhokwe zilipo pa dziko lapansi zaka zoposa 400 miliyoni zapitazo, zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi. Chifukwa bowa ndi aakulu kwambiri kusiyana ndi dinosaurs ndi akale kwambiri okhala padziko lapansi, pamodzi ndi ferns.
Video: chithandizo choyamba cha poizoni wa bowa
Thandizo loyamba, limene liyenera kuperekedwa kwa munthu ngati pali zizindikiro za poizoni wa bowa, ndi motere:
- Kupangitsa kusanza. Izi zidzathandiza kuthetsa mimba ya zidutswa zazikulu za bowa. Izi zikhoza kuchitika mothandizidwa ndi mchere wochepetsedwa m'madzi kapena mpiru wa mpiru. Muyenera kumwa madzi ambiri, zimayambitsanso kusanza.
- Ndikofunika - ngati kusanza kwapadera sikuletsedwa, monga kusanza kumalowa m'mapapo.
- Gastric akusamba.
- Imwani kapweya wotsekemera.
- Pa milandu yovuta, onetsetsani kuti mukuitanitsa ambulansi.
- Ngati nkhumba zowononga nkhumba, kupita ku chipatala ndilololedwa.
Zingakhale zothandiza kuti muwerenge za bowa zosakwanira, monga bowa la panther, toadstool, boletus bodza, bowa la satana, maluwa wakuda, bowa wolimba kwambiri, ntchentche.
Svushki ndi bowa woopsa kwambiri omwe angathe kuwononga thupi. Ndipo ngakhale kuti akhoza kuphikidwa, sizodalitsika kuti mudye, monga momwe kafukufuku waposachedwapa amasonyezera kuti poizoni omwe ali mmenemo sakuwonongedwa. Muyenera kusamala kwambiri mukamasonkhanitsa bowa m'chilimwe ndi m'dzinja.
Mayankho ochokera ku intaneti
