Kuyeretsa gawo la kumbuyo kwa masamba akugwa a autumn omwe ali ndi rake ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yowononga nthawi. Komabe, ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito zowonetsera zowononga munda, cholinga chonsecho chidzatenga nthawi yochepa. Pa nthawi yomweyi, simukusowa kutsuka masamba omwe anasonkhanitsidwa mulu: ndi makina osindikizira pa batani, ndipo iwo adzayamwa mu thumba lapadera popanda zotsalira. Tiyeni tiwone kuti ndi mtundu wotani wosambitsa zitsamba ndibwino kusankha pamene mukugula, ndi zomwe muyenera kuziganizira.
Mitundu ya oyeretsa
Pali oyeretsa ambiri m'munda pamsika, komanso otsitsa masamba: petrol, magetsi, ndi batri. Amapezekanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kuchokera ku zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi manja ndi zojambula.
Pali mitundu itatu yaikulu ya oyeretsa:
- Zoponya zala - Mtsinje wamphamvu umayambitsa masamba mumulu. Zili bwino kwambiri kwa minda yaing'ono kapena m'madera omwe ali ndi masamba ambiri komanso masamba. Olira akuthandizira kuwomba zinyalala ku malo ovuta kufika (kuchokera pansi pa tchire, kuchokera kumakona ndi ming'alu pakati pa mpanda kapena nyumba). Zipangizozi zimangothamanga, koma ndizofunikira kusunthira zinyama zambiri m'munda mumulu umodzi umodzi, womwe ukhoza kusonkhanitsidwa mosavuta.
- Otsala opukutira pamapepala - agwiritseni ntchito mosiyana: akuyamwitsa masamba mu thumba. Thumba la zinyalala za zipangizozi ndi losindikizidwa komanso lopanda madzi, ndi losavuta kuchotsa ndi kutulutsa zinyalala. Zikopa za osonkhanitsa zotupa zimakhala zovuta (40-50 malita), koma pamene zodzaza, zimakhala zolemetsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwedezeka.
- Otsuka ophikira m'munda ophatikizidwa - Makina ena amaphatikizana mwa iwo okha ntchito ya msonkhano wotsitsimutsa masamba ndi ntchito yothamanga, pangakhale ntchito yogaya zinyalala. Pali zipangizo zopangira pulasitiki ndi zitsulo zopangira zitsulo. Mukamagula, muyenera kukumbukira kuti zitsulo zimakhala zotalika komanso zotsalira kuposa pulasitiki. Zitsanzo zina zimalola kusintha pakati pa modes (chofufumitsa) pambali pa batani, pomwe muzinthu zina zosintha pakati pa njira sizowoneka bwino (muyenera kusintha mazenga ndi zina zotero). Ophwanya mapepala ophatikizana pamodzi ndi oyeretsa pamunda amatha kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo. Zosokoneza zina zimapereka zitsanzo ndi misoti omwe amachotsedwa ndikusintha nthawi yoyeretsa.
Mukudziwa? Minda yowonongeka ya Babulo inali imodzi mwa zodabwitsa zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko lakalelo. Iwo anali atayikidwa ndi aakulu pa chigonjetso cha mfumu ya Babeloni Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri pafupi ndi mzinda wamakono wa Hill, womwe uli m'chigawo cha Babil ku Iraq.
Magetsi
Oyeretsa magetsi a magetsi amabwera mwa mitundu iwiri: osachepera ndi chingwe cha magetsi ndi pa batri.
Kuchokera kunja
Mafuta osungira zitsulo zosungira magetsi sizomwe zili zokhazokha komanso zotsika mtengo, komanso zosavuta kwambiri kulemera ndi zovuta kuntchito. Komabe, chingwe chochepa cha magetsi chimatanthawuza kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri minda yaing'ono ya dziko. Zithunzi zamakono zambiri zimalemera 4 kg kapena zosachepera ndipo zimapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito.
Mfundo yosavuta komanso yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo komanso mpweya wopanda kutentha - izi mosakayikira zimakondweretsa, komanso mphamvu yomwe ili pafupi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi injini ya mafuta. Koma chingwe cha mphamvu chimachepetsa malo omwe akuphimbidwa, ndipo zingakhalenso chopinga pamene mukugwira ntchito kuzungulira mitengo ndi tchire. Chipangizo choterechi chingagulidwe ngati chiwonongekocho chimakhala mkati mwa mamita 30 kuchokera kumalo kuti chiyeretsedwe.
Kuchokera ku betri
Ndi zitsamba zosayera zowonongeka zogwira ntchito pa batri, ndizosavuta kwambiri kufika kumapeto kwa munda waukulu. Ndi zophweka kukwera kumalo ovuta kufika (gazebos, mitsinje). Mawotchi otha kugwiritsidwa ntchito osagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amatha kulemera makilogalamu 4.5 ndipo amayenda bwino kwambiri.
Makina awa alimi akudziwika pakati pa anthu omwe samafuna kusokoneza ndi injini ya mafuta, komanso safuna kudalira kutalika kwa chingwe cha mphamvu. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, pokhala ndi chipangizo chowala komanso chosasinthika, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo sangachepetse pa nthawi ya ntchito. Mabakiteriya osatha kuchepa amatha pafupifupi ora limodzi (zimadalira mphamvu ya batri) kotero ngati deralo ndi lalikulu, kamodzi kapena kawiri wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adzapumula, khalani chete ndipo dikirani mpaka batriyi itayikidwanso.
Mukudziwa? Munthu woyamba padziko lapansi kuti apereke ngongole yoyendetsa galimoto ku udzu wachitsulo anali wakulima ku Norway. Chochitika chodabwitsa ichi chinachitika ku Norway mu 1995.
Petrol
Zithunzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa petrol zimatha kusamutsidwa kulikonse, sizinamangirire ku gawo lina. Mitundu yambiri imapanga makilogalamu asanu kapena kuposerapo ndipo kulemera kwa chipangizochi kumawonjezeka ndi kulemera kwa mafuta oponyedwa mu thanki. Komabe, ku minda yaikulu kwambiri kapena malo omwe ali ndi chonyowa kwambiri, masamba olemera ndi zowonongeka zina, chotsuka chotsuka chotero chikanakhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri.
Zithunzi zimachokera ku zing'onoting'ono, zosavuta kuti zikhale zolemera, phokoso komanso zamtengo wapatali - injini yawo imakhala yofunikira nthawi zonse. Oyeretsa ambiri m'munda wamakinawa ali ndi injini ziwiri zomwe zimafuna kutulutsa mafuta ndi mafuta osakaniza. Zithunzi zomwe zili ndi injini zinayi zimayipitsa mpweya wosatulutsa utsi.
Onani makina a magetsi, zitsulo zamakono, zitsamba zamadzimadzi, zowonongeka ndi udzu, zowonjezera mafuta, zitsulo zamagetsi, magetsi opangira magetsi, nyumba zamagetsi ndi magetsi.
Otsuka opaka zitsulo zamagetsi a injini amapanga phokoso lamakono pamene amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipo ngakhale amasiku ano oyeretsa zitsulo zamagetsi amayamba kugwira ntchito pang'ono kuposa kale, koma amachitabebe phokoso lalikulu pamene akugwedezeka. Wogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse ayenera kuvala makutu, motero amateteza ziwalo zomvetsera. Makhalidwe a chithunzicho, ma phokoso la phokoso lopangidwa ndi ilo nthawizonse limasonyezedwa, choncho pamene mukugula, mungasankhe kachipangizo chatsopano.
Ndikofunikira! Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zipangizo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale loletsedwa kugwiritsira ntchito kumene anthu akukhala: isanafike eyiti m'mawa ndi 21 koloko madzulo.
Gudumu
Palinso oyeretsa zowononga m'munda mwa mawonekedwe a ngolo ziwiri kapena zinayi. Ndizovuta kugwira ntchito ndi othamanga, chifukwa kulemera kwa chipangizo sikugwera m'manja mwa munthu wogwira ntchito. Wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amangokhalira kuponyera galimoto kutsogolo kapena kubwerera ngati mkungudza. Msuzi wophimba mpweya wokhala ndi magudumu omwe wadutsa m'mundawu amachoka pamtsinje woyera, masamba omwe amasonkhanitsidwa amaikidwa mu thumba lapadera kwa iwo.
Pakati pa mitundu yonse ya anthu oyeretsa magetsi opuma magetsi ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, iwo amatenga malo osungirako komanso amakhala ndi mtengo wapatali.
Ndi wopanda shredder
Zonse zamagetsi (magetsi, mains powered, battery powered kapena mafuta) akhoza kukhala ndi zowononga zinyalala. Chogwiritsira ntchito panthawi ya ntchito yoyeretsa zowonongeka chikuphwanya zitsamba zonse (masamba, masamba ang'onoang'ono) omwe agwa mu zipangizo, ndipo malonda omwe ali kale amalowa m'thumba loti alitenge.
Kawirikawiri chiŵerengero cha zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka zimasonyezedwa ngati chimodzi kapena khumi. Izi ndizakuti makilogalamu asanu a masamba omwe amasonkhanitsa panthawi yopera amatha kutaya katatu pang'onopang'ono ndipo compactly amagwera pansi pa thumba la chikwama.
Ngati wogula akufuna kugula chitsanzo choyeretsa chophimba m'munda ndi chopukusira, ndiye kuti muyenera kusankha pakati pa zipangizo zomwe zimagwira ntchitoyi.
Ndikofunikira! Malamulo amasiku ano a Russian Federation amaletsa kutentha kwa masamba ndi zotsalira zina m'madera a nyumba za anthu. Imayipitsa malo komanso imayatsa moto. Otsutsa akuyang'aniridwa ndi udindo woyendetsa ndi zabwino kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, makina okonzera masamba ndi processing yawo mu mulch adzakhala njira yabwino kwambiri. Mabedi kapena mabedi a maluwa a mulching adzakhala cholepheretsa kukula kwa namsongole, komanso, pang'onopang'ono zowola, zidzalimbikitsa nthaka ndi zinthu zakuthupi.
Zimagwira ntchito bwanji
Kuchokera pa intaneti - Zitsanzo zoterezi zilipo kwa aliyense, ndi zotsika mtengo komanso zothandiza kwambiri. Mphungu sikuti imangokhalira kuwombera masambawo kukhala mulu wabwino - akhoza, kuyamwa, kusonkhanitsa iwo mu thumba lapadera la kusonkhanitsa zinyalala. Ndipo ngati chopper akuperekedwa mu chitsanzo ichi, makinawo adzawagwedeza mofulumira kwambiri, kuti munthu wogwira ntchito ayambe kutaya thumba nthawi zonse.
Mitengo yamagetsi ndi yaing'ono, chifukwa choti imanyamula mapepala amapepala kapena mapiri omwe amafanana ndi chikwama. Kaŵirikaŵiri pali zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi chitoliro chotalika, kufika pansi, pamapeto pake magudumu aang'ono awiri omwe amamangiriridwa - izi zimathandiza kusuntha chipangizocho popanda kutulutsa mpweya wake mopanda pake.
Samalani malamulo oti musankhe chokonza magetsi, magetsi ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi.Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeretsa ndi malo akuluakulu - chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti magetsi owonjezera (pamakoma a garaja kapena okhetsedwa) amaperekedwa pamakoma akunja a zomangamanga, kapena mungagwiritse ntchito njira imodzi kapena yotsatizana magetsi. Chipangizochi chikugwira ntchito mwakachetechete kuti ngakhale kugwira ntchito m'mawa sikulepheretsa oyandikana nawo kugona.
Pa bateri - Zitsanzo zoterezi zimagwira mwakachetechete, sizilemetsa kwambiri. Ndi chithandizo chawo, mutha kuchotsa zitsamba kuchokera kumunda wawung'ono, kutsuka udzu, mabedi ndi patio. Chotsuka chophimba m'munda pa batiri mosavuta chimagwira ngakhale ndi masamba osungira mu ngodya zopapatiza.
Pafupi mapeto a chigwiritsiro cha wogwiritsa ntchito akuchenjeza LED yowala. Mabatire osiyanasiyana ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana, ndipo, motero, nthawi yochita ntchito yosiyana. Beteli ikatulutsidwa, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kuigwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti kuti ayambe kuitanitsa ndi kuyembekezera nthawi yomwe imatchulidwa m'zinthu za chipangizochi, kenako mutha kuyambiranso ntchito.
Mitundu ya ma batri nthawi zambiri imafanana ndi oyeretsa m'munda akugwira ntchito kuchokera pa intaneti: pali mapepala a mapepala, pali zipangizo zogwiritsa ntchito magudumu awiri aang'ono pamunsi pa chitoliro chotola. Amagwira mwakachetechete, popanda kuipitsa chilengedwe ndi phokoso la phokoso.
Pa mafuta - Zotsuka zowonongeka izi zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri, koma phokoso. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi injini ziwiri kapena zilonda zinayi. Tangi imodzi yodzaza ndi yokwanira kuti chipangizochi chigwire ntchito kwa ola limodzi.
Mankhwala opweteka anayi a galimoto amatanthauza kuti galimoto imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta pang'ono, sagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, ndipo imakhala ndi mpweya wotsika. Ma modelesi okhala ndi injini ziwiri zapakhungu amakhala ndi thupi laling'ono, zimakhala zosavuta kusunga kuposa zipangizo zambiri za mafuta, koma panthawiyi, mafuta a injini amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse.
Pezani zomwe mungayang'ane posankha benzokosy, kukonza petrol, snowstrower, mini-thirakita.
Owombera mafuta nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera kuposa anzawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Popeza panthawiyi opaleshoni imakhala m'manja mwa wogwira ntchitoyo, kuti achepetse kulemera kwake, chipangizocho chimakonzedwa pa tepi yolimba kuti atenge paphewa, kapena ngati mawonekedwe a chikwama.
Mukudziwa? Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi, theka la ola limodzi lokha la ulimi lingathe kusintha moyo wa kugonana kwa munthu. Kupalira, kukumba m'mabedi kapena kutchera udzu kwa mphindi 30 kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusowa kwa mphamvu ndi pafupifupi theka.
Zochita zazikulu ndi zonyansa
Mitundu yonse yomwe ili pamwambayi ili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zawo.
Osuya Osuya Osuzira Bwino
Zotsatira:
- Nthawi yogwira ntchito silingatheke - mungathe kugwira ntchito malinga ngati mukufunika kuyeretsa dera lonse.
- Wosonkhanitsa magetsi (45-50 malita), nthawi zambiri samasowa thumba kuti atenge masamba.
- Kutsika kochepa komanso kugwira ntchito kwachinsinsi.
- Moyo wautali wautali poyerekeza ndi oyeretsa otsitsimula, osataya mphamvu ya batri kapena mphamvu yogwira.
- Chingwe chaching'ono kutalika.
- Kulemera - thumba lalikulu la thumba limatanthauza kulemera kwakukulu kwa zipangizo zamakono.
Oyeretsa Bwino Garden Garden
Zotsatira:
- Zosaoneka bwino, pakugwira ntchito n'zosavuta kunyamula pamapewa.
- Zokwanira, sizikusowa malo osungirako akulu.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta - dera lomwe laphimbidwa silimangokhala pa chingwe cha mphamvu, choncho chipangizocho chikhoza kusamutsidwa kulikonse.
Ndikofunika kudziwa momwe zimakhalira chidwi pakusankha chowombera, galasi, chowaza, chida chochotsa udzu, chopper, grain crusher, pruner, msuwa wachitsulo, munda wamaluwa, chisanu.Wotsatsa:
Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito: Beteli imatuluka patapita nthawi, ndipo chipangizocho chimafuna kubwezeretsa.
Gasoline injini yamaluwa opukuta zitsulo
Zotsatira:
- Mphamvu yapamwamba, ndipo motero, ntchito yaikulu.
- Kusuntha - chipangizocho chilibe chingwe cha mphamvu, choncho munthu wogwira ntchito safunikira kukhala pafupi ndi gwero la magetsi.
- Ndibwino kuti muzisamalira malo akuluakulu.
Zinthu zambiri ndi luso lina likhoza kuchitidwa ndi dzanja - chipale chofewa, jenereta ya mphepo, mpando wokhotakhota, mvula yowonongeka, makina a konkire, makina otentha, mabedi othandizira, miyala yamphepete mwa miyala, pergola, mini-thirakita, wowonjezera kutentha ndi denga lotseguka.Wotsatsa:
- Chipangizocho chimapanga phokoso lambiri kuposa mafano a magetsi (oyandikana nawo angatsutse phokoso).
- Kulemera kolemera kwakukulu. Chipangizocho chimakhala cholemera makilogalamu oposa 5.5, kulemera kwa mafuta kunatsanulira mu thanki ndipo kulemera kwa masamba omwe anasonkhanitsidwa akuwonjezeredwa.
- Kusinthasintha kovuta pakati pa mawonekedwe a fan ndi vacuum.
- Chipangizocho ndi chovuta kuyambira m'mawa ozizira.
- Mtengo wapatali (kasanu kapena kasanu ndi umodzi kuposa oyeretsa magetsi pamsewu wamagetsi).
Mukudziwa? Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zidutswa zazing'ono zamaluwa (monga mtundu wamaluwa) zinatengedwa ku England mu 1847 ndi Sir Charles Ishem. Wokonda munda ankakhulupirira kuti adzakopeka nkhuku zenizeni kumunda wake.
Kodi mungasankhe bwanji mukagula
Kuti mudziwe kuti ndi chitsanzo chotani choyeretsa chokonza munda ndi choyenera kwa wogulitsa, muyenera kupeza mayankho a mafunso awa:
- Ndi gawo liti limene likuyenera kutsukidwa ndilofunikira kwambiri. Ngati munda uli waung'ono, mungasankhe mtundu wamagetsi (kuchokera m'manja kapena pa batri), ndi kuyamwa kwambili kapena kuwomba. Kwa malo akuluakulu, sankhani chitsanzo ndi ntchito yabwino (ndi injini ya mafuta). Ngati munda wamtunda ndi wawukulu, chotsuka chophimba m'munda wamakina anayi ndi injini ya mafuta ndi yabwino kwambiri. Ngati m'munda waukulu mumakhala mitsinje, mabanki a mitsinje ndi zovuta zina, ndiye wofuulayo amasankhidwa ndi injini ya mafuta, koma yosamalidwa.
- Kaya zingakhale zofunikira kusonkhanitsa masamba - ngati zili choncho, kuyamwa popanda kudulidwa ndi njira yovomerezeka kwambiri. Makina omwe amapereka katemera ochepa okha si abwino kusonkhanitsa ndikusungira masamba akuda, koma masamba owuma amasonkhanitsidwa mofulumira ndipo izi zidzasunga nthawi yochuluka.
- Zidzakhala zofunikira kuti ziwononge masamba kuti zikhale ndi tchire - ngati zili choncho, chotsukidwa m'munda chiyenera kukhala ndi zowonongeka. Chipangizochi chimapangidwa mu chipangizochi ndipo chimagwira ntchito panthawi yomweyo. Masamba ophwanyika kale alowa mu thumba lakusonkhanitsa masamba, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pozembera mabedi kapena mabedi.
- Mphamvu ya masambawa muzitsamba - pali zitsanzo ndi pulasitiki kapena masamba a zitsulo. Ndi bwino kusankha chitsanzo ndi masamba a zitsulo, chifukwa ali amphamvu ndipo amatha nthawi yaitali.
- Ergonomics ya zowonongeka pamunda - chida chilichonse chiyenera kukhala chosavuta kuchigwiritsa ntchito. Choncho muyenera kumvetsetsa ngati kuli kovuta kusinthana ndi mabatani ndi momwe mzere wamapewa ulili wamphamvu. Ngati mutasankha phokoso pa injini ya mafuta, ndi bwino kusankha chipangizo chokhala ngati kachikwama, kamene kali ndi mapepala a mapepala - izi zidzathandiza kuti anthu azigwira ntchitoyo pang'onopang'ono.
- Posankha, nkofunikanso kuganizira momwe chipangizocho chilili phokoso ndi phokoso, kaya zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwedezeka panthawi yomwe amagwira ntchito komanso momwe alili amphamvu.
- Tiyenera kuganizira ngati kuli koyambitsa kuyambitsa zowonongeka kwa munda, kaya kuyamwa kapena mphamvu yopuma ikukwanira.
- Malinga ndi chipangizo chomwe chili chosungirako chosungirako, sikofunikira kupereka chipinda chimodzi makamaka (magudumu).
- Kwa zitsanzo zamagetsi zamtundu wa batteries, mphamvu yamattery imaganiziridwa. M'tsogolomu, izi zidzakhala zofunikira kwambiri pa kuchepetsa nthawi ya ntchito.
- Дополнительное оборудование - к некоторым моделям прилагаются разборные трубы и съёмные сопла, что неплохо, если имеется мало места для хранения аппарата. При покупке нужно также учитывать простоту и лёгкость сборки-разборки.
Mukudziwa? В Англии есть сад-музей, носящий название "Ядовитый сад". В нём выращивается сто видов ядовитых растений. Сад открыт для посещений, но его посетителям строго запрещено нюхать, трогать руками или пробовать на вкус растущие там экспонаты.Tetezani pamene mukugwira ntchito ndi kukhala okoma mtima kwa ena:
- valani makutu otetezera makutu anu phokoso;
- valani zigoba ndi mask fumbi;
- Musalole anthu ndi zinyama kupita kumalo kumene kuyeretsa ntchito kumayendetsedwa;
- Musathamange ngakhale kumenyana koopsa m'mawa kapena madzulo, kuti musasokoneze anthu ena onse.
Kusamba m'manja kosungira madzi kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi zosavuta kuti azikhala ndi nyumba zapanyumba zozizira. Chisankho chabwino kwambiri chidzakhala chitsanzo chomwe ntchito zitatu izi zimagwirizanamo: kutuluka (kuyamwa), kukupiza (kuwomba) ndi chopper. Chipangizo choterechi chidzakuthandizira kuyeretsa mlungu uliwonse ndi nyengo ya munda ndi munda. Ndipo ngati malo oyeretsera ndi aakulu, simuyenera kusunga pamsewu wamunda, kotero kuti kenako musadandaule ndi ndalama zowonongeka.
Kuwonera kanema kwa zowonongeka pamunda
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa oyeretsa zamasamba: ndemanga
zovuta:
1. Sakusonkhanitsa masamba osungunuka koma mitundu yambiri yowunikira
2. osasamala kugwiritsa ntchito
3. Kudandaula kwakukulu kwambiri kotero manja amathyoka kwambiri pakatha mphindi 10 za ntchito
4. Phokoso limakhala loti anthu oyandikana nawo atatha ntchito yachiwiri amayamba mantha
5. kwambiri mafuta chifukwa chifukwa chinachake chimene iwo ayenera kusonkhanitsa amayenera kugwira ntchito pawiro kwambiri
mu liwu limodzi, dzina lake, chotsuka choyeretsa, siziri zolondola. Ponena za ntchito yachiwiri ya mphepo yamkuntho, ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, koma zovuta ndizo phokoso, ngakhale kuti mungathe kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono pamtunda wochepa.
Izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamtengo wapatali wokhala ndi ruble 15,000, pamene zitsanzo zamtengo wapatali sizikukumana nazo.
