Bowa wokwera mtengo kwambiri, "diamondi yakuda" - ndizo zomwe akunena za truffles. Osati bowa uliwonse mumamva zimenezo. Kawirikawiri, kupatula kuti ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri, sitikudziwa kanthu za bowa awa. Kotero ndi chiyani chapadera, kupatulapo mtengo, muzoyambirira, zolemba za nondescript? Tiyeni tiphunzire za izi kuchokera mu nkhaniyi.
Kodi chiwonetsero chikuwoneka bwanji
Truffles ali m'gulu la bowa la marsupial. Zonsezi ndi chifukwa chakuti mikangano yawo ili m'thupi la bowa palokha.
Zokomazo zimakula pansi pa nthaka. Kuti akule bwino, amafunika kuthandizana ndi mtengo. Mycelium imayambitsa mizu ya mtengo, kotero imatenga zinthu zothandiza m'nthaka bwino.
Truffle alibe chidziwitso cha mwendo ndi kapu, thupi lake ndi tuberous. Zooneka, ndizofanana ndi mbatata. Muyeso, zakudya zabwinozi ndizochepa (kukula kwa mtedza) ndi zazikulu (kukula kwa lalanje). Mizere yolemera kuchokera ku magalamu angapo mpaka kilogalamu (koma zazikuluzikuluzi ndizosowa kwambiri). 
Peel, malingana ndi mitundu, ikhoza kukhala yakuda kapena yowala (truffles). Mankhwalawa amasiyanasiyana ndi mtundu malingana ndi mitundu, koma mu bowa zonse zomwe zili mu gawo zikufanana ndi ma marble. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwalawa akhoza kukhala opaka.
Mitundu ya truffles
Pali mitundu yoposa zana ya bowa iyi, koma tiona zomwe zimawoneka bwino.
Chilimwe chakuda
Nyengo yakuda, nayenso ndi wakuda Russian, amakula m'nkhalango zakuda kapena zosakanikirana pansi pa mizu ya oki, beech kapena birch. Amakonda nthaka ndi laimu. Kufalikira ku Central Europe, amapezeka pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Caucasus. Nyengo ya bowa iyi ndi chirimwe ndi kumayambiriro kwa autumn. 
Thupi lakuda lachilimwe la chilimwe lili ndi tuber ngati yozungulira, yofiira kapena yofiira (pafupi ndi yakuda) ndi mabala wakuda. Chigawocho chifikira masentimita 10.
Thupi la bowa laling'ono ndi lalikulu, wamkulu ndilo, ndilo lopanda. Mtundu wa zamkati umasinthasintha ndi msinkhu kuchokera ku kuwala kupita kofiira. Zimakoma ndi zokoma za nutty. Fungo ili lofanana ndi fungo la algae. Chilimwe chakuda chili ndi mtengo wapatali kuposa achibale ake, ngakhale kuti ndi chokoma.
Ndibwino kuti mudziwe momwe mungayang'anire bowa kuti mukhale ovomerezeka ndi njira zambiri.
Black yozizira
Tchffle yachisanu imatha kusonkhanitsidwa kuyambira mochedwa mpaka March. Amakula ku Italy, Switzerland, kumadzulo kwa Ukraine komanso m'mapiri a Crimea.
Bowa ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira mpaka masentimita 20. Kulemera kwakopi wamkulu kumatha kufika kilogalamu ndi zina zambiri. 
Kunja kuli ndi zida zambiri. Mnofu uli ndi mitsinje yachikasu yofanana ndi marble pattern. Poyamba kuwala, koma pamapeto pake imakhala imvi kapena imatenga nsalu yofiirira.
Ili ndi fungo lamphamvu. Osati amtengo wapatali monga achibale ena "wakuda".
Black Perigord (Chifalansa)
Chombo cha Perigord chinachokera ku dera lakale la Périgord ku France. Koma amapezanso ku Italy (Umbria), Spain ndi Croatia. Nthawi yokolola ikuchokera mu November mpaka March.
Thupi lamtundu wa tuberous ndi la masentimita 9. Mtundu wa fanizo laling'ono ndi lofiira bulauni, wakale ndi lakuda. Mtundu wa zamkatiwo ndi wofiira kapena wobiriwira pakapita nthawi, kuchokera ku maonekedwe a spores amakhala wakuda kapena wakuda, koma mitsinje yowala imakhalabe. 
Kutsirizira kumakhala kowawa, ndipo fungo limakumbutsa wina wa chokoleti, ndipo wina - mowa wokwera mtengo.
Black himalayan
Bowa iyi imachokera ku gawo limene limakula. Matenda a Himalayan ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yozizira. Nthawi ya fruiting ndi kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa November mpaka February.
Bowa palokha ndi laling'onoting'ono, kupitirira mamita masentimita 5. Kulemera kwake sikuposa 50 g. 
Nkhumba ndi mdima ndi kukula kochepa. Thupi ndi zotsekemera mdima wofiirira, pafupifupi wakuda. Aroma omwe ankatchula mitengo ya m'nkhalango.
Zingakhale zothandiza kwa inu kuti muphunzire zomwe bowa zodyedwa komanso zowawa zimakula m'madera a Leningrad, Volgograd, Kaliningrad ndi ku Crimea.
White Piedmontese (Chiitaliya)
Amapezeka m'dera la Italy la Piedmont komanso m'madera a France kuti malirewo alowe. Nthawi zambiri zimakula m'nkhalango pansi pa thundu, msondodzi, poplar, nthawi zina pansi pa linden. Nthawi yosonkhanitsa ili kuyambira zaka khumi ndi ziwiri za September mpaka kumapeto kwa January.
Mitundu ya tubers mpaka masentimita 12. Kulemera - kufika pa 300 g, koma nthawizina pali zitsanzo ndi 1 kg kulemera kwake. Pamwamba pamakhala wonyezimira, kuwala kwalanje kapena bulauni. 
Thupi limatuluka, likhoza kukhala loyera kapena lofiira. Mitsinje yomwe imapanga ma marble ndi owala kapena obiriwira.
Fungo la truffles loyera limaphatikiza fungo la tchizi ndi adyo.
Mukudziwa? 50% mwa truffles onse amadyedwa padziko lapansi adawerengera French.
White Oregon (America)
Mtundu woterewu ungapezeke kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa United States. Zimakula mozama m'nthaka pafupi ndi conifers. Zisonkhanitsani izo kuyambira October mpaka January.
Mbewu ya zipatso imakhala yaikulu mpaka masentimita 7. Kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 250 g. Ngwewe ndi yofiirira, thupi ndi lofiira la golide ndi mitsinje yowala. 
Kununkhira kwa nkhalangoyi kumakhala ndi zitsamba zamaluwa ndi zamaluwa.
Ofiira
Bowa uwu umakula ku Ulaya konse ndi kumadzulo kwa Russia (kupita ku Mitsinje). Amakonda nthaka pafupi ndi mitengo yamtundu kapena mtengo. Zipatso kumapeto kwa kasupe mpaka August.
Matenda a tuber mpaka masentimita 4. Kulemera kwake sikunkaposa 80 g.
Bowa ndi wofiira kwambiri. Mnofu ndi wochuluka, wofiira pinki kapena beige. 
Fungo labwino lili ndi udzu, vinyo ndi kokonati.
Chofiira kwambiri
Chofiira Chofiira ndi "m'bale" wa truffles wofiira. Amapezeka m'nkhalango za ku Ulaya ndi Russia, nthawi zambiri pansi pa mtengo.
Anthu okhala pansi pa nthaka ali ochepa kwambiri - samapitirira 4 masentimita m'mimba mwake. Kulemera kwake kuli pafupi 45 g.
Khungu ndi beige kapena bulauni. Thupi liri lofiira kapena lofiirira ndi mitsempha yoyera. 
Fungo la kapepala kameneka lili ndi mapepala a peyala ndi mafuta onunkhira a kokonati.
Ndikofunikira! Kudandaula kwa anzala ndilo lokhalololedwa la anthu onse.
Yophukira (Burgundy)
Mitundu imeneyi, monga ena ambiri, imachokera ku malo okukula (Burgundy). Nyengo yake yakucha kuyambira June mpaka Oktoba.
Bowa ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, osapitirira masentimita 8. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 300 g. 
Pokhala mtundu wa bowa wakuda, Burgundy yophukira imakhala ndi mdima, pafupifupi khungu lakuda. Thupi ndi lofiirira kwambiri ndi mitsinje yowala.
Truffle yam'madzi imakhala ndi fungo la hazelnut ndi chokoleti, yomwe imayamikirika ndi maluwa.
Chitchaina (Asiya)
Mtundu umenewu umakula kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China. Amakonda kukondana ndi thundu, mabokosi ndi pini. Nthawi ya kukula kwake kuyambira pa December mpaka February.
Matendawa amatha kupitirira masentimita 10. Kulemera kwake kumatha kufika ku 500 g. Nkhumba ndi mdima, wandiweyani. Thupi ndi zotanuka, mtundu wakuda uli ndi mitsempha yambiri. 
Kununkhira kumatchulidwa kokha mu bowa okhwima. Pali milandu pamene truffle imakongoletsedwa kuti ipereke kwa Perigord.
Kumene ndi momwe zimakulira
Truffles ndi anthu okhala padziko lapansi. Zimakula pansi pa mizu ya mitengo. Mitundu iliyonse imakonda malo ena ndi mitengo.
Mkhalidwe wa kukula kwa bowawu ndi wosiyana kwambiri. Iwo amapezeka ku Ulaya konse, m'makona ofunda a Russia, kumpoto kwa Africa ndi kumadzulo kwa North America.
Ambiri amasankha mitengo yotentha - oak, birch, beech, poplar, elm, linden. Ena amakula pansi pa mkungudza kapena paini.
Munthu wokhala pakhomo pansi pano amakonda nyengo yofunda, yofewa, choncho mumapezeka m'nkhalango za Kumadzulo kwa Ukraine, ku Crimea, ku nkhalango za ku Russia ku Mizinda ya Urals ndi ku Caucasus, komanso ku Bialowieza Forest ndi Gomel Region ya Belarus.
Momwe mungafufuzire
Zokomazo zimakula pansi pa nthaka ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuzipeza. Koma pali zizindikiro zina kuti truffle lurked pansi:
- Zomera pa bowa ndizochepa;
- dziko lapansi lidzakhala imvi;
- Ntchentche zofiira zimagwiritsa ntchito thupi la zipatso kuti lidyetse mphutsi, motero zimayenda mozungulira malo "okoma".
Ndikofunikira! Ku Ulaya, chifukwa "kusaka" kwa layisensi ya truffle kumafunika.
Mankhwala amapangidwa
Truffle ndi zakudya zokwanira - pali kcal 24 pa 100 g (3 g - mapuloteni, 0,5 g - mafuta, 2 g - chakudya).
Zakudya zimenezi zili ndi mavitamini C (6 mg), B1 (0.02 mg), B2 (0.4 mg), PP (9.49 mg). N'zotheka kupeza zinthu ngati izi:
- potaziyamu;
- calcium;
- chitsulo;
- sodium;
- mkuwa.
Pindulani ndi kuvulaza
Mavitamini ndi mchere omwe ali mu bowa awa amathandiza kwambiri umoyo waumunthu:
- khala ndi antioxidant zotsatira;
- Thandizani kuthamanga khungu lachilombo ndi mabala kapena matenda;
- kuteteza chitukuko cha zotupa zakupha mu colon;
- Thandizani kusunga khungu, kuchepetsa maonekedwe a makwinya;
- zothandiza pa microflora m'matumbo.
Mu mankhwala osakaniza, bowa la shiitake ndi cordyceps ndi otchuka kwambiri.
Bowawa sungakhoze kuvulaza thupi la munthu, ndipo kusagwirizana kokha kwa mankhwalawa ndiko kutsutsana kwa ntchito yawo. Kupewa kudya truffles ayenera kukhala amayi pa nthawi ya mimba ndi lactation, komanso ana a sukulu ya msinkhu.
Nkhumba zomwe zimamera m'nkhalango za dziko lathu, zimathandizanso kwambiri. Phunzirani zambiri za ubwino wa bowa, boletus, mapesi, mchere, Reishi, bowa wa mkaka, chanterelles, batala.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito pophika
Bowa awa amasiyanasiyana ndi achibale ena mwa kukoma kwawo kwapadera ndi fungo. Fungo la bowa ili likhoza kukhala ndi nutty kapena mankhwala a zitsamba.
Truffle imagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga zowonjezera ku sauces kapena ngati zonunkhira zonunkhira, koma kawirikawiri mankhwalawa amatumizidwa obiriwira, kuzungulira pa grater ndi kuwonjezera ku maphunziro apamwamba. Ndikudziwana ndi zinthu zina zomwe fungo la truffles likuwonekera kwathunthu. 
Kukoma kwa bowa uwu ndi ofanana ndi mtedza wokazinga kapena mbewu. Zili zosiyana ndi zonunkhira, nthawi zina zimati "amadya fungo."
Chifukwa chiyani truffles ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri
Mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa truffles umayamba chifukwa chakuti "amachitilidwa" pang'ono. Bowawa siimakula m'nkhalango zonse kapena m'madera onse. Kuwonjezera apo, sizili zophweka kupeza, chifukwa sizibwera pamwamba. Ndipo kumaliza kwake kwapadera ndikuti ndi nyengo yamakono.
Onjezerani kwa ichi kukoma kokoma ndi fungo labwino - ndicho chimene timapeza ndi chosavuta, chokoma mtengo.
Mukudziwa? Chida choyera kwambiri chomwe chinang'ambika chinali ndilemera makilogalamu 890 g.
Mwa njira, mtengo wa truffles woyera ukhoza kufika 4,000 euro / kg. Zowonjezera, ndizovuta kwambiri. Mphungu yakuda idzaperekedwa kuchokera pa 1500 mpaka 2500 $ pa kilogalamu.
Pali lingaliro lakuti poyesera kamodzi bowa wachirendo, kukoma kwake ndi fungo lake kumakhala kosatha kukumbukira. Kuwonjezera pa kulawa, mankhwalawa akadali othandiza kwambiri thupi. Zokoma zimalangiza: ngati muli ndi mwayi wolawa zokomazi - musaphonye.
Maphunziro pa kukoma kwa bowa
