Pa makontinenti onse a dziko lapansi amakhala mbalame izi zodabwitsa - nkhunda. Iwo anali atasankhidwa kuchokera ku nthawi zakale ndikupitiriza mpaka lero, kubweretsa mitundu yonse yatsopano. Mbalamezi zimabweretsa zokondweretsa, komanso zimakhala zogwirizana ndi nyengo iliyonse ndipo zimakhala moyo wautali, mpaka zaka 15.
Mbalame zapakhomo
Makolo amakono amakono a nkhunda zimatengedwa ngati imvi ndi miyala. Popeza amakhala mosiyana kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza chilichonse chokhudza malo oyamba a nkhunda ndi munthu.
Mukudziwa? Ndizodziwika bwino kuti, makamaka m'midzi ya Aigupto, adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yomwe adalemekezedwa ndi mafano pazithunzi zaka 5,000 zapitazo. Aigupto sankaonetsa mbalamezi zokha, koma akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amapeza zithunzi zawo paliponse pofufuzidwa m'madera a ku Ulaya ndi Asia.
Mitengo yamakono yamtunduwu imakhala pafupifupi mitundu 800 ya mbalamezi, palinso mizere yambiri yomwe imakhala ndi mwayi patapita kanthawi kupanga mitundu yatsopano kwambiri. 
Pali malo angapo apadera mu golubevodstvo:
- chowopsa;
- nyama;
- kuthawa;
- zojambula;
- zokongoletsera.
M'madera omwe kale anali ogwirizana ndi Soviet Union, osachepera mazana awiri amitundu anagwedezeka, osachepera mmodzi anafalikira pafupifupi dera lirilonse. Pakalipano, kukondwera ndi njiwa sikukhalanso ndi chikhalidwe chosasankhidwa, komabe pali mafani a ntchito yawo omwe amasangalala ndi zolaula zomwezo ndipo amasankhidwa ndi ziweto zawo.
Ndikofunikira! Mtundu uliwonse umasiyana ndi ena mwa magawo osiyanasiyana: mtundu ndi kukula, mu morphological dongosolo ndi chitsanzo pa nthenga, mu ndege makhalidwe, ndi zina zotero.
Golubevody amagwirizanitsa m'magulu m'mayendedwe ndi mitundu ya ziweto zomwe zimadedwa ndi iwo. Anthu omwe amabala mapepala amaseŵera kapena ma positi, amawaphunzitsanso ndikupanga mpikisano pambuyo pake. 
Ntchito ya omwe amaletsa mbalame zokongoletsera ndizofanana ndi zodzikongoletsera, chifukwa izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zojambula, mtundu wa nthenga ndi zina.
Nkhokwe zoyendetsera nyama zimagwira alimi, osati obereketsa. Zimakula mofulumira komanso nkhunda zazikulu kuti zipeze chakudya chambiri.
Nkhunda zakutchire
Tsiku lililonse pafupi ndi malo aliwonse timakumana ndi nkhunda, zomwe zimatiwoneka chimodzimodzi. Izi siziri zoona, chifukwa nkhunda zakutchire, ndipo ndizo, zikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya mitundu.
Gray
Sisaris amajambulidwa mdima wandiweyani, mapiko awo ndi imvi, ndi mthunzi wowala, ali ndi mikwingwirima yambiri. Iwo amasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya zakutchire, mwachitsanzo, clintukha, ndi white nadkhvostiem, kuchokera miyala - ndi mdima wa mchira. 
Amapezeka padziko lonse m'midzi ndi midzi, m'mapiri, m'mapiri, mu steppes. Amatha kutsogolera moyo wokhazikika komanso wosasuntha.
Dziwani nkhunda zakutchire ndi nkhalango.
Rocky
Mtengo wooneka ngati wowala, koma uli ndi mchira wopepuka, ndipo mulomo uli wakuda. Nyama iyi ndi yaing'ono kuposa mitundu ina. Icho chimakhala, monga dzina limatanthawuzira, kumapiri. 
Zimakhala mofanana ndi imvi, koma mawu awo ndi osiyana kwambiri: kuyimba kwa thanthwe ndi kochepa, kochepa komanso kosavuta. Mitanda yonse ya buluu ndi imvi, ndi njiwa zapakhomo, zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku hybrid.
Mukudziwa? Mbalame zabwino, nkhunda zimatha kukwera mtunda wa makilomita, ndi zina - mpaka 3 km!
Clintuh
Nthenga za clintukh zimakhala zojambulajambula, pakhosi pake ndi zobiriwira zonyezimira, zofiira ndi mthunzi wa vinyo wofiira, ndipo pamlomowo muli wofiirira kwambiri pafupi ndi kumunsi ndi kutsekemera mpaka kumapeto. Pa mapiko, chiwonetsero chachitsulo chimachokera, chomwe, ngakhalebe, sichingafotokozedwe nkomwe. Mtundu wa akazi ndiwo matte.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumpoto ndizeng'onoting'ono, mbalame zakum'mwera zimakonda kukhala ndi moyo. Kulira kwa mwamuna clintukh kuli kofanana ndi kubwezeretsa mau akuti "ugu-hu", omwe amafalitsa, kupatsirana ndi goiter, atakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe chisachi chidzakhale. 
Ikhoza kugonana ndi mitundu yonse ya mabanja komanso sizar. Kukhalango nkhalango kumakhudza kwambiri chiwerengero cha zovuta.
Nkhunda ya nkhuni
Phokoso la nkhuni liri ndi mtundu wa bluu, imeneyi ndi yofanana ndi ya clintukh - yofiira-wachikasu.
Pezani kumene nkhunda ya nkhuni imakhala ndi zomwe idya.Mphuno kumbuyo kumayambira imvi imvi, yomwe imatembenuza bulauni ndi mapeto. Khosi kumbuyo ndi kumbali kumakhala ndi chitsulo chosungunuka ndi chobiriwira chobiriwira kapena chofiirira.
Pansi pa ng'ombe, imvi imakhala yowala kwambiri, ndipo khosi ndi mapiko ake amakhala ndi malo oyera. Mwa nkhunda zakutchire, nkhunda yamba imatengedwa kuti ndi yaikulu. Northern Viyri kusunthira, m'mayiko ochuluka kwambiri, amakhala kumalo osungira. Amakonda kumakhala m'nkhalango zamakono komanso zowonongeka.Ndikofunikira! Nkhunda zonse zakutchire zokhazo zingathe kuwononga ulimi, kuwononga mbewu za mbewu ndi nthanga, komanso kuwononga mabedi.
Ng'anga
Nkhunda zamtengo wapatali zimakhala zazikulu, za kukula kwa nkhuku, komanso zokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha mphukira zoyambirira. Chomera chodabwitsa chinapatsa dzina la mitundu imeneyi.
Mtundu wawo ndi wokongola kwambiri: thupi ndi lofiira kapena buluu kuchokera pamwamba, kansalu-bulauni pansi, mzere wokongola woyera pamapiko, womwe umatsamira ndi mzere wofiirira. 
Khalani nthawi zambiri mumtsinje. Kusamalira dona, yamphongo, kuwonjezera pa kuvina kwaukwati, imapanga maonekedwe omwe amafanana ndi kusewera. Ndi mkazi yemwe wayamba kukwatira, amayamba kutsuka nthenga.
Ndikofunikira! Chiwerengero cha amuna okongola amenewa chicheperachepera chifukwa chakuti malo awo akuwonongeka, komanso opha nyama amawasaka, kapena mmalo mwawo. Pokhala opanda adani enieni, nkhunda zazikuluzikulu zimakhala zokhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azivutika.
Mitundu ya nyama
Nkhunda yopanga nyama imakhala yotchuka ku America ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Amakula m'mapulasi ndi mafakitale apadera. Anthu okhala ku Eastern Europe, ambiri, alibe chidwi ndi zokoma zimenezi, ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, amagwiritsa ntchito njiwa zosakwanira kuti zikhale zophikira.
Mfumu
Kinga, njiwa za Amwenye, zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri. Kwa mwezi ndi hafu, malinga ndi zikhalidwe zomangidwa, mfumu ikhoza kukulira kufika pamtunda wa 630-800 g wa kulemera kwa moyo. Mkazi amatha kubweretsa anapiye 14-18 omwe amadyetsedwa bwino chaka chimodzi. 
Malingana ndi zikhalidwe za ukaidi, kulemera kwake kwa mfumu kumasinthasintha: aviary idzakupatsani mbalame yochepetsedwa bwino kusiyana ndi kuyenda. Ngakhale zinthu zomwe mfumuyo inagwidwa, mtembo wake uli ndi 50% nyama, 16% mafuta, 5% amadya chiwindi, ndipo ena sagwidwa. Onetsani makope a mfumuyo akhoza kulemera makilogalamu 1.5.
Mukudziwa? Nkhunda zimatha kuzindikira momwe mabingu ndi mabvomezi amayendera, pamene amamva maulendo a 10 Hz.
Modena
Makolo a Modena amatchulidwanso dzina la mzinda womwe uli ndi dzina lomwelo ku Italy, kumene adayambira. 
Panopa pali mitundu iwiri yokongola:
- Chingerezi (shitti) - kawirikawiri ya mtundu wofananako, pa mapiko ndi mutu pamakhala zofiira;
- German (gazzi) - zokongoletsera kwambiri, ndi nthenga zofanana ndi thupi loyera.
Ndikofunikira! Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu imasiyanitsa Modena ndi mitundu ina: imakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu yoposa mazana awiri yophatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu.
Carnot
Carnot - Fuko la French aviary, limodzi labwino kwambiri. Mutha kukula mbalame kulemera kwa 500 g, ndipo iyi si malire. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi tastier, nyama yawo ndi yocheperapo. Nyama imeneyi imakhala malo amodzi. 
Monden
Monden nayenso ndi "Mfalansa", wobadwira mumzinda wa Mont-de-Marsan, yemwe anaupatsa dzina. Ikhoza kukula mpaka kilogalamu ya kulemera. M'mwezi, mbalame ikupeza 700 g.
Mukudziwa? Nkhunda sizakhala zopanda nzeru konse: zimatha kuzindikira zomwe zimaonekera pagalasi, zomwe, chifukwa cha nsomba zina, dolphins ndi njovu, komanso kukumbukira kwawo, zimatha kusunga zithunzi 300 zovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi masomphenya ndi mawonekedwe apadera a diso: sangathe kuvulaza kuwala kwa dzuwa kapena kuwala kwina komwe kungayaka retina ya maso a munthu.Chiwerengero cha ziwalo za thupi ku Monden ndi zazikulu ndipo 82 peresenti ya amuna ndi 81% kwa akazi. Nyama yamtengo wapatali ya mbalame za ku Swiss ndi French zomwe zimalemera 600 ndi 550 g, motero.
Aroma
Izi "Italy" zimatha kukula kufika pa kilogalamu ya kulemera ndi zina nthawi zina.
Ndikofunikira! Sizimangodyedwa, komanso chifukwa cha kutenga nawo mbali mitundu yatsopano imabweretsedwako, mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Chingerezi.Nyama m'matupiyi ili ndi pafupifupi 60%, koma ili ndi phindu labwino komanso labwino.
Mbalame zimasunthira pang'ono, koma zimatha kulimbana ndi matenda a mbalame. Mwezi uliwonse kufika pa 620-650 g wolemera.Phunzirani zambiri za nkhunda zachikazi.
Lowani
Strasser anabadwira m'chigawo cha dzina lomwelo, lomwe linapatsa dzinalo dzina. Mnyamata Stasser akhoza kupitirira 1200 g, wamkazi - 800 g. Pa msinkhu wa mwezi uliwonse mbalame imalemera 700 g Kuti tisawononge ana, ndibwino kuti tikhale ndi oimira mtundu uwu osapitirira zaka zisanu.
Malingana ndi momwe mbalameyi idasungidwira, kuchuluka kwa kupha kumeneku kumasiyanasiyana: 58% ndi zosiyana siyana ndi 62% ndi ufulu waufulu. 
Sakani
Texan - kwambiri "Achimerika". M'chaka iwo amatha kupereka kuchokera kwa ana 12 mpaka 24.
Mwinamwake mukufunitsitsa kudziŵa mtundu wa nkhunda zomwe zimakonda kwambiri nkhuku.
Iwo ndi aakulu kwambiri, akhoza kufika pa kilogalamu misa, koma nthawi zambiri ndi 750 g ndi zokolola zakupha za 65%. 
Prahnensky kanik
Prahna canik ndi Czech wakale mtundu. Oimira ake amatha kuwonedwa ku Crimea, amatchedwanso ziphuphu. Mphongo wa Prahnensky canica akhoza kulemera kuchokera pa 550 mpaka 750 g, yazimayi imatha kulemera kuposa 600 g.Zambirizi zimakhala zochepa kwambiri ndipo zimatha kupanga nkhuku zambiri.
Mitundu yothamanga
Mitundu ya nkhunda yoyendetsa ndege imasiyana mosiyanasiyana:
- kukuuluka: Njira yawo yochotsera - m'magulu, nthawi yomwe imakhala mlengalenga ndi maola awiri mpaka 15, imatha kufika kutalika komwe sidzawoneka pansi;
- phiri: panthawi yopuma, amayenda mofulumira, akumbukira zochitika, pamene akuzungulira;
- nkhondo: osati mapulaneti apamwamba kwambiri, kutuluka, amamveka pamitu kapena miyendo yawo, kutulutsa zizindikiro zooneka ngati nkhondo ndi chithandizo cha mapiko;
- scooters: kusinthasintha mozungulira pambali yake panthawi yopuma.
Nikolaevsk
Anakhazikitsidwa ku Nikolaev, njiwa zimakhala ndi khalidwe labwino, zowonongeka zowuluka-ndege. Zimakhala zazikulu zedi, ndi mutu wopapatiza pamutu wapang'ono. 
Oimira a mtunduwo amakhala ndi mapiko aatali komanso chifuwa chachikulu. Paws si nthenga, zochepa. Nicholas amadzipaka utoto wakuda, wabuluu, woyera, wachikasu ndi wofiira.
Dzidziwe nokha ndi zofunikira za kusunga nkhunda za Nikolaev kunyumba.
Iyi ndi mbalame yomwe ikuuluka kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, njiwa ya Nikolaev siimatha. Imeneyi ndi yokha njuchi zomwe zimachoka pamtunda. Ngakhale anthu ophunzitsidwa amasonyeza mitundu ina yokongola.
Kujambula kanthawi kochepa
Kupalasa kwafupipafupi kunalengedwa ku Berlin. Iyi ndi mbalame yaing'ono yomwe ili ndi kamphanga kakang'ono kamene sikhala yaitali komanso yonyada yokongola. Malo a mapiko - pansi pa mchira. Nthenga za nthenga zimakula pamasaya awo. Mtundu wa mbalame ndi yunifolomu yakuda kapena yakuda kapena motley. Iwo ali a mbalame zamenyana, zomwe zinabadwira mu XIX atumwi. 
Moni wa Germany
Monki wa ku Germany sauluka pamwamba, koma amapita kumlengalenga akaona mbalame yachilendo, akuitanira achibale ake kwa iye. Zimakhala zazikulu zedi, ndi mphumi wotchuka kwambiri.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge za matenda omwe mungapeze njiwa, momwe mungadziwire za njiwa ya njiwa, ndi njiwa zingati zakhala pa mazira, chifukwa chiyani njiwa zikugwedeza mitu yawo pamene zikuyenda, ndipo nkhunda zimakhala bwanji kunja ndi kunyumba.
Palibe nthenga pamasaya awo. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kumapangidwa ndi chokongoletsera chapadera, mwa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nyumba, yomwe imatchedwa dzina lake. Moni wa Germany ndi njiwa ya nkhondo. 
Long billed berlin
Dlinnooklyuv ya Berlin, kuwonjezera pa mlomo wa khalidwe, ili ndi mutu wopapatiza.
Mukudziwa? M'Chingelezi, dzina la mtunduwo limamveka ngati Skycutters, kutanthauza "zonyansa."Nthenga zake ndi zakuda, buluu kapena chikasu, nthawi zina mtundu ukhoza kufanana ndi soroch chifukwa cha mapiko akuwala. Amayankha mapepala othamanga ndi mtundu wa ndege.
Njiwa zotumiza
Pamene palibe njira zamakono zowankhulirana, anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njiwa kuti azidziyendetsa okha ndikugonjetsa maulendo ataliatali, zomwe zinawathandiza kuchita nawo makalata, ngakhale kuti njirayi sinagwire ntchito. Tsopano kuti zikhalidwe za positi za mbalame sizikufunikanso, zimagwira nawo mtundu wa nkhunda.
Mudzakhala ndi chidwi kuti mudziwe momwe chithunzichi chinagwirira ntchito kale.
Olemba bwino omwe amawaganizira:
- miyala yamakona;
- malingaliro;
- skanderunov.
Belgium
Njiwa za ku Belgium zimatchuka kwambiri. Maonekedwe a matupi awo ndi ozungulira ndipo mutuwo umamangidwanso, mofanana kukula kwake, monga mchira. Mphunoyi imakhala ya buluu, mapiko ali ofunika. Maso ndi a mdima, khola lawo ndi chithompho chazomwe zimakhala zolembera. 
Maonekedwe awo, ma positi a Belgium akufanana ndi achibale okongoletsera: miyendo yaitali, khosi, miyendo, koma makhalidwe onsewa, pamodzi ndi nthenga zowonongeka, zimapangitsa mbalameyi kukhala yofiira kwambiri, ndipo mphamvuyi imabadwa.
Mukudziwa? Nkhunda zina zotere zimatha kufika msinkhu wa 140 km / h, ndipo zimaonedwa kuti ndizo mbalame zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi
Ntchito ya Chingerezi imakhala yosiyana kwambiri: pali kukula kokhala pamphuno ndi kuzungulira maso. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo okongoletsera, ntchito ili ngati oimira magulu okongoletsera, koma akuyenera kuti aziuluka mofulumira ndi kuphimba maulendo ataliatali. 
Mbalameyi ndi yaikulu, ili ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Khosi liri lalitali, miyendo nayenso. Ntchito za Chingerezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zojambulidwa: zoyera, zofiira, zakuda, zakuda. Kuthamanga kwa mbalamezi n'kofulumira komanso kosavuta, kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati olemba maulendo ambirimbiri.
German
Mtundu uwu ndiwo olandira cholowa chochokera kwa England ndi Holland. Iwo, ngakhale atakhala ndi khosi lalitali ndi miyendo, ali osiyana. Mlomo wawo ndi wawung'ono, maso, mmalo mwake, ndi aakulu, mchira ndi waufupi.
Mukudziwa? Kutchulidwa koyambirira kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa njiwa monga postman kumatanthauza 45 BC. Oe. Pamene mbalame zinalumikizana ndi Modena ozunguliridwa.Chinthu chosiyana cha othamanga ameneŵa ndipamwamba kwambiri.
Czech
Anthu osindikizira a ku Czech sanapangidwe kwa maulendo ataliatali, ndipo amatha kugonjetsa msanga.
Werengani zambiri za momwe mungadyetse nkhunda ndi njiwa, komanso mavitamini kuti ndi bwino kupereka njiwa.
Komanso, mbalame iyi ndi kawirikawiri yosonyeza. Khosi la "Czechs" liri lalitali, mchira uli waung'ono, pali kukula kwa mlomo ndi pafupi maso. 
Russian
Ngati mukufuna kuti mupeze nthano yovomerezeka ya njiwa yamasewera, mosakayikira izi ndizo positi ya Russian. Miyendo yake ndi yaitali, mlomo wake uli wakuthwa, mutu wake ndi wawung'ono komanso wosangalatsa. Mapeto ake a nthenga amawonjezera kukongola kwa mbalameyi. Iwo amabwera mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. 
Zokongoletsera mitundu
Anthu omwe amabala mbalame zokongoletsera, ali ndi cholinga chokhala ndi anthu okongola omwe ali ndi maonekedwe apadera, mwachitsanzo, mchira, mapiri, mapiko, mapiko.
Barb
Mabala - nkhunda nkhunda, khungu lozungulira maso ndi mphuno liri ndi khalidwe, khalidwe la mtundu, kukula komwe kumafanana ndi zida.
Mukudziwa? Ngakhalenso nkhunda zoyenda pansi zimatha kupeza chisa chawo chomwe chili mtunda wa makilomita chikwi kutali, kupuma pa malo otentha, dzuwa, ndi fungo.Iwo ali ndi chigoba chokongola, mphuno ikuwombera, kuwomba. Nthawi zonse amakhala osasamala, akuda kapena oyera, ofiira kapena ofiira.
Kuwombera
Kuwomba kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe oyambirira ndi osadabwitsa: thupi lalitali lokhala ndi thupi lopunduka, miyendo yaitali, goiter yotupa kwambiri, yomwe imapatsa mtunduwo dzina lake, thupi lochepa ngati lolimba ndi lamba.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge za nkhunda za mtundu wamtunduwu.
Pamene abambo amphongo amasamalira akazi, amawombera, ndiko kuti, amapita pa zala zokha, ndipo pambali pake sagwadira pa digiri ya digirii 45.
Mtundu wawo ukhoza kukhala wosiyana kwambiri:
- chonchi;
- lap;
- sitirowe;
- mawangamawanga.
Bohemia Cosmonogue
Mbalame yokongola kwambiri yokhala ndi mtundu wapachiyambi, womwe ndi wa njiwa zamitundu. Chiberekero chinamera ku Czech Republic. Thupi la mankhwala otchedwa Bohemian cosmonogues ndi lalikulu ndi amphamvu, olumikizidwa molingana.
Ndikofunikira! Komanso mtundu wa Bohemian Cosmonogue uli ndi mtundu wa chess wa mapiko, komanso, iwo ali ndi nthenga pamasaya awo, omwe mtunduwo unatchedwa.Chojambula cha Chess chikuchitika mwa mbalame zonse za mtundu wopatsidwa, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu womwe munthu wina ali nawo, ngakhale iwo ali oyera kwambiri. Pamutu wa Bohemian Cosmonogues pali kukongola kwamitundu.
Kupyolera
Mtengo wa njiwa ndi wosavala bwino, umene amadziwika nawo ndi mafani a mitundu yokongoletsera. Pamapiko ake nthenga zowonjezereka, zimapanga zovuta zachilendo.
Zingakhale zothandiza kwa inu kuti muwerenge momwe mungamangire nyumba ya nkhunda, komanso momwe mungapangire zisa, odyetsa ndi omwa nkhunda.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mbalameyi ili ndi miyendo yaing'ono, yaying'ono, yowakometsera kapena yosmonogie, ndipo zonsezi zimapangitsa chidwi kwambiri. 
Oyimira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyera angakhalebe ndi mnofu pamutu pawo, kuwonjezera kwa mwiniwake kukongola kwa maonekedwe. Mtundu wa mbalamezi umawonekera kapena uli wolimba.
Mukudziwa? Kwa maonekedwe ake okongola, mtunduwo unatchulidwa dzina lachiwiri - matsenga amame.Nkhunda zoberekera ndi nzeru zosiyana za moyo. Sukuluyi imafuna kudziwa zambiri zowonjezereka (zoology, ornithology, genetics, mankhwala owona zanyama, etc.), komanso chikhalidwe china, komanso chikondi cha nthenga zamphongo ndi zofufuza.
