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Ziweto

Ng'ombe za ku Sweden

Ng'ombe za ku Sweden ndizo zizindikiro zomwe alimi ambiri akuyesera kuti azilinganiza. Ngakhale kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo nyengo imakhala yovuta (pafupifupi kutentha m'nyengo yozizira ndi -17 ° C, m'chilimwe + 10 ° C) ndipo zomera zimakhala zosauka, dziko lonse la Sweden limakhala lofunda, ndipo zomera zimakhala zowonjezera.

Ndi m'madera amenewa (pakati ndi kum'mwera kwakum'maŵa kwa dziko) kuti mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ziweto za ku Sweden imadulidwa.

Zizindikiro za mitundu yayikulu ya ng'ombe ku Sweden

Mitundu yonse ya ng'ombe, zomwe zidzakambidwe, sizidziwika kokha ku Sweden, komanso m'madera akutali. Ndipo ena, monga a Herefords, nthawi zambiri ankabadwira m'mayiko ena (Hereford ndi dzina la chigawo cha England chomwe mtunduwu unkaonekera).

Koma chifukwa cha obereketsa ku Sweden, obereketsa ziweto ndi asayansi kuti zinyama izi zavomerezedwa padziko lonse.

Hereford

Pali mitundu itatu ya nyama za Hereford:

  • pansi;
  • choyimira;
  • lalikulu.

Kuwonekera kwa malowa kumagwirizana ndi kunja kwa mitundu ya nyama:

  1. Kukula: ng'ombe imakula, pamtunda, kufika masentimita 135 pamene ikufota, ng'ombe - mpaka 125 cm.
  2. Misa: ng'ombe zilemera 900 makilogalamu (panali milandu pamene kulemera kwa ng'ombe kunkafika 1250 makilogalamu), ng'ombe - pafupifupi 640-860 makilogalamu.
  3. Amuna a ng'ombe atabadwa: Ng'ombe zamphongo zimabadwa, zokwana 35 kg, anapiye - 26-32 makilogalamu.
  4. Vuto la m'mimba: mu ng'ombe, chifuwacho chikhoza kufika 215 cm mu girth, ng'ombe - 195 cm.
  5. Mutu: kukula kwakukulu, khosi lamphamvu ndi lalifupi.
  6. Torso: Zowonongeka mwamphamvu, zikuyimira bwino.
  7. Thupi: compact.
  8. Minyanga: chowala, chofiirira, chachikasu, ndi mdima.
  9. Chifuwa ndi mapewa: olimba.
  10. Kubwerera: molunjika, lathyathyathya, ndi phokoso lakumbuyo.
  11. Miyendo: olimba, lalifupi.
  12. Udder: sizimasiyana mu kukula kwakukulu.

Mukudziwa? Nkhumba ya Danube ya mtundu wa Hereford, kuchokera ku dera la Chelyabinsk, ndilo mamembala aakulu kwambiri a mtunduwu ku Russia. Kulemera kwake ndi 1250 kg.

Ubweya waung'ono ndi wofiira komanso wamatali, womwe umathandiza kuti mbeuyi ikhale yovuta m'nyengo yozizira. Ng'ombe zimenezi zimakhala ndi mtundu wofiira. Sternum, mimba, nsonga ya mchira - yoyera. Nthawi zina mzere woyera umadutsa kumbuyo kwa ng'ombe.

Zikanakhala kuti mmodzi wa makolowo ali ndi mutu woyera, khalidwe ili ndilolandira. Kuchita:

  • Kutulutsa mkaka. Mbewu imeneyi ndi ya mitundu yokolola ya nyama, chifukwa chake mkaka wawo umakhala wochepa kwambiri - osapitirira 1200 makilogalamu pachaka. Mkaka uli wokwanira kudyetsa ana a ng'ombe.
  • Mafuta a Mkaka. Chiwerengerochi chiri pafupi ndi 4%.
  • Precocity. Chiberekero ndi chakumapeto. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yowonjezereka yowonjezera idapangidwa, iwo sanapereke zotsatira zooneka.
  • Utha msinkhu. Nyama zakonzekera kukwatirana ndi zaka 2-2.5. Pafupifupi zaka zitatu, ng'ombe zimabweretsa ana awo oyambirira.
  • Kuphedwa kunka. Chiwerengero ichi ndi 62-70%.
  • Kulemera kwalemera. Nyama za mtundu uwu zimakhala ndi zofanana kwambiri za kulemera / kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Ndi zokwanira, tsiku lililonse ng'ombe imakula kwambiri ndi 1.5 makilogalamu, ng'ombe - ndi 1.25 makilogalamu. Pofika zaka 2, ng'ombe imalemera makilogalamu oposa 800, ndipo mwana wang'ombe amalemera kuposa makilogalamu 650.

Ng'ombe za Hereford zimakhala, pafupifupi, mpaka zaka 18. Chifukwa cha kumanga kwakukulu ndi kukula kwa ana a ng'ombe, ng'ombe zimawongolera mosavuta, kawirikawiri sizikusowa zowathandiza. Kulingalira kwa makolo kumapangidwira kwambiri - ng'ombe zimayendetsa mwana watsopano posamala ndi kusamala, musalole kuti ana ena a ng'ombe asamalidwe.

Ndikofunikira! Ngati mukufuna kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, lochokera ku Herefords, muyenera kuwerengera nthawi ya feteleza ya ng'ombe motero kuti calving ifika pakati pa theka la mwezi wa March.

Monga momwe kufunikira kwa nyama yonyama imagwa, ndipo kumakula pa nyama yowonda, mafuta onunkhira mofulumira tsopano akuchitidwa mocheperapo. Alimi amakonda kumera zinyama nthawi yayitali ndi kuzidyetsa ndi zakumwa zam'mwamba zowonjezera, zomwe zili ndi calorie yochepa. Mtunduwu ndi wabwino kuposa ena ambiri chifukwa chopeza ng'ombe yamphongo.

Apafords amatha kusintha nyengo iliyonse, ali ndi thanzi labwino, pafupifupi samadwala, ngakhale atakhala kunja. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha kukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino ndibwino kudya. Pankhaniyi, akhoza kulekerera chisanu mpaka 30 ° C.

Ndi zakudya zoperewera, phindu la kulemera limagwera kawiri, chiweto sichimalola kuzizira. Ku Russia, Ukraine ndi Belarus, ndi bwino kudyetsa Herefords pogwiritsira ntchito njira zowonjezereka: m'chilimwe pa msipu, m'nyengo yozizira - udzu, udzu ndi zakudya zosakaniza.

Golshtinsky

Holstein ndi mtundu wobiriwira mkaka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zambiri mwa nyamazi zimakhala zakuda ndi mtundu wa motley, kawirikawiri pali zofiira zamoto. Mpaka mu 1971, eni ake a mtundu wa red-motley ankaonedwa kuti sagwirizana ndi miyezo, koma atatha tsikulo iwo analembedwera m'gulu losiyana.

Ng'ombe za mkaka zimaphatikizapo monga bulauni ku Latvia, kufiira, Jersey, Ayrshire, Yaroslavl.

Maonekedwe a Holsteins:

  1. Kukula: ng'ombe yaikulu imakula mpaka 160 cm, ng'ombe - mpaka 145 cm.
  2. Kunenepa: mbuzi yamphongo wamkulu imatha kufika 1200 makilogalamu, nthawi zina imatha kufika makilogalamu 1500. Thupi limalemera makilogalamu 700-750. Pakhala pali milandu pamene nkhuku zakhuta kufika 900 kg ndi zina.
  3. Amuna a ng'ombe atabadwa: Ng'ombe yatsopano ikumera 35-43 makilogalamu, ng'ombe yaikulu ndi 32-37 kg.
  4. Mangani: Thupi lopangidwa ndi mphete, lamba lapafupi ndi lalitali ndi lalikulu, mbali ya lumbar ili bwino kwambiri.
  5. Udder: lalikulu, ndi mitsempha yosiyana kwambiri, yokhazikika pamtambo wa peritoneum.

Kuchita:

  1. Precocity. M'badwo wathunthu umabwera mofulumira kwambiri. Ng'ombe zamphongo, zomwe siziyenera kulumikiza, zimatumizidwa kukaphedwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Panthawiyi, kulemera kwake kumafikira makilogalamu 700-750.
  2. Mafuta a Mkaka. Chiwerengerochi chikufika pa 3.1-3.8%.
  3. Mapuloteni. Mu mkaka wochokera ku Holstein, mapuloteniwa ndi 3-3.2%.
  4. Kuphedwa kunka. Chiwerengerochi n'chochepa, pafupifupi 55%. Koma izi sizosadabwitsa, cholinga chachikulu cha mtunduwu ndi kupanga mkaka. Nyama zimakula mofulumira, ndipo ngakhale kuti palibe nyama yochuluka mu ng'ombe, izo zimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kukoma kwake ndi kusowa kwa mafuta.

Mukudziwa? Ng'ombe za Holstein zimapereka theka la mkaka wokwanira ku Sweden.

Anthu a Holstein ndiwo opindulitsa kwambiri pakati pa onse oimira mkaka wa mkaka. Zizindikiro zenizeni zimadalira zikhalidwe za ndende, dera, kudyetsa. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a ku Israeli apanga zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu zonse zomwe zimapanga zokolola za Holsteins kufika pa makilogalamu 10,000 pachaka.

Nyama zofiira zimapatsa mkaka wochuluka kwambiri - osati matani 4 pachaka; pamene ndi mafuta - pafupifupi 4%.

Holstein nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poswana pofuna kusintha mitundu ina. Komabe, nyama izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Ngati mukufuna ng'ombe zanu kukhala zathanzi, ziyenera kupereka zofunika. Kuti nyama ikule ndi kulemera, kawirikawiri ayenera kupewa zinthu zotsatirazi:

  • zakudya zopanda thanzi;
  • kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha;
  • mimba yolemera;
  • kusokonezeka pakusintha.

Anthu a Holstein amavutika kwambiri ndi nkhawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi liwonongeke komanso ngakhale matenda.

Ndikofunikira! Kuchuluka kwa mkaka kukolola kwa ng'ombe za Holstein, kumatulutsa mafuta ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku USA nyama imodzi imapereka pafupipafupi mpaka makilogalamu 9000 a mkaka pachaka. Komanso, mafuta ake ndi 3.6%, mapuloteni ndi 3.2%. Ku Russia, mkaka wa makilogalamu 7,500 pachaka umapezeka kuchokera ku khola limodzi. Chizindikiro cha mafuta ake ndi 3.8%.

Red-motley

Ntchito pa kuswana kwa mtundu wofiira-motley unayamba kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri za makumi awiri mphambu makumi awiri. Powoloka, anatenga red-motley Holstein ndi ng'ombe za Simmental. Ntchito yobereketsa inatha zaka zoposa makumi awiri, ndipo mu 1998 ng'ombe zofiira ndi zakuda zinalowa mu bukhu loswana.

Kuwoneka kwa ng'ombe zofiira ndi zoyera:

  1. Kukula: Chizindikiro ichi mwa ng'ombe chimakhala 140-150 cm, ng'ombe zimakula mpaka 132-140 masentimita.
  2. Kunenepa: pa kubadwa, ng'ombe ikulemera 36-39 makilogalamu, ali ndi zaka 1.5 - 435-445 kg, ng'ombe yakukhwima ikulemera 920-1000 kg. Kulemera kwa ng ombe pa nthawi yoyamba ya lactation ndi 505 makilogalamu.
  3. Mangani: kumanga kwamphamvu, sternum yopangidwa bwino.
  4. Sutu: wofiira ndi wakuda.

  5. Udder: kuzungulira, zazikulu.

Kuchita:

  1. Kutulutsa mkaka. Ng'ombe zimapereka makilogalamu 5000 a mkaka pachaka. Kawirikawiri zokolola ndi 6,600-7,000 makilogalamu pachaka. Pali ng'ombe zokhala ndi zokolola m'madera okwana 10,000 kg kapena kuposa.
  2. Mafuta Mkaka uli ndi mafuta ambiri, pafupifupi 3,8%. Pa zaka zonsezi, abambo 16 analembetsedwa mwapadera, omwe ali ndi zokolola za mkaka woposa makilogalamu 8,400 omwe ali ndi 4,26%. Ng'ombe 10 zomwe zinapereka makilogalamu 9,250 pachaka ndi mafuta a 4.01%, ng'ombe 5 zomwe zinapatsa mkaka woposa 10,280 mkaka (4,09% mafuta) pachaka, ndi ng'ombe 4 zazikazi zokolola mkaka kuposa 12,000 kg (4.0 %).
  3. Mapuloteni. Zizindikiro za makhalidwe - 3.2-3.4%.

Ntchito yobereketsera kuti ukhale ndi ubwino wamakono ikuchitika mpaka lero. Cholinga chawo chachikulu chikuwonjezera kukolola mkaka.

Komanso, obereketsa akuyesera kusintha nyama kuti ikhale yofanana ndi nyengo yachisanu.

Ng'ombe zosiyanazi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta. Komabe, kuti chinyama chibweretsere phindu lalikulu popanda kuvulaza thanzi lake, nkofunikira kutsatira zowonjezereka zoyamikira:

  1. Pangani ndikutsatira mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko yodyetsa komanso yobwezera. Kuchokera pa ndondomeko yoyenerera sikuyenera kupitirira maminiti 13, mwinamwake kungasokoneze kapangidwe ka m'mimba ndi zokolola.
  2. Tsiku lililonse muyenera kuyeretsa khola, nkhokwe, kapena malo pomwe nyama ili pansi pa denga.
  3. Kupezeka kwa madzi atsopano pazofunikira.
  4. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhokwe iyenera kukhala yosungunuka bwino, ma drafts sakuvomerezeka. M'chilimwe, kupsa mtima kuyenera kupeŵa.
  5. Kudyetsa kwaulere m'nyengo yotentha. Panthawi imeneyi, m'pofunika kudyetsa nyama, makamaka, ndi zitsamba zokoma.
  6. M'chaka chonsecho, chakudyacho chiyenera kukhala choyenera komanso choyenera chirichonse kwa ng'ombe (udzu, udzu, haylage, nyemba ndi chakudya chosakaniza). Pofuna kudzaza mapuloteni, udzu wa oatmeal ndi pea uyenera kuyambitsa zakudya.
  7. Dyetsani kupereka malinga ndi nthawi zingapo tsiku milking ikuchitika. Zikakhala kuti ng'ombe imayamwa kawiri pa tsiku, zimaperekedwa kwa nyama mwamsanga musanayambe.

Simmental

Ng'ombe za Simmental zimakonda kwambiri ku Sweden, makamaka pakati pa dzikoli.

Ndikofunikira! Simmentals amadziwika ndi kutchuka kwakukulu. Ngati mwasankha kubzala ng'ombe, mtundu uwu ndi wabwino kwambiri pazinthu izi.

Pali mitundu ya mkaka ndi nyama ndi mkaka wa Simmental mtundu. Mzere wa nyama umasinthidwa bwino ndi zikhalidwe za kumpoto. Nyama ndi chithandizo cha mkaka zimafuna chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, ng'ombe zomwe zimakhala kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa dziko sizinapindule kwambiri.

M'madera awa, mzere wa nyama wakula kwambiri. Koma nyama za mkaka, zomwe zimafalikira pakatikati mwa dzikoli, komanso kumadera akummawa ndi kumwera, zimatha kupanga makilogalamu 10,000 pa mkaka uliwonse. Maonekedwe a zofanana:

  1. Kukula Nyama sizitali kwambiri: ng'ombe zimakula mpaka 147 cm, ng'ombe - mpaka 135 cm.
  2. Kulemera Ng'ombe imalemera makilogalamu 560-880. Ng'ombe yaikulu imakhala ndi makilogalamu 840-1280. Mbuzi zambiri zimadalira mtundu wa nyamazi: nyama yambiri ya mkaka.
  3. Amuna a mimba atabadwa. Gobies amabadwa, ali ndi makilogalamu pafupifupi 44, anapiye akulemera makilogalamu 37.
  4. Mangani: Ng'ombe zimayenda mozungulira, mawonekedwe a thupi lokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Ng'ombezo zimakhala ndi thumba pansi pa khosi.
  5. Mutu: zochepa.
  6. Khosi: zochepa
  7. Zoopsa: Ochepa ndi amphamvu, chifukwa cha iwo, Simmentals amatha kuyenda makilomita ambiri kufunafuna udzu wolemera.
  8. Sutu: Ng'ombe ndi zokongola kwambiri; ng'ombe zimakhala ndi mthunzi wa kirimu. Mkati mwa miyendo, mimba ndi mutu ziri zoyera.
  9. Udder: zochepa.

Kuchita:

  1. Zotsatira za nyama. Iwo ali ndi zokolola zapamwamba za nyama (mpaka 65% mu ng'ombe, mpaka 57% mu anapiye). Nyamayi imamva kuti imatchedwa fibers, ngakhale kuti imatchedwa kuti coarse. Mafuta a nyama ndi pafupifupi 12%.
  2. Kuchuluka kwa madzi. Kukonzekera kwa mkaka wa mkaka ndipamwamba kwambiri - 4500-5700 makilogalamu pa lactation. Milandu pamene simmentals inapereka zoposa 12000 makilogalamu kuti lactation amalembedwa. Zakudya zamtundu wa nyama zimatha kupanga makilogalamu 2500 a mkaka pa lactation, zomwe zimangokwanira kudyetsa ana a ng'ombe. Pali milandu pamene zizindikiro zimabereka ana awiri.
  3. Mafuta Mkaka wa ng'ombe izi uli ndi mafuta okwanira - pafupifupi 4.1%.
  4. Utha msinkhu. Ng'ombe zili okonzeka kukwatirana mu miyezi isanu ndi itatu, ng'ombe zimatha kukhala opanga miyezi 18. Kawirikawiri calving yoyamba imagwa pa miyezi 24-30. Chikondi chachiwiri - miyezi 13 itatha.
  5. Precocity. Zaka za ng'ombe zimabwera pafupifupi zaka zisanu.
  6. Kulemera kwalemera. Nyama zimalemera bwino. Mu miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mwana wang'ombe amalemera 185-225 makilogalamu. Mu chaka chimodzi, ana a ng'ombe amalemera kale 225-355 makilogalamu. Ngati zinyama zidyetsa bwino, kulemera kwake kumawonjezeka tsiku lililonse ndi 0,8-1.0 makilogalamu. Ali ndi zaka chimodzi, ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zamphongo zimakanidwa kukaphedwa.
Simmentals inakhala maziko oyambitsa mitundu yatsopano m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi zokolola zoweta. Mwachitsanzo, ku USA wakuyimira amtundu wa abambo anabadwira, ndipo mu USSR m'deralo "zojambula za Russia" zinapanga 25 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha dziko lonselo.

Ndikofunikira! Mastitis ndi matenda omwe amafala kwambiri ndi matenda ena mu Simmentals.

Pamene kuswana Simmentals kukuyenera kukumbukira za zina mwa zinthu zomwe zilipo:

  1. Zizindikiro zimayenera kudyetsedwa bwino. Pokhapokha pakhomo la chakudya chopatsa thanzi, ng'ombeyo idzalemera kwambiri.
  2. Zinyama izi zimatsutsana zotsalira kukhala mu khola. Amafunika kuyenda ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira ngati kulibe matalala ambiri.
  3. Kudyetsa zofanana ndizo zimakhala ndi udzu wamtengo wapatali, haylage, njira yabwino - chimanga chophika. Kuwonjezera apo, chinyama chimafuna chakudya chopatsa thanzi, 2-3 makilogalamu a chakudya tsiku lililonse, mizu, keke ndi madzi ambiri.

Zomwe zimaweta ng'ombe ku Sweden

Kupambana kwa Sweden ku ziweto zambiri, komanso kubereketsa ziweto, kunayambika ndi kukonzekera kwakukulu kwa kayendetsedwe kachipangizo, kachipangizo ndi zachuma, chifukwa cha zomwe tinakwanitsa kubweretsa zoweta. Ntchito yaikulu idapangidwa ndikupitiriza kuchita ndi asayansi-obereketsa. Zotsatira zake ndizotheka kufotokozera mwachidule momwe zimakhalire zoweta ng'ombe m'dziko lino motere:

  • Ng'ombe zomwe zimafesedwa ku Sweden zimakhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri cha mthupi;
  • Ng'ombe zimadziwika ndi chidziwitso, chidziwitso komanso maganizo abwino, chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zabwino kwambiri zogwidwa;
  • Zinyama zili ndi zizindikiro zabwino zogwirira ntchito, nyama ndi mkaka.

Ngakhale kuti dziko la Sweden ndilo kumpoto lomwe lilibe malo ambiri, ndipo mbali ya kumpoto -kumadzulo kwa dziko ndilo lalikulu kwambiri, kubzala ng'ombe ndipamwamba kwambiri.

Zomwe zinachitikira a ku Sweden zimasonyeza kuti mwa njira yoyenera, kuphatikiza zochitika za sayansi yamakono ndi ntchito yamphamvu, mutha kuthetsa mavuto omwe poyamba akuwoneka kuti sangathe.

Nkhani Yosangalatsa