Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la nyama iliyonse ndi chakudya choyenera, choyenera. Ndikofunika kwambiri kukonzekera mu miyezi yoyamba itatha kubadwa. Kudyetsa ng'ombe ndi mkaka wouma komanso wokhazikika kumakhala malo ofunika kwambiri kusamalira zinyama, kotero ndikofunikira kuti muzipereka bwino kuti mupatse mwana wakhanda zovuta zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikutetezera ku zotsatira zoipa za zinthu zakunja.
Kudyetsa mkaka wa ng'ombe: zikhalidwe
Kuti ng'ombe zikhale bwino komanso zogwirizana ndi masiku oyambirira a moyo wawo, zimadyetsedwa ndi colostrum. Zomwe zimapangidwa zimakhala ndi mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya, zinthu zamagetsi komanso mchere zomwe zimafunika kuti zikhale zochepa. 
Komanso palinso mavitamini apadera omwe amachititsa kuti thupi lizikhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zakudya zakuthambo, kulimbitsa thupi, kumalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, kuonjezera asidi m'mimba.
Kudyetsa mwana wamphongo ndi mtundu wamtunduwu kumachitika sabata yoyamba, ndiye ana amachotsedwa mkaka. Njira yoyamba ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito amayi, omwe amaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito botolo kapena mwachibadwa, pa kuyamwa.
Mlungu uliwonse, chakudya cha nyama chimasiyana: kumayambiriro kwa kudya, mlingo ndi 1 l patsiku, kenako pang'onopang'ono amakula kufika 5-6 l. Pakutha miyezi 1.5-2 mu zakudya zimayamba kudyetsa anthu akuluakulu. Kwa miyezi 2-2.5, ana amwe amaloledwa kumwa mkaka wonse (CM).
Ndikofunikira! Kudyetsa ana mpaka mwezi umodzi wa CM kumapangidwira m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, kotero kuti sakhala nthawi yaitali mmimba. Izi zidzalola, choyamba, kupeŵa mavuto ndi chimbudzi, ndipo kachiwiri, kukwaniritsa kukula kwakukulu kwa makanda.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka wobiriwira
Kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe ka kapangidwe ka zakudya ndi kagayidwe kamadzimadzi, ndibwino kuti mugwiritse ntchito mkaka wofukiza kuti mudye ana a ng'ombe. Kukonzekera, mankhwala a azitini kapena ferments apadera, omwe amaphatikizapo mabakiteriya opindulitsa, amawonjezeredwa ku chinthu chimodzi. 
Chinsinsi chopanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa kunyumba ndi zosavuta:
- asidi (mawonekedwe kapena citric) amadzipukutidwa ndi madzi mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 9. Ndikofunika kuwonjezera asidi kumadzi, osati mofanana;
- Njira yokonzedweratu imaphatikizidwa ku mkaka wotentha mpaka madigiri 30 pa mlingo wa 25 ml wa asidi pa 1 lita imodzi ya mankhwala.
Ubwino wa chakudya choterocho ndi chodziwikiratu:
- Ntchito yamagulu a m'mimba imakhazikika;
- Matenda a chimbudzi amatha, makamaka, kutsegula m'mimba, kudzimbidwa;
- imaletsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mavairasi;
- kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda osiyanasiyana.
Mchere wophikidwa umaperekedwa kwa mwana wang'ombe, kuyambira ndi magawo awiri a magawo awiri a mavitamini m'magawo otero: 10-20 ml pa 1 l nthawi yoyamba, ndiye - 20-30 ml kwa 1 l. Pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera gawolo. Amadyetsa anyamatawa kwa milungu iwiri kuchokera mu chidebe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito msuzi.
Mukudziwa? Colostrum ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Lili ndi matupi otetezeka kwambiri - immunoglobulins, makamaka, immunoglobulin A, yomwe imateteza thupi la mwana ku matenda ambiri ndipo zimapangitsa kuti likhale losagwirizana ndi matenda ambiri. Mu mkaka wamba, matupi oteteza amakhala ochepa kwambiri.
Kenaka mukhoza kupita ku mkaka wokhazikika kapena mupitirize kudyetsa zophika mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yopatsa. 
Momwe mungamamwe ng'ombe wopanda mkaka
Alimi ambiri akukumana ndi vuto la kusowa kwachilengedwe. Pazochitika zoterezi, sungani ana a ng'ombe a ZMTS - m'malo mwa mkaka wonse.
Pezani, komanso, momwe mungadyetsere ana a ng'ombe kuti akule mofulumira, momwe mungasankhire chakudya cha ana, ngati n'zotheka kupereka dzira kwa mwana wang'ombe.
Zakudyazi n'zosavuta kukonzekera, chifukwa chaichi, 1 l ya CM yonjezerani:
- 15 ml ya mafuta a nsomba, omwe ali ndi mavitamini ambiri, makamaka A ndi D, kuonetsetsa kuti mapangidwe a mafupa ndi mafupa amatha bwino;
- 5 mchere;
- 3 mazira a nkhuku omwe akukwapulidwa, omwe amachokera ku lysine amateteza thupi ku mavairasi ndi matenda.
Zokonzeka-zosakaniza zochokera mkaka ufa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popatsa mwana wamphongo wa miyezi 2-3:
- mkaka ufa wothira whey;
- Zosakaniza za seramu ndi zochepa za lactose ndi mapuloteni a whey;
- whey wothira mapuloteni a masamba.
Ubwino wothirira ZMC ndi:
- Zowonjezera zowonjezera komanso zopindulitsa zogwiritsira ntchito mkaka wa chilengedwe;
- kalori yapamwamba;
- palibe chiopsezo cholera ana ndi matenda a amayi a ng'ombe;
- wogulitsa mtengo kuposa CM;
- kumachepetsa kusintha kwa ana a ng'ombe kuti azidya chakudya chambiri.
Monga lamulo, kudyetsa ana a ZMCs kumayamba kuyambira masiku khumi pa mlingo wa 1.1 makilogalamu a mmalo mwa m'malo mwa 10 makilogalamu a mkaka wonse. Pachifukwa ichi, mkaka wa ufa umapindikizidwa ndi madzi ofunda otentha ndi kutentha kwa madigiri + 60 mu chiŵerengero: 1.1 makilogalamu a ZMC mpaka 8-9 malita a madzi.Ndikofunikira! ZMTs zingagwiritsiridwenso ntchito kudyetsa mwana wang'ombe, chifukwa ali ndi zakudya zamtundu wapamwamba ndipo ali ndi zinthu zonse zofunika pa ntchito yofunikira.
Ndi mkaka uti umene uli bwino
Imodzi mwa mkaka wabwino kwambiri m'malo mwake ndi mkaka wouma, womwe uli wokonzeka kupangidwa monga ufa, wopangidwa ndikuganizira zofunikira za chilengedwe cha zamoyo. Opanga amapereka mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala: zonse ndi zofiira.
Kusiyanitsa kwawo kwakukulu kumakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo zowonjezera zakudya, mwinamwake kusakaniza konseko kumakhala ndi bwino bwino, kanyumba kalekale ndipo amatha kubwezeretsa mkaka wachilengedwe.
Musanagule chinthu chouma, muyenera kudziwa kuti mankhwala omwe ali ndi mankhwalawa ayenera kukhala: whey, kutsogolo, kapena mafuta. Amaloledwanso kukhalapo kwa mafuta a zamasamba ndi nyama, tirigu, premixes ndi mavitamini ambiri E, B, A, D. Nthawi imodzimodziyo kukhalapo kwa chisakanizo cha mkaka kumafunika 70%.
Ndikofunikira! Kutsika mtengo wapakati mkaka m'malo umakhala ndi soya ufa mwake.
Komanso, posankha, munthu ayenera kumvetsera pazamulo za moyo ndi zosungirako. Popeza mkaka umawoneka ngati ufa wouma, uyenera kusungidwa mu chipinda chakuda, chomwe chimakhala chouma, chomwe sichidziwika kuti dzuwa liwonekere. 
Zina mwa ZMTs, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga:
- Europack;
- "Prodlak";
- Calvomilk;
- Goodmilk.
Mudzakhalanso ndi chidwi chophunzira momwe mungalerere mwana wang'ombe, kodi kulemera kwa mwana wang'ombe pa kubadwa ndi kwa miyezi, ndi mavitamini otani omwe amachititsa kukula kwachangu, momwe angamere ng'ombe zamtundu wa mafuta, komanso kupeza momwe angatcherere mwana wang'ombe.
Momwe mungakhalire mkaka wouma
Malingana ndi msinkhu wa ng'ombe idzasiyana gawo lake tsiku ndi tsiku la osakaniza.
Mukameta phulusa youma, muyenera kutsatira mosamala malangizo awa:
- Gawo limodzi la ufa liyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi magawo 8-9 a madzi. Pachifukwa ichi, madzi ayenera kukhala owiritsa, ndi kutentha kosapitirira madigiri 40 °;
- pamene mukukonzekera chakudya m'pofunika kukumbukira kuti mu okonzeka kale kusakaniza chiwerengero cha ufa wouma ayenera kukhala osachepera 12.5%. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mupeze makilogalamu 100 okonzedwa bwino, muyenera kutenga makilogalamu 13 a ufa ndi kusakaniza ndi malita 87 a madzi;
- pakukonzekera, madzi ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku ufa mu magawo ang'onoang'ono ndi kusakanizidwa bwino mpaka mawonekedwe a yunifolomu apangidwe, opanda mitsempha;
- zotsatira zake ziyenera kukhala zofanana, zowonjezera zowonjezera zosakaniza ndi kutentha kwa 35% + madigiri 38.
Mkaka umalowetsedwa kwa mwana wamphongo watsopano, wotsatila kumalo odyetsa ndi mlingo.Mukudziwa? Akatswiri, atatha kufufuza zinthu zambiri, adatha kuzindikira kuti nthawi yonse yopatsa chakudya, pafupifupi makilogalamu 30-40 a mkaka wouma amawonongedwa pa ng'ombe.
Momwe mungadzamwe madzi
Ng'ombe za milungu iwiri zimafunika tsiku lililonse za malita 7 a CM kapena, 1 makilogalamu ouma. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, gawo lake lachepetsedwa kufika 5 malita a CM ndipo, pafupifupi, 750 ml mkaka m'malo. Pambuyo pa masabata asanu ndi limodzi, udzu umayambitsidwa pang'onopang'ono kumadyetsedwe a nyama, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kusakaniza kwa zosakaniza.
Pambuyo pa theka la chaka amaloledwa kugwiritsira ntchito zosakaniza zotsika mtengo zochokera kumagulu a masamba monga chakudya. Panthawi imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa gawolo kumasinthidwa kufika pa malita 6 patsiku.
Njira yabwino ndiyo kudyetsa ana pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yosakaniza:
- Tsiku la 1-7: mkaka - 3-6 malita, mmalo mwake - 0-7 malita;
- Tsiku 8-14: chiwerengero cha CM - 6 l, owuma - 7 l;
- 15-35 tsiku: chiwerengero cha CM - 0 l, choloweza mmalo - mpaka 8 l.
Pa miyezi 11, mkaka wa tsiku ndi tsiku wamkaka ufa ndi wotsika ndipo uli ndi malita 4-5, ndipo kumapeto kwa chaka - 3-4 malita.
Ngakhale kuti mkaka wachinyamata watsopano wakhazikika ndizofunikira kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zowonongeka, nyama imatha kukana. 
Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zambiri zokana, koma zonsezi zingagawidwe m'magulu awiri:
- osati zoopsa ku thanzi, zochotsa mosavuta;
- zowopsa ku chikhalidwe cha nyama, zomwe zimafuna kuthandizidwa panthaŵi yomweyo.
Ganizirani zoopsa zomwe siziwopsa:
- osakonzekera kuyamwa bwino. Nkhumba yokhayo ingathe kumvetsetsa kumene mungapeze udzu ndikuyamwitsa mkaka bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, mlimi ayenera kutsogolera mwanayo ku nthata ndipo atatha chakudya chochepa amapeza malo abwino;
- kulawa. Nthawi zina ndi koyenera "kudziwa" nyama ndi kukoma kwa mkaka. Kuti muchite izi, ndibwino kuti mugwetse chala chanu mu chomera ndipo mupereke mwana wang'ombe kuti amunyengere. Popeza atalawa mankhwalawa, mwina sangamukane.
Komabe, pali zifukwa zingapo zokana mkaka chifukwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana.
Muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa ngati chinyama chikuwonetsedwa:
- kutsegula m'mimba. Izi zikhoza kusonyeza kukula kwa matenda opatsirana ndi E. coli;
- chibayo, chitukuko chimene chikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha mavuto omwe ali m'ndende;
- paratyphoidzomwe zimayambitsa bakiteriyo otchedwa paratyphoid;
- kutupa kwa m'mimba mucosa kapena m'mimbainapangidwanso chifukwa cha kumwa mkaka woipa kapena wozizira.
Zonse mwazifukwazi zikufunikanso kukambirana mwamsanga ndi veterinarian yemwe angathe kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yoyenera ndikupereka mankhwala oyenerera.Mukudziwa? Ng'ombe, kuphatikizapo ana ang'onoting'ono, ali ndi kukumbukira bwino. Amakumbukira bwino nkhope ya mbuye wawo komanso njira yomwe amayendamo mosangalala, pomwe nthawi zina amadumphira. Pali milandu pamene ng'ombe imadziwa mwiniwakeyo ngakhale patatha chaka cholekanitsa.
Imodzi mwa maudindo ofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa ana a ng'ombe imapatsidwa chakudya chawo. Ndikaka mkaka wa amayi kapena wothandizila wamba wokhazikika mukhoza kukula bwino, ana abwino omwe ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri.
Komabe, pamene mutembenuza mkaka m'malo mwawo, m'pofunika kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo okonzekera kusakaniza, popeza ndizofunika kuti phindu likhale lothandiza komanso likhale lothandiza kwa mankhwalawa.
